Pinkwashing (LGBT)

Promotional use of LGBT rights

Not to be confused with Pinkwashing (breast cancer).

This article may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2024)

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Anarcho-queer collective Mashpritzot hold a die-in protest against Israeli pinkwashing and the perceived homo-normative priorities of the LGBT support centre in Tel Aviv Part of a series on

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Pinkwashing, also known as rainbow-washing,[1] is the strategy of promoting LGBT rights protections as evidence of liberalism and democracy, especially to distract from or legitimize violence against other countries or communities.[a] The concept has been used by Sarah Schulman in 2011 with reference to Israeli government public relations, and is related to homonationalism, the exploitation of sexual minorities to justify racism and xenophobia.[7] Pinkwashing is a continuation of the civilizing mission used to justify colonialism, this time on the basis of LGBT rights in Western countries.[8][9] More broadly, pinkwashing can also be defined as "the deployment of superficially sympathetic messages for [ends] having little or nothing to do with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) equality or inclusion",[10] including LGBT marketing.[11]

## Origin of the term[edit]

In April 2010, Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism (QUIT) in the Bay Area, used the phrase pinkwashing as a twist on greenwashing, a practice where companies claim to be eco-friendly in order to make profit. Dunya Alwan was at a talk with Ali Abunimah, editor of Electronic Intifada in 2010, when he said "We won't put up with Israel whitewashing or greenwashing" and she thought "or pinkwashing!"[12]

In 2011, Sarah Schulman used the term pinkwashing in a widely read The New York Times editorial arguing that Israel used the tactic in its public relations. Schulman saw pinkwashing as a manifestation of homonationalism,[13][14] the processes by which some powers selectively agree with the claims of sexual minorities and exploit them to justify racism, xenophobia (rejection of foreign people), and aporophobia (rejection of the poor);[15][16][17] in short, the intersection between gay identities and nationalist ideology.[18] Homonationalism shaped the concept of pinkwashing and the two terms are often used together as tools to explain the actions of countries. Jasbir Puar writes in a later article, Rethinking Homonationalism, that the two terms are not parallel but rather pinkwashing is able to exist because homonationalism exists.[19]

## By country or region[edit]

### Canada[edit]

In 2012, Jason Kenney, Canada's Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, was accused of pinkwashing, after an email titled "LGBT Refugees from Iran" was sent to thousands of Canadians. The message contained additional recent comments by John Baird, Minister of Foreign Affairs, about Canada's stand against the persecution and marginalization of gays and lesbian women around the world. A group of activists claimed that it "is a poor attempt at 'pinkwashing' the Conservative government's obvious desire to encourage war with Iran".[20]

### Europe[edit]

A coalition organized by several popular grassroots movements in Europe, including the English Defence League (EDL), mounted counter-jihad demonstrations in conjunction with LGBT Pride Week celebrations in Helsinki and Stockholm in July and August 2012.[21][22] However, these movements inspired a counter demonstration by an LGBT rights group called "Queers against Pinkwashing", which claimed that the counter-jihad march against Muslims was a clear example of pinkwashing and projected a fake support image for sexual minorities.[22] In an interview for Radio Sweden, Lisa Bjurwald, a Swedish journalist and expert on European right-wing ideology, criticized the EDL for allying with the wrong people, as "Queers against Pinkwashing" are in fact against singling out Islam as if it were the source of all the relevant problems because such attempts do not benefit the LGBTQ community.[22]

#### Belgium[edit]

The Flemish nationalist party Vlaams Belang and Filip Dewinter shifted their stance on gay issues in the 2010s and began using pro-gay rhetoric to criticize Muslims and immigrants. According to Eric Louis Russell, Dewinter exploits homophobic violence in a similar way that pornography commodifies women's bodies; he argues "that this type of commodification of potential or real violence directed toward members of a society for political ends is a real, albeit subjacent and deeply insidious form of homophobia".[23]

#### France[edit]

Marine Le Pen, president of the French far-right political party National Front, was gaining support from LGBT communities in the presidential election, despite the fact that Jean-Marie Le Pen, her father and the founder of the party, once condemned homosexuality as "a biological and social anomaly".[24] After the Orlando nightclub shooting, Marine Le Pen declared "how much homosexuality is attacked in countries that live under the Islamist jackboot".[24] Facing these threats and receiving "sympathy" from Le Pen, some LGBT voters started to advocate for the far-right party, with one supporter stating that "they'll be the first victims of these barbarians, and only Marine is proposing radical solutions".[24]

#### Ireland[edit]

According to Professor of Gender and Women's Studies Eithne Luibhéid, Ireland used its 2015 same-sex marriage referendum "to pinkwash its migration regimes, thereby naturalizing harsh policies that reproduce gendered, sexual, racial, economic, and geopolitical inequalities".[2]

### Israel[edit]

See also: Noam (political party)

The Israeli government's marketing strategy includes "Israel Beyond the Conflict", an attempt to promote aspects of Israeli life outside the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. According to Israeli gay rights activist Hagai El-Ad, "In no other arena has that been used in a more cynical way than in the context of LGBT rights."[25] According to Palestinian anthropologist Sa'ed Atshan,

> [Israeli] pinkwashing relies on a logic based on four pillars:

>   1. naming queer Israeli agency and eliding Israeli homophobia;
>   2. naming Palestinian homophobia and eliding queer Palestinian agency;
>   3. juxtaposing these contrasting queer experiences in Israeli and Palestinian societies as a civilizational discourse aimed at highlighting the superior humanity of the former and the subhumanity of the latter, who deserve to be dominated; and
>   4. representing Israel as a gay haven for Israelis, Palestinians, and internationals in order to attract tourism and other forms of solidarity and support.[26]

Opponents of the term pinkwashing in relation to Israel argue that Israeli society has seen meaningful progress on LGBT rights that are better than those in neighbouring countries.[27] Others highlight the phenomenon of some gay Palestinians who live illegally in Israel;[28] Israel has historically been against granting asylum to such individuals,[29] but has changed this in recent years, with legal protections being established for LGBT+ Palestinians fleeing violence.[30][31] Pro-Israel writers also argue that the term is not always applied to other countries that use similar strategies.[32] Ido Aharoni, former head of the Brand Israel project, responded to such criticism, saying: "We are not trying to hide the conflict, but broaden the conversation."[33] Yair Qedar, a gay Israeli filmmaker and civil rights activist, has said that Israel has a praiseworthy LGBT+ rights record, and that failing to defend it "ultimately serves homophobia far more than dialogue and peace". He criticized Israeli LGBT+ groups for failing to oppose pinkwashing charges.[33] Shaul Ganon of the Israeli-based LGBT+ rights group Aguda, assessed the dispute this way: "Each side is trying to gain some points. The truth is the only one who gets screwed by this is the Palestinian gays."[34] According to Atshan, "the critiques leveled against [anti-pinkwashing activists] are often not well founded or ethically deployed. It is particularly disconcerting when supporters of Israel instead cast Israeli state sources of victimization as saviors of queer Palestinians."[35] He also argues that anti-pinkwashing can go too far when activists prioritize the struggle against Israeli occupation and only bring up LGBT issues in order to criticize Israel.[36]

After the 2011 Gaza Freedom Flotilla, an Israeli actor created a hoax video in which he pretended to have been turned away from the flotilla because he was gay. The video was promoted by the Israeli prime minister's office.[37]

Joseph Massad, associate professor of modern Arab politics and intellectual history at Columbia University, has written that the Israeli government "insist[s] on advertising and exaggerating its recent record on LGBT rights ... to fend off international condemnation of its violations of the rights of the Palestinian people".[33] Culture studies academic Nada Elia calls pinkwashing "the twenty-first century manifestation of the Zionist colonialist narrative of bringing civilisation to an otherwise backwards land".[38]

## Corporate marketing[edit]

Further information: LGBT marketing

Pinkwashing in the United States, according to author Stephan Dahl from the University of Hull, is centered around pride merchandise created and sold by companies that do nothing for queer people.[39] This feeds a "big business small community" relationship and seems beneficial when in reality there is nothing changing legally for queer people through this practice.[39]

A campaign to develop public support for the Keystone Pipeline, which would transport Canadian oil through the United States, has been accused of pinkwashing for its argument that the project deserves support based on a comparison of Canada's record on LGBT rights compared to that of other oil-producing nations.[40]

In Australia, concern has been raised about the commodification of gay rights by major corporations.[41]

LGBTQ Nation states that "many brands that engage in pinkwashing are guilty of using the LGBTQ community to boost their PR and incur capital from 'pink money', all while maintaining unjust labor practices, discriminatory hiring processes, and supporting anti-LGBTQ organizations".[42]

## Intersex movement[edit]

Main article: Intersex and LGBT

In June 2016, Organisation Intersex International Australia pointed to contradictory statements by Australian governments, suggesting that the dignity and rights of LGBT and intersex people are recognized while, at the same time, harmful practices on intersex children continue.[43]

In August 2016, Zwischengeschlecht described actions to promote equality or civil status legislation without action on banning "intersex genital mutilations" as a form of pinkwashing.[44] The organization has previously highlighted evasive government statements to UN Treaty Bodies that conflate intersex, transgender and LGBT issues, instead of addressing harmful practices on infants.[45]

## Anti-pinkwashing[edit]

Anti-pinkwashing or pinkwatching is the opposition to pinkwashing. Lynn Darwich and Hannen Maikay, in their article "The Road from Antipinkwashing Activism to the Decolonization of Palestine", allege that accusations of pinkwashing against Israel have led to an intersection of queer rights movements and Palestinian rights movements in Palestine and other countries, despite ongoing discrimination and abuse of LGBT individuals within Palestinian controlled territories. This is a strategy that has allowed the two activist groups to fight for one cause; however, it also places limits on both movements. Darwich and Maikay suggest that the anti-pinkwashing movement has to consider not only pinkwashing but also homonationalism, colonialism, and imperialism.[46] The Palestinian queer movement rejects pinkwashing.[47][48]

According to Cyril Ghosh, the argument against pinkwashing portraying Western countries as bastions of LGBT freedom while demonizing countries that lack LGBT rights protection has merit, but can fall into "Radical Theory Creep" when multiple strands of critique are combined in a way that lacks analytic rigor.[6]

## Notes[edit]

1. ^

* "Pinkwashing refers to processes whereby states congratulate and promote themselves on the global stage as champions of human rights because they have granted select rights to LGBT people, while continuing to engage in various kinds of systemic violence and dispossession. Moreover, some states deliberately use their promotion of select LGBT rights as alibis for such violence."[2]
* "Pinkwashing refers to the inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people (LGBT) into the nation, painting the state as liberal and democratic while legitimizing violent policies towards countries and communities portrayed as less tolerant of LGBTs."[3]
* Pinkwashing is "a strategy frequently used to reframe debate and shift attention away from acts of overt discrimination, exclusion or violence under the veneer of a putatively inclusive, modernist rhetoric".[4]
* "Pinkwashing 'covers over' forms of state-sanctioned socially and historically-constituted violence within 'gay friendly' nation states"[5]
* "Pinkwashing denotes a deliberate strategy by some states (and even some non-state actors) to obfuscate their human rights violations by upholding, and drawing the world's attention to, their record on LGBT+ rights."[6]

## References[edit]

1. ^ Rodríguez, Ashley (June 15, 2022). "What is Rainbow Washing? And Why You Should Prevent It During Pride Month". rockcontent.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
2. ^ a b Luibhéid 2018, p. 405.
3. ^ Hartal 2020, p. 1.
4. ^ Russell 2019, p. 185.
5. ^ Wahab 2021, p. 850.
6. ^ a b Ghosh 2018, p. 11.
7. ^ Abdelmoez, Joel W. (2021), Rosenberg, Tiina; D'Urso, Sandra; Winget, Anna Renée (eds.), "Deviants, Queers, or Scissoring Sisters of Men?: Translating and Locating Queer and Trans Feminisms in the Contemporary Arabic-Speaking World", The Palgrave Handbook of Queer and Trans Feminisms in Contemporary Performance, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 283–301, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-69555-2_16, ISBN 978-3-030-69554-5, S2CID 240561329, archived from the original on April 27, 2024, retrieved July 22, 2022
8. ^ Ghosh 2018, p. 12.
9. ^ Khalidi, Rashid (2018). "From the Editor". Journal of Palestine Studies. 47 (3): 5–8. doi:10.1525/jps.2018.47.4.5. S2CID 240300865. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
10. ^ Russell 2019, p. 182.
11. ^ "Profit From Pride – Pinkwashing as Part of Modern Marketing". pressrelations Blog. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
12. ^ Ellison, Joy (2013). Recycled rhetoric: brand Israel 'pinkwashing' in historical context (MA thesis). DePaul University. p. 8\. Archived from the original on November 13, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
13. ^ Tziallas, Evangelos (2015). "The new 'Porn Wars': representing gay male sexuality in the Middle East". Psychology & Sexuality. 6 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1080/19419899.2014.983741. S2CID 145381763.
14. ^ Ritchie, Jason (2015). "Pinkwashing, Homonationalism, and Israel-Palestine: The Conceits of Queer Theory and the Politics of the Ordinary: Pinkwashing, Homonationalism, and Israel-Palestine". Antipode. 47 (3): 616–634. doi:10.1111/anti.12100.
15. ^ Puar, Jasbir K. (2007). Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Duke University Press. p. 83\. ISBN 978-0-8223-4094-2. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
16. ^ Homonationalism, Heteronationalism and LGBTI Rights in the EU. Archived July 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Public Seminar. 31 August 2016.
17. ^ Puar, Jasbir; Mikdashi, Maya (August 9, 2012). "Pinkwatching And Pinkwashing: Interpenetration and its Discontents". Jadaliyya - جدلية. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
18. ^ Nichols, James Michael (October 5, 2016). "Understanding Homonationalism: Why Are There Gay People Supporting Trump?". HuffPost. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
19. ^ Puar, Jasbir (2013). "Rethinking Homonationalism". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 45 (2): 336–339. doi:10.1017/S002074381300007X. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 43302999. S2CID 232253207. Archived from the original on June 4, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
20. ^ "Critics accuse Kenney of 'pinkwashing' in targeted emails". CTVNews. September 25, 2012. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
21. ^ Deland, Mats; Minkenberg, Michael; Mays, Christin, eds. (2014). In the Tracks of Breivik: Far Right Networks in Northern and Eastern Europe. LIT Verlag. p. 12.
22. ^ a b c "Queers against Pinkwashing reject Counter Jihad". Radio Sweden. August 3, 2012. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
23. ^ Russell 2019, pp. 182, 256.
24. ^ a b c "'Pinkwashing' populism: Gay voters embrace French far-right". APNews.com. April 7, 2017. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
25. ^ Atshan 2020, p. 80.
26. ^ Atshan 2020, p. 72.
27. ^ Atshan 2020, p. 92.
28. ^ Atshan 2020, pp. 99–100.
29. ^ Atshan 2020, pp. 101–102.
30. ^ "Israel to Give Work Permits to LGBT Palestinians Granted Asylum Reversal". Haaretz. June 20, 2022. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
31. ^ "Israeli Foreign Ministry Boasted LGBTQ Palestinian Asylum Ruling; Interior Minister Seeks Reversal". Haaretz. February 7, 2024. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
32. ^ Atshan 2020, p. 95–97.
33. ^ a b c Kaufman, David (May 13, 2011). "Is Israel Using Gay Rights to Excuse Its Policy on Palestine?". Time. Archived from the original on May 18, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
34. ^ Luongo, Michael (June 8, 2012). "Gay Palestinians caught in the middle of the conflict". Global Post. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
35. ^ Atshan 2020, p. 105.
36. ^ Atshan 2020, p. 110.
37. ^ Atshan 2020, pp. 79–80.
38. ^ Elia, Nada (2012). "Gay Rights with a Side of Apartheid". Settler Colonial Studies. 2 (2): 49–68. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648841. S2CID 154917783.
39. ^ a b Dahl, Stephan. "The rise of pride marketing and the curse of 'pink washing'". The Conversation. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
40. ^ Michaelson, Jay (December 28, 2014). "How Canadian Oilmen Pinkwash the Keystone Pipeline". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on December 29, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
41. ^ Stark, Jill (June 7, 2015). ""Pink washing": marketing stunt or corporate revolution?". Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
42. ^ "What is pinkwashing?". LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
43. ^ "Submission: list of issues for Australia's Convention Against Torture review". Intersex Human Rights Australia. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
44. ^ seelenlos (August 28, 2016). "'Intersex legislation' that allows the daily mutilations to continue = PINKWASHING of IGM practices". Zwischengeschlecht. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
45. ^ "TRANSCRIPTION > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child - Gov Non-Answer + Denial". Zwischengeschlecht. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
46. ^ Darwich, Lynn; Maikey, Haneen (2014). "The Road from Antipinkwashing Activism to the Decolonization of Palestine". Women's Studies Quarterly. 42 (3/4): 281–285. ISSN 0732-1562. JSTOR 24365011. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
47. ^ Lahiri, Sukrita (2020). "Anti-Pinkwashing as Emerging Hope: Queering the Palestinian Liberation Movement in the Context of Institutionalised Neoliberalism". International Journal of Critical Diversity Studies. 3 (2). doi:10.13169/intecritdivestud.3.2.0053.
48. ^ Alqaisiya, Walaa (2018). "Decolonial Queering: The Politics of Being Queer in Palestine" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies. 47 (3): 29–44. doi:10.1525/jps.2018.47.3.29. S2CID 158219919. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.

## Sources[edit]

* Atshan, Sa'ed (2020). "Global Solidarity and the Politics of Pinkwashing". Queer Palestine and the Empire of Critique. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-1240-2.
* Ghosh, Cyril (2018). "Radical Theory Creep". De-Moralizing Gay Rights: Some Queer Remarks on LGBT+ Rights Politics in the US. Springer International Publishing. pp. 11–41. ISBN 978-3-319-78840-1.
* Hartal, Gilly (2020). "Touring and obscuring: how sensual, embodied and haptic gay touristic practices construct the geopolitics of pinkwashing". Social & Cultural Geography. 23 (6): 836–854. doi:10.1080/14649365.2020.1821391. S2CID 224897595.
* Luibhéid, Eithne (2018). "Same-sex marriage and the pinkwashing of state migration controls". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 20 (3): 405–424. doi:10.1080/14616742.2018.1442735. S2CID 148824463.
* Russell, Eric Louis (2019). "Filip Dewinter: Pinkwashing, Populism and Nativism". The Discursive Ecology of Homophobia. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-78892-346-0.
* Wahab, Amar (2021). "Affective Mobilizations: Pinkwashing and Racialized Homophobia in Out There". Journal of Homosexuality. 68 (5): 849–871. doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1667158. PMID 31532347. S2CID 202675700.

## Further reading[edit]

Look up pinkwashing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Bidaseca, Karina (2020). "Sexualizar las fronteras: Pinkwashing y homonacionalismo en Palestina e Israel". Horizontes Decoloniales / Decolonial Horizons. 6: 121–140. doi:10.13169/decohori.6.2020.0121. ISSN 2422-6343. S2CID 240825137.
* Blackmer, Corinne E. (2019). "Pinkwashing". Israel Studies. 24 (2): 171. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.14. S2CID 239402258.
* Byrne, Rachael (2013). "Cyber Pinkwashing: Gay Rights under Occupation". The Moral Panics of Sexuality. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 134–148. ISBN 978-1-137-35317-7.
* Dreher, Tanja (2016). "Pinkwashing the past: gay rights, military history and the sidelining of protest in Australia". Oñati Socio-Legal Series. 6 (1): 116–136. ISSN 2079-5971. SSRN 2724515.
* Lake, Nadine (2021). "'Corrective Rape' and Black Lesbian Sexualities in South Africa: Negotiating the Tensions between 'Blackwashing' and 'Pinkwashing' Homophobia". The Routledge International Handbook of Social Work and Sexualities. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-34291-2.
* Ritchie, Jason (2015). "Pinkwashing, Homonationalism, and Israel-Palestine: The Conceits of Queer Theory and the Politics of the Ordinary: Pinkwashing, Homonationalism, and Israel-Palestine". Antipode. 47 (3): 616–634. doi:10.1111/anti.12100.
* Shafie, Ghadir; Chávez, Karma R. (2019). ""Pinkwashing and the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Campaign", May 25, 2016". Journal of Civil and Human Rights. 5/5: 32–48. doi:10.5406/jcivihumarigh.2019.0032. ISSN 2378-4245. S2CID 211353589.
* Koray Yılmaz-Günay & Salih Alexander Wolter (2018). "Pinkwashing Germany? German Homonationalism and the "Jewish Card"". The Queer Intersectional in Contemporary Germany. Psychosozial-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8379-2840-2.

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