Pittsburgh Crawfords

Professional Negro league baseball team

"Crawfords" redirects here. For other uses, see Crawford.

Pittsburgh Crawfords

Information
Location| Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Established| 1931
Disbanded| 1940
League titles|

* 1935
* 1936

Former name(s)|

* Pittsburgh Crawfords (1931–1938)
* Toledo Crawfords (1939)
* Toledo–Indianapolis Crawfords (1940)

Former league(s)|

* Independent (1931–1932)
* Negro National League (II) (1933–1938)
* Negro American League (1939–1940)

Former ballparks|

* Gus Greenlee Field (1933–1938)
* Swayne Field (1939–1940)
* Victory Field (1940)

The Pittsburgh Crawfords, popularly known as the Craws, were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The team, previously known as the Crawford Colored Giants,[1] was named after the Crawford Bath House, a recreation center in the Crawford neighborhood of Pittsburgh's Hill District.[2]

In 1931 Gus Greenlee, an African-American businessman in Pittsburgh, bought the Crawfords. In 1933 he founded what is known as the second Negro National League, and built Greenlee Field as a ball park for his team. During the mid-1930s, the Crawfords were one of the strongest Negro league teams ever assembled.

## History

[edit]

For a list of annual win-loss records, see List of Pittsburgh Crawfords seasons.

As Richard L. Gilmore recounts in a 1996 article on the history of the team, the Crawfords began as an interracial team of local Hill District youth who played ball together in neighborhood sandlots. Resident families included black migrants from the South and European immigrants, all of whom were attracted to industrial jobs in the city.

As the Hill District teams became more competitive and professionalized, lines of color were drawn. The teams became formalized initially through the efforts of Bill Harris (originally of Calhoun, Alabama) and Teenie Harris (no relation), who managed teams that emerged from local Hill schools. Bill Harris played with a team, which he later managed, from McKelvey High School, while Teenie's team formed from the Watt School. Twice the teams faced off resulting in a marginal win for Teenie's team in both games, prompting the two managers to join forces and create a predominantly black team.[3]

Greenlee bought the team in 1931. It was a time of an organizational vacuum, as the major African-American leagues of the 1920s, the Negro National League and the Eastern Colored League, had fallen apart under pressures of the Great Depression. By late that year, Greenlee signed many of the top African-American stars to his team, most notably Satchel Paige. The next year, in 1932, Greenlee hired Hall of Famer Oscar Charleston as playing manager, and added Hall of Famers Josh Gibson, Judy Johnson, and Cool Papa Bell, along with other notable players such as William Bell, Jimmie Crutchfield, Rap Dixon, Sam Bankhead, and Ted Radcliffe. Playing as an independent club, the Crawfords immediately established themselves as perhaps the best black team in the United States.[3]

The Crawfords played in the new Greenlee Field, named after the owner and builder; this was one of the few parks to be built and owned by a Negro League team.[4] Paige and Gibson often unwound at the Crawford Grill, one of black Pittsburgh's favorite night spots, where the likes of singers Lena Horne and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson entertained.

## League play

[edit]

1932 Crawfords

In 1933, Greenlee founded a new Negro National League, acting as president; his Crawfords were charter members. The club narrowly lost the first-half title to the Chicago American Giants; both teams claimed the second-half title, and Greenlee as league president awarded it to his Crawfords. The matter of the overall pennant was apparently never decided. The next season, as Gibson led the league with 16 home runs and Paige won 20 games, the Crawfords were near the top of the overall standings, but won neither half. Records of all games against league opponents, not just those considered official league games, show the Crawfords with far and away the best record for 1934.[3]

In 1935, Paige skipped most of the NNL season to play for a semipro team in North Dakota. Despite his absence, the Crawfords took the first-half title with a 26–6 record, then defeated the New York Cubans in a close seven-game series for their only undisputed NNL pennant. In retrospect, many historians consider this edition of the Crawfords to be the greatest Negro league team of all time, featuring the four Hall of Famers, plus left-handed pitcher Leroy Matlock, who won 18 games without a defeat.[3] After a mediocre first half (16–15) in 1936, the Crawfords rallied to win the NNL's second half with a 20–9 record. Paige had returned, and contributed an 11–3 record. The playoff with the first-half winners, the Washington Elite Giants, apparently only lasted one game (the Elite Giants winning, 2–0) before it was called off for unknown reasons. Greenlee awarded the pennant to the Crawfords, over Washington's protests.[3]

## Player defections

[edit]

In 1937, Paige led several Crawfords players, including Gibson, Bell, and Bankhead to the Dominican Republic to play for the dictator Rafael Trujillo's team. The Crawfords plunged to fifth place out of six teams with a 12–16 record. They partly recovered the next season, finishing third with a 24–16 record, but, with the exception of the 41-year-old Charleston, whose playing career was nearly over, the heart of the old Crawfords' team—Paige, Gibson, Bell—had all moved on to other teams.

## Demise

[edit]

The Craws might have survived these losses, but their attendance flatlined after the white members of the team's board forced Greenlee to shut out blacks from jobs at Greenlee Field (ushers, ticket-takers, etc.).[4] Greenlee sold the club, Greenlee Field was demolished and the Crawfords moved to Toledo and the Negro American League, becoming the Toledo Crawfords, for the 1939 season. For the 1940 season, the team split their home games between Toledo and Indianapolis, becoming the Toledo–Indianapolis Crawfords, before folding after season.[5]

### Later revival

[edit]

In 1945, Greenlee formed a new, unrelated, Pittsburgh Crawfords in Branch Rickey's new United States League. The league and the new Crawfords lasted two seasons.

## Players

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see Pittsburgh Crawfords all-time roster.

### Hall of Famers

[edit]

* Cool Papa Bell
* Oscar Charleston
* Bill Foster
* Josh Gibson
* Judy Johnson
* Biz Mackey
* Satchel Paige
* Jud Wilson

## MLB throwback jerseys

[edit]

On June 28, 2008, in Pittsburgh, the Tampa Bay Rays and Pittsburgh Pirates honored the Negro leagues by wearing uniforms of the Jacksonville Red Caps and the Crawfords, respectively, in an interleague game. The Pirates won the game, 4–3 in 13 innings.

On July 5, 2008, during the Pittsburgh Pirates game against the Milwaukee Brewers, the Pirates wore Pittsburgh Crawford uniforms while the Brewers wore the respective Negro league uniforms of the Milwaukee Bears.

On June 12, 2010, in Detroit, during an interleague game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Detroit Tigers, the Pirates wore Pittsburgh Crawford uniforms while the Tigers wore the respective Negro league uniforms of the Detroit Stars. They wore their respective uniforms again on May 19, 2012.

On August 21, 2010, during the Pittsburgh Pirates game against the New York Mets, the Pirates wore Pittsburgh Crawford uniforms while the Mets wore the respective Negro league uniforms of the New York Cubans.

On July 18, 2015, during the Pittsburgh Pirates game at the Milwaukee Brewers, the Pirates wore Pittsburgh Crawford uniforms while the Brewers wore the respective Negro league uniforms of the Milwaukee Bears.

On July 13, 2018, during the Milwaukee Brewers game at the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Brewers wore the Negro league uniforms of the Milwaukee Bears while the Pirates wore their respective Pittsburgh Crawford uniforms.

On June 1, 2019, during the Milwaukee Brewers game at the Pittsburgh Pirates PNC Park, the Brewers wore the Negro league uniforms of the Milwaukee Bears while the Pirates wore their respective Pittsburgh Crawford uniforms.

On September 9, 2022, during the St. Louis Cardinals game at the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Cardinals wore the Negro league uniforms of the St. Louis Stars while the Pirates wore their respective Pittsburgh Crawford uniforms.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Major League Baseball Hall of Fame, biography of Josh Gibson: "In 1929, the Crawford Colored Giants, a semi-pro team in Pittsburgh, convinced him [Gibson] to leave the Gimbels and join their squad." Archived 2019-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ "Kings on the Hill: Rise of the Pittsburgh Crawfords". Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-06-10.
3. ^ a b c d e Gilmore Jr., Richard L. (1996). "A Historical Look at the Pittsburgh Crawfords and the Impact of Black Baseball on American Society". The Sloping Halls Review: 65.
4. ^ a b Lowry, Phillip (2005). Green Cathedrals. New York City: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1562-1.
5. ^ sabr. "Kings of the Hill: The Story of the Pittsburgh Crawfords – Society for American Baseball Research". Retrieved 2024-04-30.

## Sources

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pittsburgh Crawfords.

Ruck, Rob (September 29, 2014). "Kings on the Hill: Rise of the Pittsburgh Crawfords". Carnegie Museum of Art: Storyboard. http://blog.cmoa.org/2014/09/kings-on-the-hill-rise-of-the-pittsburgh-crawfords/ (retrieved June 9, 2017).

* v
* t
* e

Pittsburgh Crawfords

* Operated 1931–1940
* Also know as Toledo Crawfords and Indianapolis Crawfords
Based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio and Indianapolis, Indiana

Franchise|

* Players
* Seasons

Ballparks|

* Pittsburgh: Greenlee Field
Toledo: Swayne Field
Indianapolis: Victory Field

League affiliations|

* Negro National League (II)
* Negro American League

Hall of Famers|

* Cool Papa Bell
* Oscar Charleston
* Bill Foster
* Josh Gibson
* Judy Johnson
* Biz Mackey
* Satchel Paige
* Jud Wilson

League pennants (3)|

* Negro National League: 1933
* 1935
* 1936

Seasons (10)

1930s|

* · 1930 ·  1931
* 1932
* 1933
* 1934
* 1935
* 1936
* 1937
* 1938
* 1939

1940s|

* 1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1944 · 1945 · 1946 · 1947 · 1948 · 1949

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Negro National League (1933–1948)

Teams|

* Bacharach Giants (1934)
* Baltimore Black Sox (1933–1934)
* Baltimore Elite Giants (1933–1948)
* Cole's American Giants (1933–1935)
* Cleveland Red Sox (1934)
* Columbus Blue Birds/Akron Black Tyrites/Cleveland Giants (1933)
* Indianapolis ABCs(II)/Detroit Stars (II) (1933)
* Harrisburg–St. Louis Stars (1943)
* (Washington) Homestead Grays (1934–1948)
* New York Black Yankees (1936–1948)
* New York Cubans (1935–1936, 1939–1948)
* Newark Eagles (1934–1948)
* Philadelphia Stars (1934–1948)
* Pittsburgh Crawfords (1933–1938)
* Washington Black Senators (1938)

Years in parentheses are years as a full member in the Negro National League. Years as an associate team are not noted.

* v
* t
* e

Negro American League (1937–1962)

Pre-integration
(1937–1948)|

* Atlanta Black Crackers/Indianapolis ABCs (IV) (1938–1939)
* Birmingham Black Barons (1937–1938, 1940–1962)
* Chicago American Giants (1937–1952)
* Cincinnati Tigers (1937)
* Cincinnati/Cleveland/Louisville Buckeyes (1942–1950)
* Detroit Stars (III) (1937)
* Indianapolis Athletics (1937)
* Cincinnati/Indianapolis Clowns (1943–1954)
* Toledo/Indianapolis Crawfords (1939–1940)
* Jacksonville Red Caps/Cleveland Bears (1938–1942)
* Kansas City Monarchs (1937–1962)
* Memphis Red Sox (1937–1959)
* St. Louis Stars (II) (1937)
* Indianapolis ABCs (II)/New Orleans–St. Louis Stars (1938–1941)

Post-integration
(1949–1962)|

* Baltimore Elite Giants (1949–1951)
* Detroit Stars/Clowns/Detroit–New Orleans Stars (1954–1960)
* Houston/New Orleans Eagles (1949–1951)
* Louisville Clippers (1954)
* Mobile Havana Cuban Giants (1957)
* New Orleans Crescent Stars (1957)
* Newark Indians (1959)
* New York Cubans (1949–1950)
* Philadelphia Stars (1949–1952)
* Raleigh Tigers (1959–1962)

Years in parentheses are years as a full member in the Negro American League. Years as an associate team are not noted.

* v
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Negro league baseball

Players|

* List of players
* A–D
* E–L
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* First black players in MLB
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|

Proto-leagues|

* Southern League of Colored Base Ballists (1886)
* National Colored Base Ball League (1887)
* International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs (1906)
* National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba (1907–1909)

Minor leagues|

* Negro Southern League (1920–1936)
* Texas Colored League (1919–1931)
* Negro American Association (1939)
* Negro Major League (1942)
* United States League (1945–1946)

Post-integration|

* Negro Southern League (1945–1951)
* West Coast Negro Baseball Association (1946)
* Negro American Association (1948–1949)
* Negro American League (1951–1960)

Related|

* No-hitters
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* Color line
* Museum

* Category

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Sports in Pittsburgh

* Dapper Dan
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Other|

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Venues|

* PPG Paints Arena
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* Fitzgerald Field House
* Highmark Stadium
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* Petersen Events Center
* Petersen Sports Complex
* Rooney Field
* Trees Hall
* UPMC Cooper Fieldhouse
* UPMC Events Center

Historical|

| Baseball|

* Chronicle-Telegraph Cup
* Allegheny
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* Keystones
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|

Basketball|

* Roundball Classic
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Hockey|

* Bankers
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* Pros
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* Winter Garden
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Soccer|

* Beadling
* Cannons
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* Spirit

Venues|

* Central Park
* Civic Arena
* Duquesne Gardens
* Exposition Park
* Forbes Field
* Josh Gibson Field
* Greenlee Field
* Motor Square Garden
* Pitt Stadium
* Recreation Park
* Schenley Gardens
* Sewall Center
* Three Rivers
* Winter Garden

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States

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