Phrygian cap

Soft conical cap with the top pulled forward

This article is about Liberty Cap headgear. For more terms with the same name, see Liberty cap (disambiguation).

This article is about the headgear. For the medical term, see Phrygian cap (anatomy).

Dacian prisoner with Phrygian cap, Roman statue from the 2nd century

The Phrygian cap (/ˈfrɪdʒ(iː)ən/ ⓘ FRIJ-(ee)-ən), also known as Thracian cap[1][2][3] and liberty cap, is a soft conical cap with the apex bent over, associated in antiquity with several peoples in Eastern Europe, Anatolia, and Asia. The Phrygian cap was worn by Thracians, Dacians, Persians, Medes, Scythians, Trojans, and Phrygians after whom it is named.[4] The oldest known depiction of the Phrygian cap is from Persepolis in Iran.

Although Phrygian caps did not originally function as liberty caps, they came to signify freedom and the pursuit of liberty first in the American Revolution and then in the French Revolution,[5] particularly as a symbol of Jacobinism (in which context it has been also called a Jacobin cap). The original cap of liberty was the Roman pileus, the felt cap of emancipated slaves of ancient Rome, which was an attribute of Libertas, the Roman goddess of liberty. In the 16th century, the Roman iconography of liberty was revived in emblem books and numismatic handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually depicted with a pileus.[6] The most extensive use of headgear as a modern symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the revival of Roman iconography was made in the Netherlands, where it became popular headdress.[7] In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was widely used in English prints, and from 1789 also in French prints; by the early 1790s, it was regularly used in the Phrygian form.

It was adopted in place of a crown on the coats of arms of the Argentina, Cuba, and Nicaragua republics as a symbol of their struggle for liberation and independence. It thus came to be identified as a symbol of republican government. A number of national personifications, including France's Marianne and the United States' Columbia are commonly depicted wearing the Phrygian cap.

Protagonists of the Belgian comic series The Smurfs wear white Phrygian caps. It is the national female headdress of the Caucasian Ingush people,[8] who call it a kurkhars.

## In antiquity

[edit]

### In the Iranian world

[edit]

A Parthian (right) wearing a Phrygian cap, 203 AD

What came to be labelled as the Phrygian cap was originally used by several Iranian peoples, including the Scythians, the Medes, and the Persians. From the reports of the ancient Greeks, it appears that the Iranian variant also was a soft headdress and called a tiara.

The Greeks identified one variant with their eastern neighbors and labeled it the "Phrygian cap", although it was actually worn by nearly all Iranian tribes, from the Cappadocians (Old Persian Katpatuka) in the west to the Sakas (OPers. Sakā) in the northeast. This and other variants can be observed in the reliefs at Persepolis. All seem to have been made of soft material with long flaps over the ears and the neck, but the form of the top varies. The famous "upright (orthē) tiara" was worn by the king. Members of the Median upper class wore high, crested tiaras.[9]

### In the early Hellenistic world

[edit]

Attis

Ganymede

Paris of Troy

Mithras

By the 4th century BC (early Hellenistic period), the Phrygian cap was associated with Phrygian Attis, the consort of Cybele, the cult of which had by then become hellenized. The cap appears in depictions of the mythological kings Midas and Rhesus of Thrace, the legendary bard Orpheus and other Thraco-Phrygians portrayed in Greek vase-paintings and sculpture.[10] Such images predate the earliest surviving literary references to the cap.[citation needed]

Orpheus

Penthesilea

Rhesus (Top-Left)

Thracian Horseman

By extension, the Phrygian cap also came to be applied to several other non-Greek-speaking peoples ("barbarians" in the classical sense). Most notable of these extended senses of "Phrygian" were the Trojans and other western Anatolian peoples, who in Greek perception were synonymous with the Phrygians, and whose heroes Paris, Aeneas, and Ganymede were all regularly depicted with a Phrygian cap. Other Greek earthenware of antiquity also depict Amazons and so-called "Scythian" archers with Phrygian caps. Although these are military depictions, the headgear is distinguished from "Phrygian helmets" by long ear flaps, and the figures are also identified as "barbarians" by their trousers. The headgear also appears in 2nd-century BC Boeotian Tanagra figurines of an effeminate Eros, and in various 1st-century BC statuary of the Commagene, in eastern Anatolia. Greek representations of Thracians also regularly appear with Phrygian caps, most notably Bendis, the Thracian goddess of the Moon and the hunt, and Orpheus, a legendary Thracian poet and musician.[citation needed]

While the Phrygian cap was of wool or soft leather, in pre-Hellenistic times the Greeks had already developed a military helmet that had a similarly characteristic flipped-over tip. These so-called "Phrygian helmets" (named in modern times after the cap) were usually of bronze and in prominent use in Thrace, Dacia, Magna Graecia, and the rest of the Hellenistic world from the 5th century BC up to Roman times. Due to their superficial similarity, the cap and helmet are often difficult to distinguish in Greek art (especially in black-figure or red-figure earthenware) unless the headgear is identified as a soft flexible cap by long earflaps or a long neck flap. Also confusingly similar are the depictions of the helmets used by cavalry and light infantry (cf. Peltasts of Thrace and Paeonia), whose headgear – aside from the traditional alopekis caps of fox skin – also included stiff leather helmets in imitation of the bronze ones.[citation needed]

### In the Roman world

[edit]

Dacian sculpture with Phrygian Cap

The Greek concept passed to the Romans in its extended sense, and thus encompassed not only to Phrygians or Trojans (which the Romans also generally associated with the term "Phrygian"), but also the other near-neighbours of the Greeks. On Trajan's Column, which commemorated Trajan's epic wars with the Dacians (101–102 and 105–106 AD), the Phrygian cap adorns the heads of Dacian warriors. The prisoner, accompanying Trajan in the monumental, three-meter-tall statue of Trajan in the ancient city of Laodicea, is wearing a Phrygian cap. Parthians appear with Phrygian caps in the 2nd-century Arch of Septimius Severus, which commemorates Roman victories over the Parthian Empire. Likewise with Phrygians caps, but for Gauls, appear in 2nd-century friezes built into the 4th-century Arch of Constantine.[citation needed]

The Phrygian cap reappears in figures related to the first- to fourth-century religion of Mithraism. This astrology-centric Roman mystery cult (cultus) projected itself with pseudo-Oriental trappings (known as perserie in scholarship) in order to distinguish itself from both traditional Roman religion and from the other mystery cults. In the artwork of the cult (e.g. in the so-called "tauroctony" cult images), the figures of the god Mithras as well as those of his helpers Cautes and Cautopates are routinely depicted with a Phrygian cap. The function of the Phrygian cap in the cult are unknown, but it is conventionally identified as an accessory of its perserie.[citation needed]

Early Christian art (and continuing well into the Middle Ages) build on the same Greco-Roman perceptions of (Pseudo-)Zoroaster and his "Magi" as experts in the arts of astrology and magic, and routinely depict the "three wise men" (that follow a star) with Phrygian caps.[11]

* Representations of Phrygian Caps from Antiquity
* Bendis, Thracian goddess of the moon and the hunt, wearing a Phrygian cap. Limestone Statue, c. 350 BC.

* Paris of Troy wearing a Phrygian cap. Marble, Roman artwork from the Hadrianic period (117–138 AD).

* The Trojans accept the Trojan Horse - Aeneid manuscript, 4th-century.

* The Thracian musician Orpheus surrounded by animals. Ancient Roman floor mosaic from Sicily.

* Roman sculpture of Attis, the consort of the Phrygian goddess Cybele wearing a Phrygian cap and performing a cult dance.

* Bronze Helmet design widely used by the Thracians, 4th century BC.

* Sculpted head of Mithras, Sol Invictus, 1st century AD.

* Head of Antiochus I Theos (r. 70 - 30 BC), Macedonian ruler of the Commagene kingdom, Mount Nemrut, Turkey.

* Mysian Golden Coin with the image of Orontes I, predecessor of Antiochus I Theos, 4th century BC.

* A Gnathia-style ceramic vessel with lion-head spouts from ancient Magna Graecia (Apulia, Italy), depicting a blond winged youth with a Phrygian cap, by the "Toledo" painter, c. 300 BC.

* The biblical "three wise men" with Phrygian caps to identify them as "orientals". 6th-century, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy.

* Naqsh-e Rostam II rock relief, attributed to the Sasanian king Bahram II, 3rd century AD.

## As a symbol of liberty

[edit]

The Dutch Maiden carries her cap of liberty on a pole, and it is not of the Phrygian form. 1660

### From Phrygian to liberty cap

[edit]

In late Republican Rome, a soft felt cap called the pileus served as a symbol of freemen (i.e. non-slaves) and was symbolically given to slaves upon manumission, thereby granting them not only their personal liberty, but also libertas – freedom as citizens, with the right to vote (if male). Following the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE, Brutus and his co-conspirators instrumentalized this symbolism of the pileus to signify the end of Caesar's dictatorship and a return to the (Roman) republican system.[12]

These Roman associations of the pileus with liberty and republicanism were carried forward to the 18th century, until when the pileus was confused with the Phrygian cap, then becoming a symbol of those values in the wake of Medieval Italian uses of the Phrygian cap, most notably in Venice.[13]

In Venice, the Phrygian cap was used by the Doge instead of a crown as a symbol of Republican liberty, from the Middle Ages until 1797. The symbol of Libertas as a female figure holding the Phrygian cap upon a spear appeared in the 1500’s in the Apotheosis of Venice, a major painting by Paolo Veronese in the Ducal palace, iconography that would later be reused in French and American art and coinage.

### France's bonnet rouge

[edit]

Main article: Symbolism in the French Revolution § Liberty cap

French revolutionaries wearing bonnets rouges and tricolor cockades In this 1793 cartoon by James Gillray, who was deeply hostile to the French Revolution, a Phrygian cap substitutes for Scylla atop the dangerous "Rock of Democracy", as Britannia's boat (the Constitution) navigates between Scylla's rock and Charybdis, the "Whirlpool of Arbitrary-Power", pursued by Scylla's "dogs": Sheridan, Fox, and Priestley, depicted as sharks.[14]

#### In revolutionary France

[edit]

In 1675, the anti-tax and anti-nobility Stamp-Paper revolt erupted in Brittany and north-western France, where it became known as the bonnets rouges uprising after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents. Although the insurgents are not known to have preferred any particular style of cap, the name and color stuck as a symbol of revolt against the nobility and establishment. Robespierre would later object to the color but was ignored.

The use of a Phrygian-style cap as a symbol of revolutionary France is first documented in May 1790, at a festival in Troyes, adorning a statue representing the nation, and at Lyon, on a lance carried by the goddess Libertas.[15] To this day the national allegory of France, Marianne, is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap.[16]

By wearing the bonnet rouge and sans-culottes ("without silk breeches"), the Parisian working class made their revolutionary ardor and plebeian solidarity immediately recognizable. By mid-1791 these mocking fashion statements included the bonnet rouge as Parisian hairstyle, proclaimed by the Marquis de Villette (12 July 1791) as "the civic crown of the free man and French regeneration”. On 15 July 1792, seeking to suppress the frivolity, François Christophe Kellermann, 1st Duc de Valmy, published an essay in which the Duke sought to establish the bonnet rouge as a sacred symbol that could be worn only by those with merit. The symbolic hairstyle became a rallying point and a way to mock the elaborate wigs of the aristocrats and the red caps of the bishops. On 6 November 1793 the Paris city council declared it the official hairstyle of all its members.

The bonnet rouge on a spear was proposed as a component of the national seal on 22 September 1792 during the third session of the National Convention. Following a suggestion by Gaan Coulon, the Convention decreed that convicts would not be permitted to wear the red cap, as it was consecrated as the badge of citizenship and freedom. In 1792, when Louis XVI was induced to sign a constitution, popular prints of the king were doctored to show him wearing the bonnet rouge.[17] The bust of Voltaire was crowned with the red bonnet of liberty after a performance of his Brutus at the Comédie-Française in March 1792.

During the period of the Reign of Terror (September 1793 – July 1794), the cap was adopted defensively even by those who might be denounced as moderates or aristocrats and were especially keen to advertise their adherence to the new regime. The caps were often knitted by women known as tricoteuses, who sat beside the guillotine during public executions in Paris and supposedly continued knitting in between executions.[18][failed verification] The spire of Strasbourg Cathedral was crowned with a bonnet rouge in order to prevent it from being torn down in 1794.

#### During the Restoration

[edit]

In 1814, the Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur decision formally deposed the Bonapartes and restored the Bourbon regime, who in turn proscribed the bonnet rouge, La Marseillaise and Bastille Day celebrations. The symbols reappeared briefly in March–July 1815 during "Napoleon's Hundred Days", but were immediately suppressed again following the second restoration of Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815.

The symbols resurfaced again during the July Revolution of 1830, after which they were reinstated by the liberal July Monarchy of Louis Philippe I, and the revolutionary symbols—anthem, holiday, and bonnet rouge—became "constituent parts of a national heritage consecrated by the state and embraced by the public."[19]

#### In modern France

[edit]

20 centimes with Marianne on obverse

Obverse: Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty.  | Reverse: Face value and French motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité".
This coin was minted from 1962 to 2001.

The republican associations with the bonnet rouge were adopted as the name and emblem of a French satirical republican and anarchist periodical published between 1913 and 1922 by Miguel Almereyda that targeted the Action française, a royalist, counter-revolutionary movement on the extreme right.

The anti-tax associations with the bonnet rouge were revived in October 2013, when a French tax-protest movement called the Bonnets Rouges used the red revolution-era Phrygian cap as a protest symbol. By means of large demonstrations and direct action, which included the destruction of many highway trucking tax portals, the movement successfully forced the French government to rescind the tax.

### In the United Kingdom

[edit]

In the 18th century, the cap was often used in English political prints as an attribute of Liberty.[20] In Blackburn, England, on 5 July 1819, female reformers such as Alice Kitchen attended their first reform meeting and presented the chairman, John Knight, with a "most beautiful Cap of Liberty, made of scarlet silk or satin, lined with green, with a serpentined gold lace, terminating with a rich gold tassel.[21]

### In Revolutionary America

[edit]

A Phrygian cap on the Seal of the U.S. Senate The 1783 Libertas Americana medal, initiated and designed by Benjamin Franklin, honors the American Revolution and depicts the goddess of Liberty carrying a Phrygian cap

In the years just prior to the Revolutionary War, Americans copied or emulated some of those prints in an attempt to visually defend their "rights as Englishmen".[20] Later, the symbol of republicanism and anti-monarchical sentiment appeared in the United States as the headgear of Columbia,[22] who in turn was visualized as a goddess-like female national personification of the United States and of Liberty herself. The cap reappears in association with Columbia in the early years of the republic, for example, on the obverse of the 1785 Immune Columbia pattern coin, which shows the goddess with a helmet seated on a globe holding in a right hand a furled U.S. flag topped by the liberty cap.[22]

Starting in 1793, U.S. coinage frequently showed Columbia/Liberty wearing the cap. The anti-federalist movement likewise instrumentalized the figure, as in a cartoon from 1796 in which Columbia is overwhelmed by a huge American eagle holding a Liberty Pole under its wings.[22] The cap's last appearance on circulating coinage was the Walking Liberty Half Dollar, which was minted through 1947 (and reused on the current bullion American Silver Eagle).

The U.S. Army has, since 1778, used a "War Office Seal" in which the motto "This We'll Defend" is displayed directly over a Phrygian cap on an upturned sword. It also appears on the state flags of West Virginia and Idaho[23] (as part of their official seals), New Jersey, and New York, as well as the official seal of the United States Senate, the state of Iowa, the state of North Carolina (as well as the arms of its Senate,[24]) and on the reverse side of both the Seal of Pennsylvania and the Seal of Virginia.

In 1854, when sculptor Thomas Crawford was preparing models for sculpture for the United States Capitol, then-Secretary of War Jefferson Davis insisted that a Phrygian cap not be included on a Statue of Freedom, on the grounds that "American liberty is original and not the liberty of the freed slave". The cap was not included in the final bronze version that is now in the building.[25]

### In Latin America and Haiti

[edit]

Many of the anti-colonial revolutions in Latin America were heavily inspired by the imagery and slogans of the American and French Revolutions. As a result, the cap has appeared on the coats of arms of many Latin American nations. The coat of arms of Haiti includes a Phrygian cap to commemorate that country's foundation by rebellious slaves.

The cap had also been displayed on certain Mexican coins (most notably the old 8-reales coin) through the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. Today, it is featured on the coats of arms or national flags of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Republica Dominicana, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay.

The Phrygian cap in Latin American and Haitian coats of arms and flags

* Coat of arms of Argentina
* Coat of arms of Bolivia, featured on the state flag of Bolivia
* Coat of arms of Colombia, featured on the naval ensign of Colombia
* Coat of arms of Cuba
* Coat of arms of El Salvador, featured on the flag of El Salvador
* Coat of arms of Haiti, featured on the flag of Haiti
* Coat of arms of Nicaragua, featured on the flag of Nicaragua
* Reverse side of the coat of arms of Paraguay, featured on the reverse of the flag of Paraguay

* The coat of arms of Haiti includes a Phrygian cap on top of a palm tree, commemorating that country's foundation in a slave revolt.

* The coat of arms of Argentina includes a Phrygian cap atop a pike being held by two clasping hands, as a symbol of national unity and the willingness to fight for freedom.

* The coat of arms of Colombia includes a Phrygian cap as a symbol of liberty and freedom.

## Gallery

[edit]

* In the Byzantine Empire, Phrygia lay in Anatolia to the east of Constantinople, however, in this late 6th-century mosaic from the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy, which was erected by the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis). This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer"(which was part of the Eastern Empire at that time), the Three Magi wear Phrygian caps as their Getic forefathers did, in order to identify them as generic "Zoroastrians".

* The god Mithras being born from the rock, naked but for the Phrygian cap on his head (Marble, 180-192 AD. From the area of S. Stefano Rotondo, Rome).

* Tinted etching of Louis XVI of France, 1792, with a Phrygian cap.

* Allegory of the first French Republic by Antoine-Jean Gros, depicting a Phrygian cap.

* Anonymous bust of Marianne, with the Phrygian cap (Palais du Luxembourg, Paris).

* French revolutionaries wearing bonnets rouges and tricolor cockades.

* A mezzotint commemorating the passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807 by the British government, which abolished the slave trade. Britannia is seen with a Phrygian cap at the top a pole she wields.

* Columbia wearing a Phrygian cap, personification of the United States (World War I patriotic poster).

* Efígie da República (Effigy of the Republic), national personification of Brazil, wearing a Phrygian cap.

* Flag of the Second Regiment of the Usseri, Cisalpine Republic, 1798

* Allegory of the Spanish Republic wearing the Phrygian cap, 1873

* The Seal of Iowa showing a red liberty cap at the top of the soldier's flagstaff. The 1847 written description did not specify that the soldier has to wear the cap; thus he is commonly depicted with a Civil War-era cavalry hat.

* The Seal of Hawaii showing goddess Liberty wears a red liberty cap.

* Columbia holding up a Phrygian cap on an advertisement for the clipper ship Young America

* Seated Liberty dollar, with Phrygian cap on a pole (1868)

* Allegory of the Portuguese Republic on a coin, wearing the Phrygian cap

* Head of Camille Claudel, 1884, by Auguste Rodin, portrays sculptor Camille Claudel wearing a Phrygian cap.

* Flag raised by Robert Emmet during the Irish rebellion of 1803

* Old flag of the Argentine Confederation, that used four Phrygian caps: one in each corner.

* Reverse side of Coat of arms of Paraguay

* Coat of arms of Cuba.

* Coat of arms of Argentina

* Coat of arms of El Salvador

* Coat of arms of Nicaragua

* Coat of arms of Santa Catarina State, Brazil

* Coat of arms of Rio de Janeiro, with the Phrygian cap attached to an armillary sphere

* Coat of arms of Acre State, Brazil

* Coat of arms of Maceió, Brazil

* Coat of arms of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela

* Coat of arms of Guárico, Venezuela

* Logo of the Swiss Party of Labour, a Phrygian cap with a Swiss cross on it.

## In popular culture

[edit]

In the Belgian comic franchise The Smurfs, the eponymous Smurfs are typically depicted wearing Phrygian-like caps.[26]

Announced in November 2022, the official mascots of Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games, named The Phryges, were based on the cap.[27]

## See also

[edit]

* Balaclava (clothing)
* Barretina
* Bashlyk
* Beret
* Bonnet (headgear)
* Cap
* Caubeen
* Chullo
* Kolah namadi
* List of hat styles
* List of headgear
* Monmouth cap

* Liberty cap – a species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae, the cap of which bears a close resemblance to the Phrygian cap and from which it takes its name
* Pointed hat of Iron Age Eurasia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Tsiafaki, Despoina. "Ancient Thrace and the Thracians through Athenian eyes." Thracia 21 (2016): 261-282.
2. ^ Herodotus, 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the Brygian Thracians, and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the Phrygians, as the Macedonians say, used to be called Brigians during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the Macedonians; but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."
3. ^ Strabo, 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are Brigians, a Thracian tribe, as are also the Mygdonians, the Bebricians, the Medobithynians, the Bithynians, and the Thynians, and, I think, also the Mariandynians. These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And Poseidonius seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that Homer designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together."
4. ^ "Phrygian cap | Definition, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
5. ^ Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, French History 11(2) 1997, p. 132.
6. ^ Carol Louise Janson, "The Birth of Dutch Liberty. Origins of the Pictorial Imagery", Diss. phil. University of Minnesota 1982 (microfilm), p. 35.
7. ^ ibd. p. 98.
8. ^ Semyonov 1959.
9. ^ Calmeyer, Peter (15 December 1993). "CROWN i. In the Median and Achaemenid periods". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
10. ^ Lynn E. Roller, "The Legend of Midas", Classical Antiquity, 2.2 (October 1983:299–313) p. 305.
11. ^ Appell, Johann Wilhelm (1872). Monuments of Early Christian Art: Sculptures and Catacomb Paintings : Illustrative Notes, Collected in Order to Promote the Reproduction of Remains of Art Belonging to the Early Centuries of the Christian Era. G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. pp. 15–17, 22, 27–29, 54–55.
12. ^ Cf. Appian, Civil Wars 2:119: "The murderers wished to make a speech in the Senate, but as nobody remained there they wrapped their togas around their left arms to serve as shields, and, with swords still reeking with blood, ran, crying out that they had slain a king and tyrant. One of them bore a cap on the end of a spear as a symbol of freedom, and exhorted the people to restore the government of their fathers and recall the memory of the elder Brutus and of those who took the oath together against ancient kings."
13. ^ Korshak, Yvonne (1987), "The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France", Smithsonian Studies in American Art, 1 (2): 52–69, doi:10.1086/424051.
14. ^ "Britannia between Scylla & Charybdis. or..." Library of Congress. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
15. ^ Albert Mathiez, Les Origines des cultures révolutionnaires, 1789–1792 (Paris 1904:34).
16. ^ Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, French History 11(2) 1997:131–169.
17. ^ Jennifer Harris, "The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans 1789-94" Eighteenth-Century Studies 14.3 (Spring 1981:283–312), fig. 1. Most of the details that follow are drawn from here.
18. ^ Harden, J. David (1995), "Liberty caps and liberty trees", Past and Present (146): 66–102, doi:10.1093/past/146.1.66.
19. ^ Philip G. Nord (1995). The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France. President & Fellows of Harvard College.
20. ^ a b Zeiler, Frank (2014). Visuelle Rechtsverteidigung im Nordamerikakonflikt. Ein Beitrag zur Rezeption der englischen Freiheits- und Verfassungssymbolik in nordamerikanischen Druckgraphiken der Jahre 1765–1783, Signa Ivris, Vol. 13 (2014), pp. 315-346 (in German). Vol. 13\. doi:10.6094/UNIFR/11157. ISBN 9783941226326.
21. ^ Kitchener, Caitlin (2022). "Sisters of the Earth: The Landscapes, Radical Identities and Performances of Female Reformers in 1819". Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies. 45 (1): 77–93\. doi:10.1111/1754-0208.12778. ISSN 1754-0208. S2CID 246984311.
22. ^ a b c McClung Fleming, E. (1968), "Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam", Frontiers of American Culture, Purdue Research Foundation, pp. 1–25, at pp. 12, 15–16.
23. ^ "Seal of Idaho". State Symbols USA. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
24. ^ "Senate of North Carolina", College of Arms Newsletter, No. 8 (March 2006), London: College of Arms, retrieved 13 January 2008
25. ^ Gale, Robert L. (1964), Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, p. 124.
26. ^ Tzvetkova, Juliana (12 October 2017). Pop Culture in Europe. ABC-CLIO. p. 65\. ISBN 978-1-4408-4466-9.
27. ^ "Meet Olympic Phryge and Paralympic Phryge: The story of the Paris 2024 mascots". 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.

## Bibliography

[edit]

### Russian sources

[edit]

* Semyonov, L. P. (1959). "Фригийские мотивы в древней ингушской культуре" [Phrygian motifs in ancient Ingush culture]. Izv. ChINIIIYAL (in Russian). 1. Grozny: ChI kn. izd-vo: 197–219.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phrygian caps.

* The dictionary definition of Phrygian cap at Wiktionary

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1790|

* Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
* Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War (Jun 1790 – 1791)
* Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790)
* Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
* Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790)

1791|

* Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
* Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791)
* Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
* The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
* National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)

1792|

* France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
* Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
* Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
* 10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
* September Massacres (Sep 1792)
* National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
* First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)

1793|

* Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
* Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
* Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
* Committee of Public Safety
* Committee of General Security
* Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
* Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
* Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
* The Death of Marat (painting)
* Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
* Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
* Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)

1794|

* Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
* Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
* Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
* Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
* White Terror (Fall 1794)
* Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)

1795–6|

* Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795)
* Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
* Directoire (1795–99)
* Council of Five Hundred
* Council of Ancients
* 13 Vendémiaire (5 Oct 1795)
* Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796)

1797|

* Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
* Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)

1798|

* Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798)

1799|

* Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
* Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
* Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
* Consulate

Revolutionary campaigns

1792|

* Verdun
* Thionville
* Valmy
* Royalist Revolts
* Chouannerie
* Vendée
* Dauphiné
* Lille
* Siege of Mainz
* Jemappes
* Namur

1793|

* First Coalition
* War in the Vendée
* Battle of Neerwinden
* Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
* Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 – 25 May 1793)
* Battle of Kaiserslautern
* Siege of Mainz
* Battle of Wattignies
* Battle of Hondschoote
* Siege of Bellegarde
* Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
* Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
* First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
* Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
* Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)

1794|

* Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
* Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
* Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
* Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
* Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794)
* Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
* Chouannerie
* Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)

1795|

* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)
* Peace of Basel

1796|

* Italian campaign (1796)
* Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Theiningen
* Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
* First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
* Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
* Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
* Ireland expedition (Dec 1796)

1797|

* Italian campaign (1797)
* Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
* Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
* Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
* Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
* Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
* Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)

1798|

* French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
* French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
* Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
* Quasi-War (1798–1800)
* Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)

1799|

* Second Coalition (1798–1802)
* Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
* Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
* Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799)
* First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
* Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)

1800|

* Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
* Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800)
* Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
* League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)

1801|

* Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
* Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
* Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801)

1802|

* Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
* Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)

Military leaders

France|

| French Army|

* Eustache Charles d'Aoust
* Charles-Pierre Augereau
* Alexandre de Beauharnais
* Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Guillaume Brune
* Jean François Carteaux
* Jean-Étienne Championnet
* Chapuis de Tourville
* Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Louis Desaix
* Jacques François Dugommier
* Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
* Charles François Dumouriez
* Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
* Louis-Charles de Flers
* Paul Grenier
* Emmanuel de Grouchy
* Jacques Maurice Hatry
* Lazare Hoche
* Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
* François Christophe de Kellermann
* Jean-Baptiste Kléber
* Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
* Jean Lannes
* Charles Leclerc
* Claude Lecourbe
* François Joseph Lefebvre
* Étienne Macdonald
* Jean-Antoine Marbot
* Marcellin Marbot
* François Séverin Marceau
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
* Jean Victor Marie Moreau
* Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
* Joachim Murat
* Michel Ney
* Pierre-Jacques Osten [fr]
* Nicolas Oudinot
* Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Józef Poniatowski
* Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
* Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
* Joseph Souham
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Louis-Gabriel Suchet
* Belgrand de Vaubois
* Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

|

French Navy|

* Charles-Alexandre Linois

Opposition|

|  Austria|

* József Alvinczi
* Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
* Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
* Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
* Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
* Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
* Pál Kray (Hungarian)
* Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
* Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
* Karl Mack von Leiberich
* Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
* Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
* Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
* Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
* Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
* Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
* Dagobert von Wurmser

|

Britain|

* Sir Ralph Abercromby
* James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
* Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

Netherlands|

* William V, Prince of Orange

Prussia|

* Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
* Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

Russia|

* Alexander Korsakov
* Alexander Suvorov
* Andrei Rosenberg

Spain|

* Luis Firmin de Carvajal
* Antonio Ricardos

Other significant figures and factions

Patriotic Society of 1789|

* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
* François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
* Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
* Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
* Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
* Nicolas de Condorcet

Feuillants
and monarchiens

* Grace Elliott
* Arnaud de La Porte
* Jean-Sifrein Maury
* François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
* Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
* Antoine Barnave
* Lafayette
* Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
* Charles Malo François Lameth
* André Chénier
* Jean-François Rewbell
* Camille Jordan
* Madame de Staël
* Boissy d'Anglas
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
* Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

Girondins|

* Jacques Pierre Brissot
* Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
* Madame Roland
* Father Henri Grégoire
* Étienne Clavière
* Marquis de Condorcet
* Charlotte Corday
* Marie Jean Hérault
* Jean Baptiste Treilhard
* Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
* Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
* Jean Debry
* Olympe de Gouges
* Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
* Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

The Plain|

* Abbé Sieyès
* de Cambacérès
* Charles-François Lebrun
* Pierre-Joseph Cambon
* Bertrand Barère
* Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
* Philippe Égalité
* Louis Philippe I
* Mirabeau
* Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
* Jean Joseph Mounier
* Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
* François de Neufchâteau

Montagnards|

* Maximilien Robespierre
* Georges Danton
* Jean-Paul Marat
* Camille Desmoulins
* Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
* Paul Barras
* Louis Philippe I
* Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
* Jacques-Louis David
* Marquis de Sade
* Georges Couthon
* Roger Ducos
* Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
* Jean-Henri Voulland
* Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
* Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
* Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
* Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
* Jean-Pierre-André Amar
* Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
* Prieur de la Marne
* Gilbert Romme
* Jean Bon Saint-André
* Jean-Lambert Tallien
* Pierre Louis Prieur
* Antoine Christophe Saliceti

Hébertists
and Enragés|

* Jacques Hébert
* Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
* Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Antoine-François Momoro
* François-Nicolas Vincent
* François Chabot
* Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
* Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
* François Hanriot
* Jacques Roux
* Stanislas-Marie Maillard
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Jean-François Varlet
* Theophile Leclerc
* Claire Lacombe
* Pauline Léon
* Gracchus Babeuf
* Sylvain Maréchal

Others|

| Figures|

* Charles X
* Louis XVI
* Louis XVII
* Louis XVIII
* Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
* Marie Antoinette
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Lucien Bonaparte
* Joseph Bonaparte
* Joseph Fesch
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Joachim Murat
* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
* Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
* Talleyrand
* Thérésa Tallien
* Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
* Catherine Théot
* Madame de Lamballe
* Madame du Barry
* Louis de Breteuil
* de Chateaubriand
* Jean Chouan
* Loménie de Brienne
* Charles Alexandre de Calonne
* Jacques Necker
* Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
* List of people associated with the French Revolution

|

Factions|

* Jacobins
* Cordeliers
* Panthéon Club
* Social Club

Influential thinkers

* Les Lumières
* Beaumarchais
* Edmund Burke
* Anacharsis Cloots
* Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
* Pierre Claude François Daunou
* Diderot
* Benjamin Franklin
* Thomas Jefferson
* Antoine Lavoisier
* Montesquieu
* Thomas Paine
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* Abbé Sieyès
* Voltaire
* Mary Wollstonecraft

Cultural impact

* La Marseillaise
* Cockade of France
* Flag of France
* Liberté, égalité, fraternité
* Marianne
* Muscadin
* Bastille Day
* Panthéon
* French Republican calendar
* Metric system
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
* Cult of the Supreme Being
* Cult of Reason
* Temple of Reason
* Sans-culottes
* Phrygian cap
* Women in the French Revolution
* Incroyables and merveilleuses
* Symbolism in the French Revolution
* Historiography of the French Revolution
* Influence of the French Revolution
* Films

* v
* t
* e

National symbols of the United States

Symbols|

* Flag
* Great Seal
* Bald eagle
* Uncle Sam
* Columbia
* Phrygian cap
* General Grant Tree
* American Creed
* Pledge of Allegiance
* Rose
* Oak
* Bison

Landmarks|

* Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)
* Liberty Bell
* Mount Rushmore
* National Mall
* West Potomac Park

Mottos|

* In God We Trust
* E pluribus unum
* Novus ordo seclorum
* Annuit cœptis

Songs|

* "The Star-Spangled Banner"
* "Dixie"
* "America the Beautiful"
* "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean"
* "The Stars and Stripes Forever"
* "Hail to the Chief"
* "Hail, Columbia"
* "America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)"
* "God Bless America"
* "Lift Every Voice and Sing"
* "The Army Goes Rolling Along"
* "Anchors Aweigh"
* "Marines' Hymn"
* "Semper Fidelis"
* "The Air Force Song"
* "Semper Paratus"
* "Semper Supra"
* "National Emblem March"
* "The Washington Post March"
* "Battle Hymn of the Republic"
* "Yankee Doodle"
* "You're a Grand Old Flag"
* "When Johnny Comes Marching Home"
* "This Land Is Your Land"
* "Battle Cry of Freedom"
* "God Bless the U.S.A."

* v
* t
* e

Hats and caps

* List of hat styles
* List of headgear
* List of fur headgear

Western
culture|

| Formal|

* Cartwheel
* Cloche
* Cocktail
* Doll
* Draped turban
* Eugénie
* Fascinator
* Half
* Halo
* Juliet
* Mushroom
* lampshade
* Picture
* peach
* Pillbox
* Tam
* Top
* opera

|

Semi-formal|

* Homburg
* Anthony Eden
* Boater
* Bowler
* Buntal

Informal|

* Cabbage-tree
* Chupalla
* Fedora
* trilby
* Flat
* coppola
* newsboy
* Panama
* Pork pie
* Smoking
* Wideawake

Uniforms|

* Aviator
* Bearskin
* Bell-boy hat
* Bicorne
* Black
* Boonie
* Budenovka
* Busby
* Campaign
* Cap comforter
* Cappello Alpino
* Casquette d'Afrique
* Caubeen
* Cavalry Stetson
* Czapka
* Doctoral
* Feather bonnet
* Forage
* karvalakki
* Fur wedge
* Hardee
* Jeep
* Kepi
* Mazepynka
* Nurse's
* Maintenance/Chapeau
* Military beret/Uniform beret
* black
* blue
* green
* maroon
* red
* tan
* Patrol
* Peaked
* mariner's
* sailor
* Printer's
* Rogatywka
* Shako
* Side
* titovka
* triglavka
* Ski
* Slouch
* Sou'wester
* Student
* faluche
* Square academic
* Tricorne
* Utility cover

Religious|

| Christian|

| Western|

* Biretta
* Canterbury
* Camauro
* Capirote
* Cappello romano
* Capuchon
* Christening cap
* Galero
* Head covering for Christian women
* Easter bonnet
* mantilla
* wimple
* Mitre
* papal tiara
* Pilgrim's
* Salvation Army bonnet
* Shovel
* Zucchetto

|

Eastern|

* Klobuk
* epanokalimavkion
* kalimavkion
* koukoulion
* Skufia

Jewish|

* Jewish
* Head covering for Jewish women
* Tichel
* Kashket
* Kippah
* Kolpik
* Spodik
* Shtreimel

Casual|

* Animal
* Ascot
* Barretina
* Beanie
* Beret
* Bobble
* Breton
* Bucket
* Chilote
* Cowboy
* Boss of the Plains
* Fruit
* Knit
* Monmouth
* Party
* Shower
* Tin foil
* Umbrella
* Whoopee

| Sports|

* Cricket
* baggy green
* Balaclava
* facekini
* Baseball
* trucker
* Bicycle clip
* Casquette
* Deerstalker
* Horse racing
* Mounteere
* Rally
* Sports visor
* green eyeshade
* Stormy Kromer
* Swimming
* Water polo

|

Historical|

* Attifet
* Apex
* Beaver
* Bergère
* Boudoir
* Boyar
* Bycocket
* Capotain
* Cavalier
* Coal scuttle bonnet
* Coif
* Dolly Varden
* Dunce
* Fontange
* French hood
* Phrygian
* Gable hood
* Hennin
* Kausia
* Kokoshnik
* Miner's
* Mob
* Modius
* Pamela
* Petasos
* Pileus
* Poke bonnet
* Pudding
* Toque
* Witch
* Gediminas' Cap

Folk|

* Arakhchin
* Asian conical
* Aso Oke
* Astrakhan (hat)
* Ayam
* Balmoral bonnet
* Bell-boy
* Beonggeoji
* Bhadgaunle Topi
* Birke topi
* Blangkon
* Blue bonnet
* Chapan
* Chullo
* Coloured
* Coonskin
* Cork
* Dhaka topi
* Doppa
* Dutch
* Energy dome
* Fez
* Four Winds
* Fujin
* Fulani
* Futou
* Gandhi
* Gat
* Glengarry
* Icelandic tail
* Jaapi
* Jeongjagwan
* Jobawi
* Kalpak
* Karakul
* Kasa
* Kashket
* Keffiyeh
* Kofia
* Kufi
* Kuma
* Labbadeh
* Lika
* Malahai
* Montenegrin
* Montera picona
* Mooskappe
* Nambawi
* Nón quai thao
* Ochipok
* Paag
* Pahlavi
* Pakol
* Papakha
* Pashteen
* Pungcha
* Qeleshe
* Qing
* Rastacap
* Šajkača
* Salako
* Salakot
* Senufo bird
* Shyade
* Šibenik
* Sidara
* Sindhi
* Sombrero
* sombrero calañés
* sombrero cordobés
* sombrero de catite
* sombrero vueltiao
* Song
* Songkok
* Stormy Kromer cap
* Straw
* Šubara
* Sun
* Tam o' shanter
* Tang
* Tanggeon
* Tantour
* Taqiyah
* Tembel
* Tokin
* Topor
* Tsunokakushi
* Tubeteika
* Tuque
* Tyrolean
* Upe
* Ushanka
* Welsh
* Yanggwan

Wrapped
headwear|

* Apostolnik
* Bashlyk
* Birrus
* Bonnet
* Boshiya
* Caul
* Chador
* Chaperon
* Cornette
* Dastar
* Do-rag
* Dumalla
* Emamah
* Għonnella
* Gook
* Gugel
* Gulle
* Hogeon
* Hood
* Jang-ot
* Khăn vấn
* Litham
* Mysore peta
* Muslim head covering
* Burqa
* Haredi burqa sect
* Hijab
* Niqāb
* Pagri
* Paranja
* Pheta
* Puneri Pagadi
* Roach
* Snood
* Sudra
* Tudong
* Turban
* Veil
* Yashmak

Hat parts|

* Agal
* Aigrette
* Brim
* Bumper brim
* Campaign cord
* Cointoise
* Gamsbart
* Hackle
* Lappet
* Plume
* Sarpech
* Visor

Accessories|

* Cockade
* Feathers
* Hat box
* Hatpin

* v
* t
* e

Historical clothing

Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings

Body-length|

* Abolla
* Banyan
* Brunswick
* Court dress (Empire of Japan)
* Chiton
* Frock
* Frock coat
* Hanfu
* Justacorps
* Paenula
* Peplos
* Stola
* Toga
* Tunic
* Xout lao

Tops|

* Basque
* Bedgown
* Bodice
* Doublet
* Peascod belly
* Poet shirt
* Sbai
* Suea pat

Trousers|

* Braccae
* Breeches
* Sompot Chong Kben
* Culottes
* Harem
* Knickerbockers
* Pedal pushers
* Zaragüelles [es]

Skirts|

* Hobble
* Poodle
* Safeguard
* Sompot
* Sinh
* Train

Dresses|

* Bliaut
* Close-bodied gown
* Debutante
* Gown
* Kirtle
* Mantua
* Polonaise
* Robe de cour
* Sack-back gown
* Sailor
* Tea gown
* Zaju chuishao fu

Outerwear|

* Capote
* Car coat
* Caraco
* Cardinal cloak
* Chamail
* Chlamys
* Cloak
* Kinsale cloak
* Dolman
* Doublet
* Duster
* Exomis
* Greatcoat
* Himation
* Houppelande
* Inverness cape
* Jerkin
* Kandys
* Mackinaw jacket
* Nadiri
* Norfolk jacket
* Overfrock
* Pañuelo
* Palla
* Pallium
* Pelisse
* Poncho
* Shadbelly
* Shawl
* Galway shawl
* Kullu
* Smock-frock
* Spencer
* Surcoat
* Surtout
* Ulster coat
* Visite
* Witzchoura

Underwear|

* Basque
* Bustle
* Chausses
* Chemise
* Codpiece
* Corselet
* Corset
* Waist cincher
* Dickey
* Garter
* Hoop skirt
* Crinoline
* Farthingale
* Pannier
* Hose
* Liberty bodice
* Loincloth
* Open drawers
* Pantalettes
* Petticoat
* Peignoir
* Pettipants
* Union suit
* Yếm

Headwear|

* Anthony Eden
* Apex
* Arakhchin
* Attifet
* Aviator
* Ba tầm
* Bergère
* Blessed hat
* Bonnet
* Calath crown (headdress)
* Capotain
* Caubeen
* Cavalier
* Coif
* Coonskin
* Cornette
* Dunce
* Fillet
* French hood
* Fontange
* Futou
* Gable hood
* Hennin
* Jeongjagwan
* Jewish
* Kausia
* Khat (apparel)
* Kokoshnik
* Llawt'u
* Malahai
* Matron's badge
* Miner's
* Mob
* Modius
* Monmouth
* Mooskappe
* Motoring hood
* Mounteere
* Nemes
* Nightcap
* Ochipok
* Pahlavi
* Petasos
* Phrygian
* Pileus
* Printer's
* Pudding
* Qeleshe
* Qing
* Salakot
* Snood
* Smoking
* Stephane (headdress)
* Tainia
* Taranga
* Welsh Wig
* Wimple

Footwear|

* Buskins
* Calcei
* Caligae
* Carbatina
* Chinese styles
* Chopines
* Duckbills
* Episcopal sandals
* Hessian
* Lotus shoes
* Manchu platform shoes
* Pampooties
* Pattens
* Pigaches
* Poulaines
* Socci
* Tiger-head shoes
* Turnshoes

Accessories|

* Ascot tie
* Belt hook
* Cointoise
* Cravat (early)
* Hairpin
* Hatpin
* Jabot
* Lavallière
* Muff
* Oes
* Partlet
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