Pileus (meteorology)

Small, horizontal, lenticular cloud

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Pileus over a cumulus cloud Pileus above a cumulonimbus cloud Pileus forming over the ash cloud from an eruption of Sarychev Peak Cap cloud being absorbed into a cumulonimbus calvus cloud at sunset

A pileus (/ˈpaɪliəs/; Latin for 'cap'), also called scarf cloud or cap cloud, is a small, horizontal, lenticular cloud appearing above a cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. Pileus clouds are often short-lived, appearing for typically only a few minutes,[1] with the main cloud beneath them rising through convection to absorb them. Furthermore, the clouds are typically formed by drier air with a higher lifting condensation level, which often prevents vertical growth and leads to the smooth horizontal cap shape that the cloud is named for.[2]

They are formed by strong updraft at lower altitudes, acting upon moist air above, causing the air to cool to its dew point as it rises.[3][4] As such, they are usually indicators of severe weather, and a pileus found atop a cumulus cloud often foreshadows transformation into a cumulonimbus cloud, as it indicates a strong updraft within the cloud.[3]

Pilei can also form above mountains, ash clouds, and pyrocumulus clouds from erupting volcanoes.[5] Pilei form above some mushroom clouds of high-yield nuclear detonations.[6]

## Appearance

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Though the pileus cloud does not tend to grow vertically, sometimes several pileus clouds are observed above each other.[7] The bright iridescent colors seen in pileus are sunlight diffracted in water vapor. Iridescent colors are strongest when the diffracting droplets are small and similar in size. The newly formed pileus droplet all of similar provenance are ideal for iridescence.[8]

## Variants

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When sheet of altostratus cloud is seen lower down and skirting a cumulonimbus cloud, it is classified as a velum cloud.[9]

## Forecast

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Pileus clouds indicate the parent cloud is growing rapidly, has plenty of moisture, and is highly unstable. This means the parent cloud could quickly grow to become a cumulonimbus cloud and continue to grow into a cumulonimbus incus cloud.[3]

## See also

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* Cloud iridescence
* Atmospheric convection
* Lenticular cloud
* Helm Wind

## References

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1. ^ "UBC ATSC 113 - Pileus clouds". www.eoas.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
2. ^ "Pileus Clouds: smooth capping clouds". ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-28.
3. ^ a b c Ulrike, Lohmann. An Introduction to Clouds: From the Microscale to Climate. Lüönd, Felix; Mahrt, Fabian. Cambridge. p. 288\. ISBN 9781139087513. OCLC 953455396.
4. ^ Garrett, T. J.; Dean-Day, J.; Liu, C.; Barnett, B.; Mace, G.; Baumgardner, D.; Webster, C.; Bui, T.; Read, W.; Minnis, P. (19 April 2006). "Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 6 (5): 1185–1200\. Bibcode:2006ACP.....6.1185G. doi:10.5194/acp-6-1185-2006. hdl:2060/20080015842.
5. ^ Hamblyn, Richard (2017-05-15). Clouds. London. ISBN 9781780237701. OCLC 1000297560.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
6. ^ Holzmann, B. G.; Cumberledge, A. A. (October 1946). "Weather and The Atomic Bomb Tests at Bikini (II)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 27 (8): 435–437\. Bibcode:1946BAMS...27..435H. doi:10.1175/1520-0477-27.8.435.
7. ^ "Pileus - AMS Glossary". glossary.ametsoc.org. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
8. ^ "Iridescent Pileus". Atmospheric Optics. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
9. ^ "Velum". Meteorological glossary. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 2, 2014.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pileus clouds.

* Video – Video of pileus clouds.

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Cloud genera and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne hydrometeors \- WMO Latin terminology except where indicated

Mesospheric|

| Extreme-level
80–85 km|

| Noctilucent (NLC)
Polar mesospheric clouds|

* Noctilucent type I veils
* Noctilucent type II bands
* Noctilucent type III billows
* Noctilucent type IV whirls

|

Stratospheric|

| Very high-level
15–30 km|

| Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)|

* Cirriform nacreous
* Lenticular nacreous

|

Nitric acid and water
polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)|

* No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus

Tropospheric|

| High-level
3–18 km|

| Cirrus (Ci)|

| Species|

* Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
* Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
* Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
* Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
* Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)

|

Ci-only varieties|

* Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
* Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)

Cirrocumulus (Cc)|

| Species|

* Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
* Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
* Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
* Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)

|

Cirrostratus (Cs)|

| Species|

* Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
* Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)

|

High-level-only
mutatus cloud|

* Mutatus non-height specific (see below)

Medium-level
2–8 km|

| Altocumulus (Ac)|

| Species|

* Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
* Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
* Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
* Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
* Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
* Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)

|

Altostratus (As)|

* Altostratus undulatus

Nimbostratus (Ns)
Multi-level|

| Varieties|

* Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)

|

Low-level
0–2 km|

| Cumulonimbus (Cb)
Towering vertical|

| Species|

* Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
* Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)

|

Cb-only supplementary features|

* Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau) Tail cloud)
* Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
* Cumulonimbus murus ((mur) Wall cloud)

Cb-only accessories and other|

* Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu) Beaver tail)
* Overshooting top
* Hot tower

Cumulus (Cu)
Variable vertical extent|

| Species|

* Fractus
* Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
* Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
* (Cumulus congestus (Cu con) (Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con)) (ICAO term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is Towering cumulus [Tcu]))

|

Other|

* Horseshoe
* Trade wind cumulus

Stratus (St)|

| Species|

* Stratus fractus (St fra)
* Stratus nebulosus (St neb)

|

St-only genitus cloud and other|

* Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
* Fog (Fg) Surface level

Stratocumulus (Sc)|

| Species|

* Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
* Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
* Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
* Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
* Stratocumulus Undulatus
* Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)

|

Low-level-only
supplementary features|

* Arcus ((arc) Shelf)
* Tuba ((tub) Funnel cloud)

Low-level-only
accessory cloud and other|

* Pileus (pil)
* Velum (vel)
* Pannus (pan)
* Other- Actinoform cloud (Stratocumulus)

Non-height
specific|

| Varieties|

* Duplicatus (du)
* Lacunosus (la)
* Opacus (op)
* Perlucidus (pe)
* Radiatus (ra)
* Translucidus (tr)
* Undulatus (un)

|

Supplementary features|

* Asperitas (asp)
* Cavum (cav)
* Fluctus (flu)
* Mamma (mam)
* Praecipitatio (pra)
* Virga (vir)

Mother clouds
and human-made clouds|

* (Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
* (Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)

* Homogenitus (hogen)
* Homomutatus (homut)

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