Phoca

Genus of carnivores

Phoca

Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Mammalia
Order:  | Carnivora
Parvorder:  | Pinnipedia
Family:  | Phocidae
Tribe:  | Phocini
Genus:  | Phoca
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Phoca vitulina

Linnaeus, 1758

Species

* P. largha
* P. vitulina
* P. mutica?

Phoca (/ˈfoʊkə/ FOH-kə)[1] is a genus of the earless seals, within the family Phocidae. It now contains just two species, the common seal (or harbour seal) and the spotted seal (or largha seal). Several species formerly listed under this genus have been split into the genera Pusa, Pagophilus, and Histriophoca. Until recently, Phoca largha has been considered a subspecies of Phoca vitulina but now is considered its own species. For this reason, the fossil history of the genus is unclear, and it has formerly been used as wastebasket taxon for a number of fossils of uncertain affinity.[2]

## Species

[edit]

Currently there are two confirmed members:

Genus  – two species  Common name  | Scientific name and subspecies  | Range  | Size and ecology  | IUCN status and estimated population

|
|
|
|

spotted seal

| Phoca largha
Pallas, 1811 | Beaufort, Chukchi, Bering and Okhotsk Seas
| Size:

Habitat:

Diet:  |  LC

common seal

| Phoca vitulina
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies

* P. vitulina concolor (DeKay, 1842)
* P. vitulina mellonae (Doutt, 1942)
* P. vitulina richardii (Gray, 1864)
* P. vitulina stejnegeri (J. A. Allen, 1902)
* P. vitulina vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758)

| northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Baltic and North Seas
| Size:

Habitat:

Diet:  |  LC

There is also a third unconfirmed member:

Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution

|
|
|

| Phoca mutica | long-necked seal | unknown

Former members of Phoca:

* Histriophoca fasciata (ribbon seal)
* Pusa caspica (Caspian seal)
* Pusa hispida (ringed seal)
* Pusa sibirica (nerpa or Baikal seal)
* Pagophilus groenlandica (harp seal)

## Mating ecology

[edit]

Harbour seal breastfeeding a pup. Shortly after weaning mating will occur.

Both harbour and spotted seals are aquatically mating pinnipeds.[3] Mating occurs in the water around the time when pups are weaned.[4] Females in estrus are typically more dispersed than land-breeding pinnipeds and the distinction between foraging and reproductive behavior is less apparent.[5] For this reason, it is difficult to study the mating patterns of this genus.[6]

Female harbour seals start making foraging trips shortly before weaning their pup and consequently are widely dispersed when in estrus.[7] Males restrict their range around the time females start to make these foraging trips.[8] Harbour seals follow a polygynous mating system.[9] More specifically it has been shown that male harbour seals partake in lek polygyny. Male seals defend underwater territories with well-defined boundaries.[4][10] The most valuable territories are near haulouts or along traffic corridors that provide maximum exposure to estrous females.[7] One male will occupy an area throughout the breeding season, and they will return to the same display area in consecutive years.[8] Female harbour seals receive direct benefits from being in a lek, as the congregation of males into an area makes mate selection easier because females do not have to travel as far and it also helps to reduce exposure to predators.

Spotted seal triad during the breeding season: lanugo-clad pup (left), mother (center), and attending male (right in water).

Harbour seal males use underwater vocalizations and display dives within their aquatic territories, for both female attraction and male-male competition.[11][7][6] Male harbour seal vocalizations consist of low-frequency broadband growls that peak in occurrence during the mating season.[6] Males vocalize and display in small, distinct territories covering around 40–135 m2.[8] Each display area is spatially discrete and can be separated by up to 250 meters.[8] Male harbour seals have considerable individual and geographic variation in their underwater vocalizations.[11] Territory holders use the acoustic displays of intruders to locate and challenge invaders and will respond aggressively to a male call.[12] Males assess each other by their vocalizations before deciding whether to respond.[13] These vocalizations are energetically expensive to produce and are honest signals of male quality and dominance. Male body condition will decline as the mating season progresses.[6]

Aquatic hierarchies in harbour seals develop before the breeding season and dominance is determined by direct male contests. These contests involve repeated confrontations between two males using surface splashing, fighting, paired somersaulting, and chasing techniques.[12] The hierarchies may aid in holding territories or to mate with females during the breeding season. The dominance relationships are determined by size and sex, with adult males dominant to sub-adult males, and sub-adult females submissive to all other social classes.[14] Aquatic courtship is long in duration and involves rolling, bubble blowing, and splashing to attract females.[13][4] Female choice appears to play a strong role in this mating system but it has yet to be formally studied.[12]

The mating system of spotted seals is quite different from harbour seals as spotted seals are serially monogamous.[15] During the breeding season, a male will join a female approximately ten days before the female gives birth to a pup from the previous years mating.[3] The pairs are considered to be territorial as they keep widely spaced from other spotted seals.[16] The social group consists of an isolated adult pair and the females pup.[3] The female spotted seal receives direct benefits from the male as he provides protection for her and the pup until it is weaned. Immediately after weaning mating occurs.[3]

## References

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phoca.

Wikispecies has information related to Phoca.

1. ^ "Phoca". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
2. ^ Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234\. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
3. ^ a b c d Burns, John J. (2009). "Harbor Seal and Spotted Seal". Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. pp. 533–542\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-373553-9.00126-7. ISBN 9780123735539.
4. ^ a b c Sullivan, R. M. (1981). "Aquatic Displays and Interactions in Harbor Seals, Phoca vitulina, with Comments on Mating Systems". Journal of Mammalogy. 62 (4): 825–831\. doi:10.2307/1380606. JSTOR 1380606.
5. ^ Van Parijs, S. M.; Hastie, G. D.; Thompson, P. M. (1999). "Geographical variation in temporal and spatial vocalization patterns of male harbour seals in the mating season". Animal Behaviour. 58 (6): 1231–1239\. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1258. PMID 10600144.
6. ^ a b c d Hayes, Sean A.; Costa, Daniel P.; Harvey, James T.; Boeuf, BURNEY J. (2004-07-01). "Aquatic Mating Strategies of the Male Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca Vitulina Richardii): Are Males Defending the Hotspot?". Marine Mammal Science. 20 (3): 639–656\. Bibcode:2004MMamS..20..639H. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01184.x. ISSN 1748-7692.
7. ^ a b c van Parijs, S. M.; Thompson, P. M.; Tollit, D. J.; Mackay, A. (1997). "Distribution and activity of male harbor seals during the mating season". Animal Behaviour. 54 (1): 35–43\. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0426. PMID 9268433.
8. ^ a b c d van Parijs, S. M.; Janik, V. M.; Thompson, P. M. (2000). "Display-area size, tenure length, and site fidelity in the aquatically mating male harbour seal, Phoca vitulina". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78 (12): 2209–2217\. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-12-2209.
9. ^ Coltman, D. W.; Bowen, W. D.; Wright, J. M. (1998). "Male mating success in an aquatically mating pinniped, the harbour seal (Phocu vitulina), assessed by micro- satellite DNA markers". Molecular Ecology. 7 (5): 627–638\. Bibcode:1998MolEc...7..627C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00373.x. PMID 9633104.
10. ^ Hanggi, E. B.; Schusterman, R. J. (1994). "Underwater acoustic displays and individual variation in male harbour seals, Phoca vitulina". Animal Behaviour. 48 (6): 1275–1283\. doi:10.1006/anbe.1994.1363.
11. ^ a b Van Parijs, Sofie M; Kovacs, Kit M (2002-07-01). "In-air and underwater vocalizations of eastern Canadian harbour seals, Phoca vitulina". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80 (7): 1173–1179\. doi:10.1139/z02-088. ISSN 0008-4301.
12. ^ a b c Hayes, Sean A.; Kumar, Anurag; Costa, Daniel P.; Mellinger, David K.; Harvey, James T.; Southall, Brandon L.; Boeuf, Burney J. Le (2004). "Evaluating the function of the male harbour seal, Phoca vitulina , roar through playback experiments". Animal Behaviour. 67 (6): 1133–1139\. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.019.
13. ^ a b Nicholson, T. E. (2000). Social structure and underwater behavior of harbor seals in southern Monterey Bay, California. M.S. thesis, San Francisco State University.
14. ^ Sullivan, R. M. (1982). "Agonistic behavior and dominance relationships in the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina". Journal of Mammalogy. 63 (4): 554–569\. doi:10.2307/1380260. JSTOR 1380260.
15. ^ Beier, J. C.; Wartzok, D. (1979). "Mating behavior of captive spotted seals (Phoca largha)". Animal Behaviour. 27: 772–781\. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90013-7.
16. ^ Burns, J. J.; Ray, G. C.; Fay, F. H.; Shaughnessy, P. D. (1972). "Adoption of a strange pup by the ice-inhabiting harbour seal, Phoca vitulina largha". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3): 594–598\. doi:10.2307/1379048. JSTOR 1379048.

* v
* t
* e

Extant Carnivora species

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Infraclass: Eutheria
* Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Feliformia ("cat-like" carnivorans)

Feliformia

* African palm civet (Nandinia binotata)

Feloidea

| Prionodon (Asiatic linsangs)|

* Banded linsang (P. linsang)
* Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)

|

Felidae (cats)

| Pantherinae|

| Neofelis|

* Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
* Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)

|

Panthera|

* Snow leopard (P. uncia)
* Tiger (P. tigris)
* Jaguar (P. onca)
* Lion (P. leo)
* Leopard (P. pardus)

Felinae sensu stricto

| Bay cat
lineage|

| Pardofelis|

* Marbled cat (P. marmorata)

|

Catopuma|

* Bay cat (C. badia)
* Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)

Caracal
lineage|

* Serval (Leptailurus serval)

Caracal|

* African golden cat (C. aurata)
* Caracal (C. caracal)

Leopardus|

* Pampas cat (L. colocola)
* Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
* Kodkod (L. guigna)
* Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)
* Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
* Ocelot (L. pardalis)
* Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
* Margay (L. wiedii)

Lynx|

* Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
* Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
* Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
* Bobcat (L. rufus)

Puma
lineage|

| Acinonyx|

* Cheetah (A. jubatus)

|

* Jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)

Puma|

* Cougar (P. concolor)

Leopard cat
lineage|

* Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)

Prionailurus|

* Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
* Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)
* Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
* Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
* Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)

Felis|

* Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
* Domestic cat (F. catus)
* Jungle cat (F. chaus)
* African wildcat (F. lybica)
* Sand cat (F. margarita)
* Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
* European wildcat (F. silvestris)

Viverroidea|

*     * see below↓

Viverroidea

Viverridae

Palm civets

| Hemigalinae|

* Owston's palm civet (Chrotogale owstoni)
* Otter civet (Cynogale bennettii)
* Hose's palm civet (Diplogale hosei)
* Banded palm civet (Hemigalus derbyanus)

|

Paradoxurinae|

* Binturong (Arctictis binturong)
* Small-toothed palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
* Sulawesi palm civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii)
* Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata)

Paradoxurus|

* Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
* Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)
* Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)

Viverrinae sensu lato

| Viverrinae
sensu stricto|

* Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica)
* African civet (Civettictis civetta)

Viverra|

* Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
* Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
* Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
* Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)

Genettinae

| Poiana
(African linsangs)|

* Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
* West African oyan (P. leightoni)

|

Genetta (genets)

| subgenus Genetta
(paraphyletic)|

* Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
* Common genet (G. genetta)
* South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)

|

subgenus Eugenetta
(paraphyletic)|

* Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
* Cape genet (G. tigrina)

subgenus Herpailuropoda
(paraphyletic)|

* Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
* Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
* Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
* Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)

subgenus Pardogale
(paraphyletic)|

* Pardine genet (G. pardina)
* King genet (G. poensis)

subgenus Prionailuropoda|

* Letaba genet (G. letabae)
* Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
* Schouteden's genet (G. schoutedeni)

subgenus Leptailuropoda
(paraphyletic)|

* Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
* Servaline genet (G. servalina)

subgenus Osbornictis|

* Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)

| Herpestoidea|

*     * see below↓

|

Herpestoidea

| Hyaenidae
(hyenas)|

| Proteles|

* Aardwolf (P. cristata)

|

Hyaeninae
(bone-crushing hyenas)|

* Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)
* Brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea)

Crocuta|

* Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)

Herpestidae sensu lato

| Eupleridae
(Malagasy
carnivorans)|

| Euplerinae
(Malagasy civets)|

* Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)
* Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana)

Eupleres (falanoucs)|

* Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
* Western falanouc (E. major)

Galidiinae
(vontsira)|

* Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans)

Galidictis|

* Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
* Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)

* Narrow-striped mongoose (Mungotictis decemlineata)

Salanoia|

* Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
* Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)

Herpestidae sensu stricto (mongooses)

Mungotinae

| Suricata|

* Meerkat (S. suricatta)

|

* Liberian mongoose (Liberiictus kuhni)

Mungos|

* Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
* Banded mongoose (M. mungo)

* Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii)

Helogale|

* Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
* Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)

Crossarchus
(kusimanses)|

* Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
* Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
* Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
* Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)

Herpestinae

* Marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus)
* Long-nosed mongoose (Xenogale naso)

Urva
(Asian mongooses)|

* Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)
* Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)
* Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)
* Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)
* Javan mongoose (U. javanica)
* Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)
* Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)
* Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)
* Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)

* White-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda)
* Yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata)
* Selous's mongoose (Paracynictis selousi)
* Meller's mongoose (Rhynchogale melleri)

Bdeogale|

* Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
* Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
* Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)

Herpestes
(slender mongooses)|

* Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)
* Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
* Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)
* Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)
* Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)

Caniformia ("dog-like" carnivorans)

Canidae (dogs)

| Urocyon|

* Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
* Island fox (U. littoralis)

|

Vulpini

* Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)

Nyctereutes
(raccoon dogs)|

* Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
* Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)

Vulpes
(true foxes)|

* Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
* Blanford's fox (V. cana)
* Cape fox (V. chama)
* Corsac fox (V. corsac)
* Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)
* Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
* Kit fox (V. macrotis)
* Pale fox (V. pallida)
* Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
* Swift fox (V. velox)
* Red fox (V. vulpes)
* Fennec fox (V. zerda)

Canini (true dogs)

Cerdocyonina
(zorro)

* Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Speothos|

* Bush dog (S. venaticus)

* Short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis)
* Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

Lycalopex
(South American foxes)|

* Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
* Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
* South American gray fox (L. griseus)
* Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
* Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
* Hoary fox (L. vetulus)

Canina
(wolf-like canids)

| Lupulella|

* Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)
* Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)

|

Lycaon|

* African wild dog (L. pictus)

* Dhole (Cuon alpinus)

Canis|

* Golden jackal (C. aureus)
* Domestic dog (C. familiaris)
* Coyote (C. latrans)
* African wolf (C. lupaster)
* Wolf (C. lupus)
* Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)
* Red wolf (C. rufus)
* Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)

Arctoidea

Ursidae (bears)

| Ailuropoda|

* Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)

|

Tremarctos|

* Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)

Ursinae|

* Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)
* Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)

Ursus|

* American black bear (U. americanus)
* Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
* Brown bear (U. arctos)
* Polar bear (U. maritimus)

| Mustelida|

| Pinnipedia (seals)|

*     * see below↓

|

Musteloidea|

*     * see below↓

Pinnipedia (seals)

| Odobenidae|

* Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)

|

Otariidae (eared seals)

| Callorhinus
(northern fur seals)|

* Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)

|

Otariinae
(sea lions)|

* Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus)

Zalophus|

* California sea lion (Z. californianus)
* Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)

* South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens)

Neophoca|

* Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)

* New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)

Arctocephalus
(southern fur seals)|

* South American fur seal (A. australis)
* Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
* Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
* Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
* Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
* Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
* Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
* Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)

Phocidae (earless seals or true seals)

Phocinae
("northern seals")

* Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)
* Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)

Phocini

* Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus)
* Ribbon seal (Histriophoca fasciata)
* Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)

Phoca|

* Spotted seal (P. largha)
* Harbor seal (P. vitulina)

Pusa|

* Caspian seal (P. caspica)
* Ringed seal (P. hispida)
* Baikal seal (P. sibirica)

Monachinae
("southern seals")

| Monachini
(monk seals)|

* Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus)

Neomonachus|

* Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)

Mirounga
(elephant seals)|

* Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
* Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)

Lobodontini
(Antarctic seals)|

* Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)
* Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
* Crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus)
* Ross seal (Ommatophoca rossi)

Musteloidea

| Ailuridae|

* Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)

|

Mephitidae (skunks)

| Conepatus
(hog-nosed skunks)|

* Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
* Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
* American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
* Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)

|

Mephitis|

* Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
* Striped skunk (M. mephitis)

Mydaus
(stink badgers)|

* Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
* Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)

Spilogale
(spotted skunks)|

* Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
* Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
* Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
* Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)

Procyonidae

* Kinkajou (Potos flavus)

Bassariscus|

* Ringtail (B. astutus)
* Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)

Procyon
(raccoons)|

* Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
* Raccoon (P. lotor)
* Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)

Bassaricyon
(olingos)|

* Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
* Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
* Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
* Olinguito (B. neblina)

Nasuina
(coatis)|

| Nasua|

* White-nosed coati (N. narica)
* South American coati (N. nasua)

|

Nasuella
(mountain coatis)|

* Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
* Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)

| Mustelidae|

*     * see below↓

|

Mustelidae

Mustelidae

* American badger (Taxidea taxus)

Mellivora|

* Honey badger (M. capensis)

Melinae

| Arctonyx
(hog badgers)|

* Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)
* Greater hog badger (A. collaris)
* Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)

|

Meles
(Eurasian badgers)|

* Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
* Caucasian badger (M. canescens)
* Asian badger (M. leucurus)
* European badger (M. meles)

Melogale
(ferret-badgers)|

* Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
* Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)
* Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
* Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
* Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
* Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)

Guloninae

* Tayra (Eira barbara)

Pekania|

* Fisher (P. pennanti)

Gulo|

* Wolverine (G. gulo)

Martes
(martens)|

* American marten (M. americana)
* Pacific marten (M. caurina)
* Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
* Beech marten (M. foina)
* Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
* European pine marten (M. martes)
* Japanese marten (M. melampus)
* Sable (M. zibellina)

Ictonychinae

| Lyncodontini|

* Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)

Galictis
(grisons)|

* Lesser grison (G. cuja)
* Greater grison (G. vittata)

Ictonychini
(African polecats)|

| Vormela|

* Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)

|

* African striped weasel (Poecilogale albinucha)

Ictonyx|

* Saharan striped polecat (I. libycus)
* Striped polecat (I. striatus)

Lutrinae (otters)

* Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)

Lontra|

* North American river otter (L. canadensis)
* Marine otter (L. felina)
* Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
* Southern river otter (L. provocax)

Enhydra|

* Sea otter (E. lutris)

* Spotted-necked otter (Hydrictis maculicollis)

Lutra|

* Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
* Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)

Lutrogale|

* Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)

Aonyx|

* African clawless otter (A. capensis)
* Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)
* Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)

Mustelinae

| Neogale
(New World weasels)|

* Amazon weasel (N. africana)
* Colombian weasel (N. felipei)
* Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)
* American mink (N. vison)

|

Mustela
(weasels)

| subgenus Mustela
(paraphyletic)|

* Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)
* Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
* Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)
* Haida ermine (M. haidarum)
* Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
* Least weasel (M. nivalis)
* American ermine (M. richardsonii)

|

subgenus Lutreola
(paraphyletic)|

* Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
* European mink (M. lutreola)
* Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
* Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
* Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
* Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)

subgenus Putorius|

* Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
* Ferret (M. furo)
* Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
* European polecat (M. putorius)

* See also: Mink
* Polecat

* v
* t
* e

Genera of pinnipeds and their stem-allies

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Order: Carnivora
* Suborder: Caniformia
* Infraorder: Arctoidea

Pan-Pinnipedia

| †Amphicynodontidae|

* Allocyon
* Amphicticeps
* Amphicynodon
* Drassonax
* Kolponomos
* Pachycynodon
* Parictis
* Wangictis

|

†Semantoridae|

* Necromites
* Potamotherium
* Puijila
* Semantor

Pinnipedimorpha

* †Enaliarctos

Pinnipediformes

* †Pacificotaria
* †Pinnarctidion
* †Pteronarctos

Pinnipedia

Phocidae

* †Devinophoca

Monachinae

* †Magnotherium

Monachini|

* †Afrophoca
* †Auroraphoca
* †Messiphoca
* Monachus
* Neomonachus
* †Eomonachus
* †Noriphoca
* †Palmidophoca
* †Pliophoca
* †Pontophoca
* †Pristiphoca
* †Terranectes

Miroungini|

* †Callophoca
* Mirounga

Lobodontini|

* †Acrophoca
* †Australophoca
* †Hadrokirus
* †Homiphoca
* Hydrurga
* Leptonychotes
* Lobodon
* Ommatophoca
* †Piscophoca
* †Properiptychus
* †Virginiaphoca

Phocinae

* †Cryptophoca
* †Frisiphoca
* †Kawas
* †Leptophoca
* †Monachopsis
* †Monotherium
* †Phocanella
* †Prophoca
* †Sarmatonectes

Erignathini|

* Erignathus
* †Platyphoca

Cystophorini|

* Cystophora
* †Miophoca
* †Pachyphoca

Phocini|

* †Batavipusa
* †Gryphoca
* Halichoerus
* Histriophoca
* †Nanophoca
* Pagophilus
* Phoca
* †Planopusa
* †Praepusa
* Pusa

| Otarioidea|

*     * see below↓

|

Otarioidea

| †Desmatophocidae|

* Allodesmus
* Atopotarus
* Desmatophoca
* Eodesmus

|

Odobenidae|

* †Archaeodobenus
* †Imagotaria
* †Kamtschatarctos
* †Nanodobenus
* †Neotherium
* †Osodobenus
* †Pelagiarctos
* †Pontolis
* †Proneotherium
* †Prototaria
* †Pseudotaria
* †Titanotaria

Neodobenia|

| †Dusignathinae|

* Dusignathus
* Gomphotaria

|

Odobeninae|

* †Aivukus
* Odobenus
* †Ontocetus
* †Pliopedia
* †Protodobenus
* †Valenictus

Panotariidae|

* †Eotaria

Otariidae|

| Callorhinae|

* Callorhinus
* †Pithanotaria

|

Otariinae|

* †Thalassoleon

Zalophini|

* Eumetopias
* †Oriensarctos
* †Proterozetes
* Zalophus

Otariini|

* Arctocephalus
* Arctophoca
* †Hydrarctos
* Neophoca
* Otaria
* Phocarctos

Lists

* List of pinnipeds
* List of fossil pinnipedimorphs

Taxon identifiers

Phoca|

* Wikidata: Q878742
* Wikispecies: Phoca
* ADW: Phoca
* BOLD: 4063
* CoL: 63MGG
* EoL: 46559161
* EPPO: 1PJOCG
* Fauna Europaea: 305336
* Fauna Europaea (new): d3a048a5-a23a-42e2-85cf-7583c4c5a75b
* GBIF: 2433485
* iNaturalist: 41707
* IRMNG: 1294549
* ITIS: 180641
* MSW: 14001058
* NBN: NBNSYS0000188734
* NCBI: 9717
* Open Tree of Life: 175267
* Paleobiology Database: 36936
* Plazi: DEC701FD-0F89-D5B3-3BBA-DA79155DE956
* WoRMS: 137010
* ZooBank: 1F620503-7D4C-4955-9996-07DB32E5486D

Authority control databases

National|

* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
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*[e]: Edit this template
*[†]: Extinct