Plasmodium vaughani

Species of single-celled organism

Plasmodium vaughani

Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Clade:  | Sar
Clade:  | Alveolata
Phylum:  | Apicomplexa
Class:  | Aconoidasida
Order:  | Haemospororida
Family:  | Plasmodiidae
Genus:  | Plasmodium
Subgenus:  | Novyella
Species:  |

P. vaughani

Binomial name
Plasmodium vaughani

Novy & MacNeal, 1904

Subspecies

See text

Plasmodium vaughani is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium, and the type species of the subgenus Novyella.[1] As in all Plasmodium species, P. vaughani has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

## Taxonomy

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The parasite was first described by Novy & MacNeal in 1904.[1]

### Subspecies

[edit]

* Plasmodium vaughani merulae Corradetti and Scanga 1972
* Plasmodium vaughani tenue Laveran and Marullaz 1914
* Plasmodium vaughani vaughani Novy and MacNeal 1904

## Description

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The length of the asexual cycle is 24 hours.

Trophozoites: Ring forms are unusual. The trophozoite is usually irregular in outline. The nucleus is small and there may be a single clear outgrowth of the cytoplasm. One or two small pigment granules may be seen. These forms are found in mature and polychromatic erythrocytes.[1]

Schizonts: These are usually found in a polar or sub polar position within the host cell but may be found anywhere within the cell. They are found in mature or polychromatic erythrocytes. Mature forms measure 2.3 to 5.4 micrometres in width and 1.5 to 4.4 micrometres in length. They are irregular in shape but tend to be round or ovoid. Within each schizont are 4-8 merozoites. These are usually arranged in a fan like fashion but may occur at random. A transparent globule may be present along with one to three pigment granules. The host nucleus is not normally displaced.

Gametocytes: The macro- and microgametocytes are very similar except for size in this species. They are elongated, possess 2-24 (usually 10) pigment granules which may be found in clumps and are usually found in mature erythrocytes. The nucleus is pale, compact and central in position. The gametocyte usually lies along the host cell nucleus but young gametoctyes may adhere to the host cell membrane. The host nucleus is not normally displaced. They are 8.0 to 13.7 micrometres in length and 1.2 to 2.8 micrometres in width.

Asexual replication appears to occur in three ways:

(1) by repeated binary fission of the chromatin with eventual splitting of the cytoplasm

(2) by the splitting of an elongate parasite into merozoites having a bead-like arrangement

(3) by the similar breaking-up of a ring-shaped form with a resulting ring of merozoites

## Distribution

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P. vaughani has been reported from regions across the globe, with the exception of Australia.[2]: 36

## Hosts

[edit]

The type host of P. vaughani is Turdus migratorius. However, various other birds can be infected by P. vaughani, including the canary which has been used as an experimental host in studies.[1] Different strains of P. vaughani develop in different mosquitoes. Most P. vaughani do not develop in most Aedes, Anopheles, or Culex mosquitoes; however, specific strains of P. vaughani have been described that replicate in Culiseta morsitans and Culex pipiens.[1]

Additional known hosts for this species include the warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus), the blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), the goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis), the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), the yellow warbler (Setophaga petechia), the robin (Erithacus rubecula), junco (Junco hyemalis hyemalis), the red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), the bullfinch (Loxigilla violacea), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), the weaver (Ploceus cucullatus), the grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), the canary (Serinus canaria), the blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), the pigeon (Spilopelia senegalensis), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), starling (Sturnus vulgaris) black-faced grassquit (Tiaris bicolor), white-eyed thrush (Turdus jamaicensis), the blackbird (Turdus merula) and American sparrows (Zonotrichia species).

## Role in disease

[edit]

Naturally and experimentally infected birds do not appear to show signs of illness from infection with P. vaughani.[1]

## References

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1. ^ a b c d e f Valkiunas G (2004). Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia. CRC Press. pp. 684–689\. ISBN 9780415300971.
2. ^ Atkinson CT (2009-01-13). "Avian Malaria". In Atkinson CT, Thomas NJ, Hunter DB (eds.). Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds (PDF). pp. 35–53/xi+595. doi:10.1002/9780813804620. ISBN 978-0813820811. OCLC 352832662. S2CID 82770933. Retrieved 8 February 2018. ISBN 978-0-8138-0457-6. ISBN 978-0-8138-0462-0.

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Alveolate classification

Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Metamonada
Discoba
Diaphoretickes

Hacrobia

Cryptista
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea

Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta

Animals
Fungi
Mesomycetozoea)

| Acavomonidia|

| Acavomonadea|

Acavomonadida (Acavomonas)

|

Ciliophora|

| Intramacronucleata|

* Armophorea (Metopus)
* Cariacotrichea (Cariacothrix caudata)
* Colpodea (Colpoda)
* Litostomatea (Balantidium, Dileptus)
* Muranotrichea (Muranothrix)
* Nassophorea (Nassula)
* Oligohymenophorea (Ichthyophthirius, Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Vorticella)
* Parablepharismea (Parablepharisma)
* Phyllopharyngea (Chilodonella, Tokophrya)
* Plagiopylea (Plagiopyla)
* Prostomatea (Coleps, Holophrya)
* Protocruziea (Protocruzia)
* Spirotrichea (Euplotes, Stylonychia)

|

Postciliodesmatophora|

* Heterotrichea (Stentor, Climacostomum, Blepharisma)
* Karyorelictea (Loxodes, Tracheloraphis)

Mesodiniea (Mesodinium, Myrionecta)

Colponemidia|

| Colponemadea|

Colponemadida (Colponema)

|

Myzozoa

Apicomplexa

| Aconoidasida|

| Haemospororida|

* Garniidae (Garnia)
* Haemoproteidae (Haemoproteus)
* Leucocytozoidae (Leucocytozoon)
* Plasmodiidae (Plasmodium)

|

Piroplasmida|

* Babesiidae (Babesia)
* Theileriidae (Theileria)

* Cardiosporidium
* Nephromyces

Conoidasida

Coccidia

| Agamococcidiorida|

* Gemmocystidae (Gemmocystis)
* Rhytidocystidae (Rhytidocystis)

|

Eucoccidiorida|

| Adeleorina|

* Adeleidae
* Dactylosomatidae (Babesiosoma, Dactylosoma)
* Haemogregarinidae (Haemogregarina)
* Hepatozoidae (Hepatozoon)
* Karyolysidae (Karyolysus)
* Klossiellidae (Klossiella)
* Legerellidae (Legerella)

|

Eimeriorina|

* Aggregatidae (Aggregata, Grasseella, Merocystis, Ovivora, Pseudoklossia, Selysina)
* Atoxoplasmatidae
* Barrouxiidae
* Calyptosporiidae
* Caryotrophidae
* Cryptosporidiidae (Cryptosporidium)
* Eimeriidae (Cyclospora, Eimeria, Isospora)
* Elleipsisomatidae
* Lankesterellidae
* Selenococcidiidae

Sarcocystidae|

* Sarcocystinae (Frenkelia, Sarcocystis)
* Toxoplasmatinae (Besnoitia, Hammondia, Hyaloklossia, Nephroisospora, Neospora, Toxoplasma)

Ixorheorida|

* Ixorheidae (Ixorheis)

Protococcidiorida|

* Angeiocystidae (Angeiocystis)
* Eleutheroschizonidae (Coelotropha, Defretinella, Eleutheroschizon)
* Grelliidae (Coelotropha, Grellia)
* Mackinnoniidae (Mackinnonia)
* Myriosporidae (Myriosporides, Myriospora)

Gregarinasina

| Archigregarinorida|

* Exoschizonidae (Exoschizon)
* Selenidioididae (Merogregarina, Meroselenidium, Selenidioides, Veloxidium)

|

Eugregarinorida|

| Aseptatorina|

* Aikinetocystidae
* Allantocystidae
* Diplocystidae
* Enterocystidae
* Ganymedidae
* Lecudinidae
* Monocystidae (Monocystinae, Oligochaetocystinae, Rhynchocystinae, Stomatophorinae, Zygocystinae)
* Schaudinnellidae
* Selenidiidae
* Thiriotiidae
* Urosporidae

|

Blastogregarinorina|

* Siedleckiidae (Siedleckia)

Septatorina|

* Fusionicae (Fusionidae)
* Gregarinicae (Cephaloidophoridae, Cephalolobidae, Didymophoridae, Gregarinidae, Hirmocystidae, Metameridae, Uradiophoridae)
* Porosporicae (Porosporidae)
* Stenophoricae (Acutidae, Amphiplatysporidae, Brustiophoridae, Cnemidosporidae, Dactylophoridae, Leidyanidae, Monoductidae, Monoicidae, Sphaerocystidae, Stenophoridae, Trichorhynchidae)
* Stylocephaloidea (Actinocephalidae, Stylocephalidae)
* Blabericolidae

Neogregarinorida|

* Schizogregarinina (Caulleryellidae, Ophryocystidae)
* Gigaductidae (Gigaductus)
* Lipotrophidae (Apicystis, Farinocystis, Lipotropha, Lipocystis, Mattesia, Menzbieria)
* Schizocystidae (Lymphotropha, Machadoella, Schizocystis)
* Syncystidae (Syncystis)

| Apicomonadea|

| Chromerida|

* Chromeraceae (Chromera velia)
* Vitrellaceae (Vitrella brassicaformis)

|

Colpodellida|

* Colpodellidae (Colpodella)

Voromonadida|

* Alphamonadidae (Alphamonas)
* Voromonadidae (Voromonas)

Dinoflagellata|

| Dinokaryota|

* With a theca: Dinophysiales (Dinophysis, Histioneis, Ornithocercus, Oxyphysis)
* Gonyaulacales (Ceratium, Gonyaulax)
* Peridiniales (Pfiesteria, Peridinium)
* Prorocentrales (Prorocentrum)

* Without theca: Gymnodiniales (Amphidinium, Gymnodinium, Karenia, Karlodinium)
* Suessiales (Polarella, Symbiodinium)

|

Noctilucea|

* Noctilucales (Noctiluca)

Syndinea|

* Syndiniales: Amoebophryaceae (Amoebophrya)
* Duboscquellaceae (Duboscquella)
* Syndiniaceae (Hematodinium, Syndinium)

Other|

* Acrocoelidae (Acrocoelus)
* Ichthyodinium
* Oxyrrhinaceae (Oxyrrhis)
* Pronoctilucidae (Pronoctiluca)
* Psammosidae (Psammosa)

Perkinsozoa|

| Perkinsea|

* Perkinsidae (Perkinsus)
* Phagodinida (Phagodinium)
* Rastromonadida (Parvilucifera, Rastrimonas)

|

Protalveolata|

| Ellobiopsea|

* Ellobiopsidae (Elliobiocystis, Ellobiopsis, Parallobiopsis, Thalassomyces, Rhizellobiopsis)

|

Myzomonadea|

| Algovorida|

* Algovoridae (Algovora)

|

Chilovorida|

* Chilovoridae (Chilovora)

Squirmidea|

* Squirmidae (Filipodium, Platyproteum)

Taxon identifiers

Plasmodium vaughani|

* Wikidata: Q5239565
* AFD: Plasmodium_vaughani
* NCBI: 1190499

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