Pogrom

Violent attack on an ethnic or religious group

For the racehorse, see Pogrom (horse). For the volcano in the Aleutian Islands, see Pogromni Volcano.

Pogrom

Plundering the Judengasse in a Jewish ghetto during the Fettmilch uprising. Frankfurt, 22 August 1614

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A pogrom[a] is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.[1] The term entered the English language from Russian to describe late 19th- and early 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement). Retrospectively, similar attacks against Jews which occurred in other times and places were renamed pogroms.[2] Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]

Significant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms, Warsaw pogrom (1881), Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev pogrom (1905), and Białystok pogrom (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in Eastern Europe, including the Lwów pogrom (1918) and Kiev pogroms (1919). The most significant pogrom which occurred in Nazi Germany was the 1938 Kristallnacht. At least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand arrested and subsequently incarcerated in concentration camps,[10] a thousand synagogues burned, and over seven thousand Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.[11][12] Notorious pogroms of World War II included the 1941 Farhud in Iraq, the July 1941 Iași pogrom in Romania - in which over 13,200 Jews were killed - as well as the Jedwabne pogrom in German-occupied Poland. Post-World War II pogroms included the 1945 Tripoli pogrom, the 1946 Kielce pogrom, the 1947 Aleppo pogrom, and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom.

This type of violence has also occurred to other ethnic and religious minorities. Examples include the 1984 Sikh massacre in which 3,000 Sikhs were killed[13] and the 2002 Gujarat pogrom against Indian Muslims.[14]

## The word pogrom

[edit]

An early reference to a "pogrom" in The Times of London, December 1903. Together with The New York Times and the Hearst press, they took the lead in highlighting the pogrom in Kishinev (now Chişinău, Moldova) and other cities in Russia.[15] In May of the same year, The Times' Russian correspondent Dudley Disraeli Braham had been expelled from Russia.[16]

Main article: Definitions of pogrom

### Etymology

[edit]

First recorded in English in 1882, the Russian word pogróm (погро́м, pronounced [pɐˈɡrom]) is derived from the common prefix po- (по-) and the verb gromít' (громи́ть, [ɡrɐˈmʲitʲ]) meaning 'to destroy, wreak havoc, demolish violently'. The noun pogrom, which has a relatively short history, is used in English and many other languages as a loanword, possibly borrowed from Yiddish (where the word takes the form פאָגראָם).[17] Its modern widespread circulation began with the antisemitic violence in the Russian Empire in 1881–1883.[18]

### Usage of the word

[edit]

The 1921 Tulsa race massacre, which destroyed the wealthiest black community in the United States, has been described as a pogrom.[19]

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "the term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, [and] the first extensive pogroms followed the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881".[1] The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 states that pogroms "were antisemitic disturbances that periodically occurred within the tsarist empire."[3] However, the term is widely used to refer to many events which occurred prior to the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire. Historian of Russian Jewry John Klier writes in Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882: "By the twentieth century, the word 'pogrom' had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews."[4] Abramson points out that "in mainstream usage the word has come to imply an act of antisemitism", since while "Jews have not been the only group to suffer under this phenomenon ... historically Jews have been frequent victims of such violence."[20]

The term is also used in reference to attacks on non-Jewish ethnic minorities, and accordingly, some scholars do not include antisemitism as the defining characteristic of pogroms. Reviewing the word's uses in scholarly literature, historian Werner Bergmann proposes that a pogrom should be "defined as a unilateral, nongovernmental form of collective violence that is initiated by the majority population against a largely defenseless minority ethnic group, and occurring when the majority expect the state to provide them [sic] with no assistance in overcoming a (perceived) threat from the minority".[5] However, Bergmann adds that in Western usage, the word's "anti-Semitic overtones" have been retained.[18] Historian David Engel supports this view, writing that while "there can be no logically or empirically compelling grounds for declaring that some particular episode does or does not merit the label [pogrom]," the majority of the incidents which are "habitually" described as pogroms took place in societies that were significantly divided by ethnicity or religion where the violence was committed by members of the higher-ranking group against members of a stereotyped lower-ranking group with which they expressed some complaint, and where the members of the higher-ranking group justified their acts of violence by claiming that the law of the land would not be used to prevent the alleged complaint.[6]

There is no universally accepted set of characteristics which define the term pogrom.[6][21] Klier writes that "when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that 'pogroms' were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features."[4] Use of the term pogrom to refer to events in 1918–19 in Polish cities (including the Kielce pogrom, the Pinsk massacre and the Lwów pogrom) was specifically avoided in the 1919 Morgenthau Report; the word "excesses" was employed instead because the authors argued that the use of the term "pogrom" required a situation to be antisemitic rather than political in nature, which meant that it was inapplicable to the conditions which exist in a war zone.[6][22][23] Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 Crown Heights riot caused public controversy.[24][25][26] In 2008, two separate attacks in the West Bank by Israeli Jewish settlers on Palestinian Arabs were characterized as pogroms by then Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert.[27][28]

Werner Bergmann suggests that all such incidents have a particularly unifying characteristic: "By the collective attribution of a threat, the pogrom differs from other forms of violence, such as lynchings, which are directed at individual members of a minority group, while the imbalance of power in favor of the rioters distinguishes pogroms from other forms of riots (food riots, race riots or 'communal riots' between evenly matched groups); and again, the low level of organization separates them from vigilantism, terrorism, massacre and genocide".[5]

## History of anti-Jewish pogroms

[edit]

The Hep-Hep riots in Würzburg, 1819. On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jewish man with a pitchfork and a broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher,"[29] holds a Jewish man by the throat and is about to club him with a truncheon. The houses are being looted. A contemporary engraving by Johann Michael Voltz.

The first recorded anti-Jewish riots took place in Alexandria in the year 38 CE, followed by the more known riot of 66 CE. Other notable events took place in Europe during the Middle Ages. Jewish communities were targeted in 1189 and 1190 in England and throughout Europe during the Crusades and the Black Death of 1348–1350, including in Toulon, Erfurt, Basel, Aragon, Flanders[30][31] and Strasbourg.[32] Some 510 Jewish communities were destroyed during this period,[33] extending further to the Brussels massacre of 1370. On Holy Saturday of 1389, a riot began in Prague that led to the burning of the Jewish quarter, the killing of many Jews, and the suicide of many Jews trapped in the main synagogue; the number of dead was estimated at 400–500 men, women and children.[34] Attacks against Jews also took place in Barcelona and other Spanish cities during the massacre of 1391.

The brutal murders of Jews and Poles occurred during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648–1657 in present-day Ukraine, then within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[35] Modern historians give estimates of the scale of the murders by Khmelnytsky's Cossacks ranging between 40,000 and 100,000 men, women and children,[b][c] or perhaps many more.[d] However, these figures are contested as being too high, with the lowest estimates suggesting that 18,000–20,000 Jews died out of a total population of 40,000, many due to disease and famine.[36]

An outbreak of violence against Jews (Hep-Hep riots) occurred at the beginning of the 19th century in reaction to Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation.[37]

### Pogroms in the Russian Empire

[edit]

Victims of a pogrom in Kishinev, Bessarabia, 1903

Further information: Pogroms in the Russian Empire

The Russian Empire, which previously had very few Jews, acquired territories in the Russian Partition that contained large Jewish populations, during the military partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795.[38] In conquered territories, a new political entity called the Pale of Settlement was formed in 1791 by Catherine the Great. Most Jews from the former Commonwealth were allowed to reside only within the Pale, including families expelled by royal decree from St. Petersburg, Moscow and other large Russian cities.[39] The 1821 Odessa pogroms marked the beginning of the 19th century pogroms in Tsarist Russia; there were four more such pogroms in Odessa before the end of the century.[40] Following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881 by Narodnaya Volya, anti-Jewish events turned into a wave of over 200 pogroms by their modern definition, which lasted for several years.[41] Jewish self-governing Kehillah were abolished by Tsar Nicholas I in 1844.[42]

There is some disagreement about the level of planning from the Tsarist authorities and the motives for the attacks.[43]

The first in 20th-century Russia was the Kishinev pogrom of 1903 in which 49 Jews were killed, hundreds wounded, 700 homes destroyed and 600 businesses pillaged.[44] In the same year, pogroms took place in Gomel (Belarus), Smela, Feodosiya and Melitopol (Ukraine). Extreme savagery was typified by mutilations of the wounded.[45] They were followed by the Zhitomir pogrom (with 29 killed),[46] and the Kiev pogrom of October 1905 resulting in a massacre of approximately 100 Jews.[47] In three years between 1903 and 1906, about 660 pogroms were recorded in Ukraine and Bessarabia; half a dozen more in Belorussia, carried out with the Russian government's complicity, but no anti-Jewish pogroms were recorded in Poland.[45] At about that time, the Jewish Labor Bund began organizing armed self-defense units ready to shoot back, and the pogroms subsided for a number of years.[47] According to professor Colin Tatz, between 1881 and 1920 there were 1,326 pogroms in Ukraine (see: Southwestern Krai parts of the Pale) which took the lives of 70,000 to 250,000 civilian Jews, leaving half a million homeless.[48][49] This violence across Eastern Europe prompted a wave of Jewish migration westward that totaled about 2.5 million people.[50]

### Eastern Europe after World War I

[edit]

Map of pogroms in Ukraine between 1918 and 1920 per casualties

Further information: Pogroms of the Russian Civil War

Large-scale pogroms, which began in the Russian Empire several decades earlier, intensified during the period of the Russian Civil War in the aftermath of World War I. Professor Zvi Gitelman (in A Century of Ambivalence, originally published in 1988) estimated that only in 1918–1919 over 1,200 pogroms took place in Ukraine, thus amounting to the greatest slaughter of Jews in Eastern Europe since 1648.[51] The Kiev pogroms of 1919, according to Gitelman, were the first of a subsequent wave of pogroms in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred across Ukraine; although more recent assessments[by whom?] put the Jewish death toll at more than 100,000.[52][53][verify]

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in his controversial 2002 book Two Hundred Years Together provided additional statistics from research conducted by Nahum Gergel (1887–1931), published in Yiddish in 1928 and English in 1951. Gergel counted 1,236 incidents of anti-Jewish violence between 1918 and 1921, and estimated that 887 mass pogroms occurred, the remainder being classified as "excesses" not assuming mass proportions.[49][54] Of all the pogroms accounted for in Gergel's research:

* About 40 percent were perpetrated by the Ukrainian People's Republic forces led by Symon Petliura. The Republic issued orders condemning pogroms,[55] but lacked authority to intervene.[55] After May 1919 the Directory lost its role as a credible governing body; almost 75 percent of pogroms occurred between May and September of that year.[56] Thousands of Jews were killed only for being Jewish, without any political affiliations.[49]
* 25 percent by the Ukrainian Green Army and various Ukrainian nationalist gangs,
* 17 percent by the White Army, especially the forces of Anton Denikin,
* 8.5 percent of Gergel's total was attributed to pogroms carried out by men of the Red Army (more specifically Semyon Budenny's First Cavalry, most of whose soldiers had previously served under Denikin).[54] These pogroms were not, however, sanctioned by the Bolshevik leadership; the high command "vigorously condemned these pogroms and disarmed the guilty regiments", and the pogroms would soon be condemned by Mikhail Kalinin in a speech made at a military parade in Ukraine.[54][57][58]

Gergel's overall figures, which are generally considered conservative, are based on the testimony of witnesses and newspaper reports collected by the Mizrakh-Yidish Historiche Arkhiv which was first based in Kiev, then Berlin and later New York. The English version of Gergel's article was published in 1951 in the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science titled "The Pogroms in the Ukraine in 1918–1921".[59]

On 8 August 1919, during the Polish–Soviet War, Polish troops took over Minsk in Operation Minsk. They killed 31 Jews suspected of supporting the Bolshevist movement, beat and attacked many more, looted 377 Jewish-owned shops (aided by the local civilians) and ransacked many private homes.[60][61] The "Morgenthau's report of October 1919 stated that there is no question that some of the Jewish leaders exaggerated these evils."[62][63] According to Elissa Bemporad, the "violence endured by the Jewish population under the Poles encouraged popular support for the Red Army, as Jewish public opinion welcomed the establishment of the Belorussian SSR."[64]

After the First World War, during the localized armed conflicts of independence, 72 Jews were killed and 443 injured in the 1918 Lwów pogrom.[65][66][67][68][69] The following year, pogroms were reported by the New York Tribune in several cities in the newly established Second Polish Republic.[70]

### Pogroms in Europe and the Americas before World War II

[edit]

#### Argentina 1919

[edit]

In 1919, a pogrom occurred in Argentina, during the Tragic Week.[71] It had an added element, as it was called to attack Jews and Catalans indiscriminately. The reasons are not clear, especially considering that, in the case of Buenos Aires, the Catalan colony, established mainly in the neighborhood of Montserrat, came from the foundation of the city, but could have been the result of the influence of Spanish nationalism, which at the time described Catalans as a Semitic ethnicity.[72]

#### Britain and Ireland

[edit]

A massacre of Armenians and Assyrians in the city of Adana, Ottoman Empire, April 1909

In the early 20th century, pogroms broke out elsewhere in the world as well. In 1904 in Ireland, the Limerick boycott caused several Jewish families to leave the town. During the 1911 Tredegar riot in Wales, Jewish homes and businesses were looted and burned over a period of a week, before the British Army was called in by the then Home Secretary Winston Churchill, who described the riot as a "pogrom".[73]

In the north of Ireland during the early 1920s, violent riots which were aimed at the expulsion of a religious group took place. In 1920, Lisburn and Belfast saw violence related to the Irish War of Independence and partition of Ireland. On 21 July 1920 in Belfast, Protestant Loyalists marched on the Harland and Wolff shipyards and forced over 11,000 Catholic and left-wing Protestant workers from their jobs.[74] The sectarian rioting that followed resulted in about 20 deaths in just three days.[75] These sectarian actions are often referred to as the Belfast Pogrom. In Lisburn, County Antrim, on 23–25 August 1920 Protestant loyalist crowds looted and burned practically every Catholic business in the town and attacked Catholic homes. About 1,000 people, a third of the town's Catholics, fled Lisburn.[76] By the end of the first six months of 1922, hundreds of people had been killed in sectarian violence in newly formed Northern Ireland. On a per capita basis, four Roman Catholics were killed for every Protestant.[77]

In the worst incident of anti-Jewish violence in Britain during the interwar period, the "Pogrom of Mile End", that occurred in 1936, 200 Blackshirt youths ran amok in Stepney in the East End of London, smashing the windows of Jewish shops and homes and throwing an elderly man and young girl through a window. Though less serious, attacks on Jews were also reported in Manchester and Leeds in the north of England.[78]

### Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe

[edit]

Main article: The Holocaust

Iași pogrom in Romania, June 1941

The first pogrom in Nazi Germany was the Kristallnacht, often called Pogromnacht, in which at least 91 Jews were killed, a further 30,000 arrested and incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps,[10] over 1,000 synagogues burned, and over 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged.[11][12]

During World War II, Nazi German death squads encouraged local populations in German-occupied Europe to commit pogroms against Jews. Brand new battalions of Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (trained by SD agents) were mobilized from among the German minorities.[79][80]

A large number of pogroms occurred during the Holocaust at the hands of non-Germans.[81] Perhaps the deadliest of these Holocaust-era pogroms was the Iași pogrom in Romania, perpetrated by Ion Antonescu, in which as many as 13,266 Jews were killed by Romanian citizens, police and military officials.[82]

On 1–2 June 1941, in the two-day Farhud pogrom in Iraq, perpetrated by Rashid Ali, Yunis al-Sabawi, and the al-Futuwa youth, "rioters murdered between 150 and 180 Jews, injured 600 others, and raped an undetermined number of women. They also looted some 1,500 stores and homes".[83][84] Also, 300–400 non-Jewish rioters were killed in the attempt to quell the violence.[85]

Jewish woman chased by men and youth armed with clubs during the Lviv pogroms, July 1941

In June–July 1941, encouraged by the Einsatzgruppen in the city of Lviv the Ukrainian People's Militia perpetrated two citywide pogroms in which around 6,000 Polish Jews were murdered,[86] in retribution for alleged collaboration with the Soviet NKVD. In Lithuania, some local police led by Algirdas Klimaitis and Lithuanian partisans - consisting of LAF units reinforced by 3,600 deserters from the 29th Lithuanian Territorial Corps of the Red Army[87] promulgated anti-Jewish pogroms in Kaunas along with occupying Nazis. On 25–26 June 1941, about 3,800 Jews were killed and synagogues and Jewish settlements burned.[88]

During the Jedwabne pogrom of July 1941, ethnic Poles burned at least 340 Jews in a barn (Institute of National Remembrance) in the presence of Nazi German Ordnungspolizei. The role of the German Einsatzgruppe B remains the subject of debate.[89][90][91][92][93][94]

#### Europe after World War II

[edit]

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After the end of World War II, a series of violent antisemitic incidents occurred against returning Jews throughout Europe, particularly in the Soviet-occupied East where Nazi propagandists had extensively promoted the notion of a Jewish-Communist conspiracy (see Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946 and Anti-Jewish violence in Eastern Europe, 1944–1946).[citation needed] Anti-Jewish riots also took place in Britain in 1947.[95]

## Pogroms in Asia and North Africa

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### 1834 pogroms in Ottoman Syria

[edit]

See also: List of massacres in Ottoman Syria, 1834 Hebron pogrom, and 1834 Safed pogrom

There were two pogroms in Ottoman Syria in 1834.[citation needed]

### 1929 in Mandatory Palestine

[edit]

See also: 1929 Palestine riots and 1929 Hebron massacre

In Mandatory Palestine under British administration, Jews were targeted by Arabs in the 1929 Hebron massacre during the 1929 Palestine riots. They followed other violent incidents such as the 1920 Nebi Musa riots.[96]

### Thrace pogroms in Turkey in 1934

[edit]

See also: 1934 Thrace pogroms and History of the Jews in Turkey

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### Constantine Pogrom in French Algeria in 1934

[edit]

See also: 1934 Constantine Pogrom and History of the Jews in Algeria

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### British North Africa in 1945

[edit]

Main article: 1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania

Anti-Jewish rioters killed over 140 Jews in the 1945 Anti-Jewish Riots in Tripolitania. The 1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania was the most violent rioting against Jews in North Africa in modern times. From 5 November to 7 November 1945, more than 140 Jews were killed and many more injured in a pogrom in British-military-controlled Tripolitania. 38 Jews were killed in Tripoli from where the riots spread. 40 were killed in Amrus, 34 in Zanzur, 7 in Tajura, 13 in Zawia and 3 in Qusabat.[97]

### In Syria in 1947 and Morocco 1948

[edit]

See also: 1947 Anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo, 1947 Aden riots, 1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada, and History of Moroccan Jews

Following the start of the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, a number of anti-Jewish events occurred throughout the Arab world, some of which have been described as pogroms. In 1947, half of Aleppo's 10,000 Jews left the city in the wake of the Aleppo riots, while other anti-Jewish riots took place in British Aden and then in 1948 in the French Moroccan cities of Oujda and Jerada.[98]

### Pogroms against Alevis in Turkey (1978 and 1980)

[edit]

See also: Alevism, Malatya massacre, Maraş massacre, and Çorum pogrom

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### Sabra and Shatila massacre in 1982

[edit]

Main article: Sabra and Shatila massacre

The Sabra and Shatila massacre is occasionally referred to as a pogrom.[99][100]

### 1984 anti-Sikh riots

[edit]

Main article: 1984 anti-Sikh riots

Sikhs were targeted in Delhi and other parts of India during a pogrom in October 1984.[101][102][103]

### May 1998 pogrom of Chinese Indonesians

[edit]

Main article: May 1998 riots of Indonesia

Indonesia's minority ethnic Chinese population were targeted in a pogrom in the lead-up to the downfall of the Suharto regime. The events were mainly in the cities of Medan, Jakarta, and Surakarta, with smaller incidents in other parts of Indonesia.

Under the Suharto regime, there had been rampant and systematic discrimination against Chinese Indonesians. During the pogrom, there were extensive looting and torching of Chinese Indonesian properties.[104] There were also widespread murders and rape against this minority group.[105][106][107]

## Pogroms and race riots in the 21st century

[edit]

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* Persecution
* minority groups
* Quran desecration
* Tropes
* 72 virgins

Status by country

* Australia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bosnia–Herzegovina
* Canada
* China
* France
* Germany
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Shia
* Israel
* Italy
* Myanmar
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Russia [ru]
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* Conservative Party
* United States
* Stereotypes

Violence

Attacks on mosques:

* Al-Hidaya
* Al-Nurayn
* Bærum
* Babri Masjid
* Banya Bashi
* Bayonne
* Beit Lahia
* Bloomington
* Christchurch
* Corsica
* Gondar
* Hyderabad
* Ibrahim
* Kattankudy
* Kosovo
* Manili
* Malegaon
* Malmö
* Palimbang
* Quebec City
* Sweden (2014)
* Zürich
* Planned attacks
* California (2001)
* Singapore

Genocide:

* Bosnian
* Ethnic cleansing
* Srebrenica
* Chechen and Ingush / Crimean Tatars
* Circassian
* Pacification of Algeria
* Palestinian genocide accusation (Gaza genocide)
* Rohingya

Massacres, torture, expulsion:

* Mecca (600s)
* Guangzhou (878–79)
* Jerusalem (1099)
* Ayyadieh (1191)
* Baghdad (1258)
* Granada (1482–92)
* Spain (1500–26)
* Moriscos (1609)
* İşkodra and Niş (1877–78)
* Harmanli (1878)
* Lasithi (1897)
* Albanians (1912–13)
* Šahovići (1924)
* Japan (1937–45)
* Kulen Vakuf (1941)
* Bukovica (1943)
* Sétif and Guelma (1945)
* Kafr Qasim (1956)
* Paris (1961)
* Shadian (1975)
* Beirut (1975)
* Karantina (1976)
* Sabra and Shatila (1982)
* Nellie (1983)
* Sohmor (1984)
* Big Excursion (1989)
* Northern Sri Lanka (1990)
* Bombay (1992–93)
* Cave of the Patriarchs (1994)
* Abu Ghraib (2000s)
* Walisongo (2000)
* Gujarat (2002)
* Norway (2011)
* Bossemptélé (2014)
* Assam (2014)
* Myanmar (2015)
* Sri Lanka (2018)
* Delhi (2020)
* Boyo (2021)

Other incidents:

* Almondbury bullying incident
* Bendigo mosque protests
* Bulli Bai case / Sulli Deals
* CAA, 2019
* Cronulla 2005
* Erklärung 2018
* Flying imams incident
* Jerry Klein
* Haridwar hate speeches
* Hindutva pop
* Holy Terror
* Innocence of Muslims
* Jyllands-Posten cartoons
* Kathua rape case
* Muslim Massacre (video game)
* Quran desecrations
* 2005
* 2010
* 2011
* 2019–23
* Serbia Strong
* Persecution of Uyghurs in China
* 2021 London, Ontario truck attack
* Xinjiang internment camps
* Swiss minaret ban
* Trojan Horse affair

Media

* Document.no
* FrontPage Magazine
* Gates of Vienna
* Innocence of Muslims
* Jihad Watch
* OpIndia
* Politically Incorrect
* Rebel News
* Stormfront
* The Brussels Journal
* WikiIslam

Opposition

* Amnesty International
* CAIR
* Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism
* Human Rights Watch
* Islamophobia Watch
* Muslim American Society
* Muslims Condemn
* Southern Poverty Law Center
* Tell MAMA

* v
* t
* e

### 2002 Gujarat pogrom

[edit]

See also: 2002 Gujarat riots, Narendra Modi § 2002 Gujarat riots, and Hindutva

The 2002 Gujarat riots, also known as the Gujarat pogrom,[14] were a three-day period of inter-communal violence in the Indian state of Gujarat.

The violence was connected to the Ayodhya dispute and the demolition of the Babri Masjid. The burning of a train in Godhra on 27 February 2002, which caused the deaths of 58 Hindu pilgrims and karsevaks returning from Ayodhya, is cited as having instigated the violence.[108][109][110][111]

Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in Ahmedabad for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of violence against the minority Muslim population of Gujarat for the next year.[112][113]

### 2005 Cronulla riots

[edit]

See also: Cronulla Race Riots, Islamophobia in Australia, and Racism in Australia

The 2005 Cronulla riots (also known as the "Cronulla Race Riots" or the "Cronulla pogrom")[114] were a series of race riots in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

### Attacks in the occupied West Bank in 2008

[edit]

See also: Occupied West Bank

In 2008, two attacks in the Occupied West Bank by Jewish Israeli settlers on Palestinian Arabs were labeled as pogroms by then-Prime Minister Ehud Olmert.[27]

### 2017 anti-Rohingya pogroms

[edit]

See also: Rohingya genocide

The 2017 Rohingya genocide, was a series of pogroms and other violence committed against the Rohingya minority of Myanmar,[115][116] particularly in Rakhine State.[116] Facebook was accused of inciting mob violence via social media.[117]

### West Bank settler pogroms in the early 2020s

[edit]

See also: Israeli settler violence

There were many attacks by Israeli settlers against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank leading up to and during the full scale war in the Gaza Strip in 2023 and 2024.[118]

### The Huwara rampage in February 2023

[edit]

Main article: Huwara rampage

On 26 February, 2023, violent riots broke out from Israeli settlers in Huwara after two Israelis were shot and killed by a Palestinian gunman there earlier that afternoon.[119] The rioters killed one Palestinian, 37-year-old Sameh Aqtash, and wounded dozens, while torching houses and cars.[120]

Top Israeli general in the West Bank, Yehuda Fuchs, referred to the Israeli settlers' actions as a "pogrom": "The incident in Hawara was a pogrom carried out by outlaws,"[121][122] and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu condemned "vigilantism".[119]

Journalist Gideon Levy wrote an editorial in Haaretz saying that Israel's military had failed to stop the violence stating: "whether out of apathy and complacency, or because they were very deliberately turning a blind eye."[123] A legal expert said that the rioters could face war crime charges if Israel did not conduct an investigation into the perpetrators.[124]

Jewish American documentary maker Simone Zimmerman also used the term pogrom to describe the attacks on Palestinians by Israeli settlers in Hawara in February 2023.[125] Zimmerman described these attacks as being committed by settlers while the Israeli army stood by and let it happen.[125]

### Hamas-initiated attacks on 7 October 2023

[edit]

Main article: 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel

On 7 October 2023, Hamas' Al Qassam Brigades militant wing (based in the Gaza Strip), and other groups and individuals incited to join them,[126] initiated an attack on Israel. In addition to the military, the attack also targeted civilian communities and resulted in the deaths of over 695 Israeli civilians, most of whom were Israeli Jews and some of whom were Arab Israelis.[127][128] In the attacks Al Qassam and other armed groups from Gaza also took approximately 250 people, many of which were non-Israelis hostage, including infants, elderly, and people who had already been severely injured.[129]

The 7 October attacks were described as a "pogrom" by Suzanne Rutland, who defined a pogrom as a government-approved attack on Jews and pointed out that the attacks were initiated by the Hamas, the governing authority of Gaza.[130] Others who have described the 7 October attacks as a pogrom include then-UK Foreign Secretary David Cameron, and think tanks such as the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.[131][132] An editorial by the Wall Street Journal Editorial Board referred to 7 October attacks as a pogrom.[133]

Survivors of October 7 have also described the attack on their kibbutzim as pogroms.[134]

Some historians have objected to the characterisation of 7 October as a pogrom, saying the events on 7 October do not resemble the original historical pogroms in Russia.[135][136]The Jerusalem Post described the 7 October attacks as "historically unique", as well as "foreseeable" and "expected".[137] Judith Butler, controversially described the attacks as an "act of armed resistance".[138]

### West Bank pogroms in 2023

[edit]

See also: Gaza genocide and Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war § Settler violence and depopulation of villages

Khirbet Zanuta is a Palestinian Bedouin village in the Hebron Governorate in the southern West Bank, 20 km (12 mi) south of Hebron, which was ethnically cleansed during the Gaza war.[139] Some farmers remained or returned and the attacks continued.[140] The location has previously been attacked in 2022.[141]

In the Palestinian village of Al-Qanoub Israeli settlers descended from the nearby settlement of Asfar and the adjacent outpost of Pnei Kedem, burned houses, set their dogs on the farm animals, and, at gunpoint, ordered the residents to leave or else they would be killed.[142]

### 2024 riots against Syrian refugees in Turkey

[edit]

See also: Syrians in Turkey

In 2024 there were pogroms against Syrian refugees in Turkey.[143]

### November 2024 Amsterdam riots

[edit]

The November 2024 Amsterdam riots preceding and following the AFC Ajax \- Maccabi Tel Aviv football match were described by some as a "pogrom". Israeli diplomat Danny Danon stated that, "We are receiving very disturbing reports of extreme violence against Israelis and Jews on the streets of Holland. There is a pogrom currently taking place in Europe in 2024".[144] The Mayor of Amsterdam later said that the word "pogrom" was inappropriate and that it had been misused as "propaganda".[145][146][147] In the weeks after the event, the initial media coverage was widely criticized for misrepresenting the event.[148][149][150] Targets of the violence included Israeli Maccabi Tel Aviv fans,[151] an Arab taxi driver,[152] and pro-Palestinian protestors.[153] In the run-up to the match, some Maccabi Tel Aviv fans were filmed pulling Palestinian flags from houses, making anti-Arab chants such as "Death to Arabs", assaulting people, and vandalising local property.[154][155][156][157][158] Calls to target Israeli supporters were subsequently shared via social media.[159][160]

## List of events named pogroms

[edit]

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This table is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Scope: This is a partial list of events for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word pogrom. Inclusion in this list is based solely on evidence in multiple reliable sources that a name including the word pogrom is one of the accepted names for that event. A reliable source that merely describes the event as being a pogrom does not qualify the event for inclusion in this list. The word pogrom must appear in the source as part of a name for the event.

Date  | Pogrom Name  | Alternative name(s)  | Deaths  | Targeted Group  | Physical destruction  | Location and region[A] | Notes  | Name needs verification

|
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|
|
|
|
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38  | Alexandrian pogrom
(name disputed)[B] | Alexandrian riots |  | Jews in Egypt |  | MENA:
Roman Egypt | [note 1] | [citation needed]
1066  | Granada pogrom  | 1066 Granada massacre | 4,000 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Iberian Peninsula | [note 2] |
1096  | 1096 pogroms  | Rhineland massacres | 2,000 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Germany | [note 3] |
1113  | Kiev pogrom
(name disputed)[C] | Kiev revolt  |  | Jews and others.[C] |  | Europe: Ukraine in the 12th century | [note 4] | [citation needed]
1349  | Strasbourg pogrom  | Strasbourg massacre | persecution of Jews during the Black Death | Jews  |  | Europe: Strasbourg | [note 5] |
1391  | 1391 pogroms  | Massacre of 1391 |  | Jews  |  | Europe: Iberian Peninsula | [note 6] |
1506  | Lisbon pogrom | Lisbon massacre | 1,000+ New Christians | Jewish converts to Christianity |  | Europe: Iberian Peninsula | [note 7] |
1563  | Polotsk pogrom
(name disputed)[D] | Polotsk drownings |  | Jews who refused to convert  |  | Europe: Polotsk | [note 8] |
1648–1657  | Khmelnytsky pogrom
(name disputed)  | Khmelnytsky massacres, or Cossack riots.  | 100,000[citation needed] | Jews  |  | Europe: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | [note 9] | [citation needed]
1821–1871  | First Odessa pogroms |  |  | Jews  |  | Europe: Russian Empire | [note 10] |
1834  | 1834 Hebron pogrom | Battle of Hebron | 500 Palestinians and 12 Jews (and 260 Ottoman troops)  | Palestinians and Jews  |  |  |
1834 Safed pogrom | 1834 looting of Safed |  | Jews  |  |  |
1840  | [citation needed] | Damascus affair |  | Jews  |  | MENA: Syria | [note 11] | [citation needed]
1881–1884  | First Russian Tsarist pogroms | Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire |  | Jews  |  | Europe: Russian Empire | [note 12] |
1881  | Warsaw pogrom |  | 2 Jews killed, 24 injured  | Jews  |  | Europe: Poland | [note 13] |
1902  | Częstochowa pogrom
(name disputed)  |  | 14 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Russian Partition | [note 14] | [citation needed]
1903–1906  | Second Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire | Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire | 2,000+ Jews  | Jews
Antisemitism in the Russian Empire |  | Europe: Russian Empire | [note 15] |
1903  | First Kishinev pogrom | 47 (Included above)  |  | Europe: Kishinev, Russian Empire | [note 16] |
1905  | Second Kishinev pogrom | 19 (Included above)  |  | Europe: Kishinev, Russian Empire | [note 17] |
1905  | Kiev pogrom (1905) | 100 (Included above)  |  | Europe: Ukraine,  | [note 18] |
1906  | Siedlce pogrom | 26 (Included above)  |  | Europe: Siedlce Russian Empire | [note 19] |
1904  | Limerick pogrom
(name disputed)[E] | Limerick boycott | None  | Jews  |  | Europe: Ireland | [note 20] |
1909  | Adana pogrom  | Adana massacre | 30,000 Armenians [citation needed] | Armenians |  | MENA / Europe: Caucasus | [note 21] |
1910  | Slocum pogrom[167][168] | Slocum massacre | 6 Blacks confirmed; 100 Blacks estimated  | African Americans |  | Americas: USA | [note 22] | [citation needed]
1914  | Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo | Sarajevo frenzy of hate  | 2 Serbs  | Serbs |  | Europe: Balkans | [note 23] | [citation needed]
1918  | Lwów pogrom | Lemberg massacre  | 52–150 Jews
270 Ukrainians  | Jews  |  | Europe: Jews in Poland | [note 24] |
1919  | Proskurov pogrom |  | 1500–1700 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Proskurov | [note 25] |
1919  | Kiev pogroms (1919) |  | 60+  | Jews  |  | Europe: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | [note 26] |
1919  | Pinsk pogrom
(name disputed)[F] | Pinsk massacre | 36 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Pinsk, Belarus / Poland.  | [note 27] | [citation needed]
1919–20  | Vilna pogrom[citation needed] | Vilna offensive | 65+ Jews and non-Jews  | Jews and others  |  | Europe: Vilna | [note 28] | [citation needed]
1929  | Hebron pogrom  | Hebron massacre | 67 Jews  | Jews  |  | MENA: Mandatory Palestine | [note 29] |
1934  | 1934 Thrace pogroms |  | None[173] | Jews  |  | MENA / Europe: Turkey | [note 30] |
1936  | Przytyk pogrom | Przytyk riot  | 2 Jews and 1 Polish  | Jews  |  | Europe: Poland | [note 31] |
1938  | November pogrom | Kristallnacht | 91+ Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Nazi Germany | [note 32] |
1940  | Dorohoi pogrom |  | 53 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Romania | [note 33] |
1941  | Iași pogrom |  | 13,266 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Romania | [note 34] |
1941  | Antwerp Pogrom | part of the Holocaust in Belgium | 0  | Jews  |  | Europe: Belgium | [note 35] |
1941  | Bucharest pogrom | Legionnaires' rebellion  | 125 Jews and 30 soldiers  | Jews  |  | Europe: Bucharest, Hungary | [note 36] |
1941  | Tykocin pogrom |  | 1,400–1,700 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Poland | [note 37] |
1941  | Jedwabne pogrom |  | 380 to 1,600 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Poland | [note 38] |
1941  | Farhud |  | 180 Jewish Iraqis  | Jews  |  | MENA: Iraq | [note 39] |
1941  | Lviv pogroms |  | Thousands of Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | [note 40] |
1945  | Kraków pogrom |  | 1 Jew  | Jews  |  | Europe: Poland | [note 41] |
1946  | Kunmadaras pogrom |  | 4 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Hungary | [note 42] |
1946  | Miskolc pogrom |  | 2 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Hungary | [note 43] |
1946  | Kielce pogrom |  | 38–42 Jews  | Jews  |  | Europe: Poland | [note 44] |
1955  | Istanbul pogrom | Istanbul riots  | 13–30 Greeks  | Greeks in Turkey (Ottoman Greeks)  |  | MENA / Europe: Turkey | [note 45] |
1956  | 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom |  | 150 Primarily Tamils  | Tamils |  | South Asia: Sri Lanka | [note 46] | [citation needed]
1958  | 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom | 58 riots  | 300 Primarily Tamils  | Tamils |  | South Asia: Sri Lanka | [note 47] | [citation needed]
1959  | [citation needed] | Kirkuk massacre | 79  | Iraqi Turkmen |  | MENA: Iraq | [note 48] | [citation needed]
1966  | 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom[citation needed] |  | 30,000-50,000 Primarily Igbo People  | Igbo |  | Sub-Saharan Africa: Nigeria | [note 49] | [citation needed]
14–15 August 1969  | 1969 Northern Ireland Anti-Catholic pogroms | 1969 Northern Ireland riots | 6 Catholics[G] | Catholics |  | Europe: Northern Ireland | [note 50] | [citation needed]
1977  | 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom |  | 300-1500 Primarily Tamils  | Tamils |  | South Asia: Sri Lanka | [note 51] |
1978  | Malatya pogrom[178] | Malatya massacre | 8 Alevis  | Alevis | businesses and houses  | MENA / Europe: Turkey |  |
1978  | Maraş pogrom[179] | Maraş massacre | 111 to 500+ Alevis  | Alevis | businesses, houses, printing works, pharmaiescy  | MENA / Europe: Turkey |  |
1980  | Çorum pogrom | Çorum massacre  | 57 Alevis  | Alevis | businesses and houses  | MENA / Europe: Turkey |  |
1983  | Black July | 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom  | 400–3,000 Tamils  | Tamils |  | South Asia: Sri Lanka | [note 52] | [citation needed]
1984  | 1984 anti-Sikh riots |  | 8,000 Sikhs  | Sikhs |  | South Asia: India | [note 53] | [102]
1988  | Sumgait pogrom |  | 26 to 300 Armenians
and 6 or more Azeris [citation needed] | Armenians |  | MENA / Europe: Caucasus | [note 54] | [citation needed]
1988  | Kirovabad pogrom |  | 3+ Soviet soldiers
3+ Azeris
and 1+ Armenian  | Armenians |  | MENA / Europe: Caucasus | [note 55] |
1990  | Baku pogrom |  | 90 Armenians
20 Russian soldiers  | Armenians |  | MENA / Europe: Caucasus | [note 56] |
1991  | Crown Heights pogrom (disputed)[H] | Crown Heights riot | 2 (1 Jew and 1 non-Jew)  | Jews in the USA |  | Americas: United States  | [note 57] | [citation needed]
1994  | [citation needed] | Srebrenica massacre | 8000 Muslims  | Muslims (Bosniaks)  |  | Europe: Balkans | [note 58] | [citation needed]
2002  | Gujarat pogrom[14] | 2002 Gujarat riots | 790 to 2000[I] | Muslims in India |  | South Asia: Gujarat, India |  |
2004  | March pogrom  | 2004 unrest in Kosovo | 16 ethnic Serbs  | Serbs |  | Europe: Balkans | [note 59] | [citation needed]
2005  | Cronulla pogrom[187] | Cronulla Race Riots |  | Muslims and Arab Australians[J] |  | Pacific: Cronulla in Sydney, Australia.  |  |
2013  | Muzaffarnagar Pogrom[188][189][190] |  |  | Muslims in India |  | South Asia: Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India |  |
2017  | Rohingya pogrom[115][116] | Rohingya genocide |  | Muslims in Myanmar (Rohingya)  | housing  | South Asia: Rakhine State, Myanmar | [note 60] |
2023  | Settler pogroms[191] | Israeli settler violence |  | Palestinians |  | MENA: West Bank, Palestine.  | [note 61] |
2023  | Huwara pogrom[192][191][193] | Huwara rampage | 1 Sameh Aqtash[192][194] | Palestinians | cars and businesses  | MENA: West Bank, Palestine.  |  |
Date  | Pogrom Name  | Alternative name(s)  | Deaths  | Targeted Group  | Physical Destruction  | Region  | Notes  | Name needs verification

## See also

[edit]

Main article: Outline of genocide studies

Antisemitism

* Antisemitism
* Antisemitism in Christianity
* Antisemitism in Islam
* Geography of antisemitism
* History of antisemitism
* Expulsions and exoduses of Jews

Other groups

* Hindutva
* Israeli settler violence
* Palestinian genocide allegation
* Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar

General

* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic violence
* Genocidal massacre

## References and notes

[edit]

### Table Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ Regions:
* Americas
* Europe (including Russia)
* Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
* Pacific
* South Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa
2. ^ Prof. Sandra Gambetti: "A final note on the use of terminology related to anti-Semitism. Scholars have frequently labeled the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. as the first pogrom[citation needed] in history and have often explained them in terms of an ante litteram explosion of anti-Semitism. This work [The Alexandrian Riots] deliberately avoids any words or expressions that in any way connect, explicitly or implicitly, the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. to later events in modern or contemporary Jewish experience, for which that terminology was created. ... To decide whether a word like pogrom, for example, is an appropriate term to describe the events that are studied here, requires a comparative re-discussion of two historical frames—the Alexandria of 38 C.E. and the Russia of the end of the nineteenth century."[161]
3. ^ a b John Klier: "upon the death of the Grand Prince of Kiev Sviatopolk, rioting broke out in Kiev against his agents and the town administration. The disorders were not specifically directed against Jews and they are best characterized as a social revolution. This fact has not prevented historians of medieval Russia from describing them as a pogrom."[163]
Klier also writes that Alexander Pereswetoff-Morath has advanced a strong argument against considering the Kiev riots of 1113 an anti-Jewish pogrom. Pereswetoff-Morath writes in "A Grin without a Cat" (2002) that "I feel that Birnbaum's use of the term "anti-Semitism' as well as, for example, his use of 'pogrom' in references to medieval Rus are not warranted by the evidence he presents. He is, of course, aware that it may be controversial."[163]
George Vernadsky: "Incidentally, one should not suppose that the movement was anti-Semitic. There was no general Jewish pogrom. Wealthy Jewish merchants suffered because of their association with Sviatopolk's speculations, especially his hated monopoly on salt."[164]
4. ^ John Klier: "Russian armies led by Tsar Ivan IV captured the Polish city of Polotsk. The Tsar ordered drowned in the river Dvina all Jews who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity. This episode certainly demonstrates the overt religious hostility towards the Jews which was very much a part of Muscovite culture, but its conversionary aspects were entirely absent from modern pogroms. Nor were the Jews the only heterodox religious group singled out for the tender mercies of Muscovite religious fanaticism."[163]
5. ^ Israeli ambassador to Ireland, Boaz Moda'i: "I think it is a bit over-portrayed, meaning that, usually if you look up the word pogrom it is used in relation to slaughter and being killed. This is what happened in many other places in Europe, but that is not what happened here. There was a kind of boycott against Jewish merchandise for a while but that's not a pogrom."[166]
6. ^ Carole Fink: "What happened in Pinsk on April 5, 1919 was not a literal "pogrom" – an organized, officially tolerated or inspired massacre of a minority such as the massacre which occurred in Lemberg – instead, it was a military execution of a small, suspect group of civilians. ... The misnamed "Pinsk pogrom", a plain, powerful, alliterative phrase, entered history in April 1919. Its importance lay not only in its timing, during the tensest moments of the Paris Peace Conference and the most crucial deliberations over Poland's political future: The reports of Pinsk once more demonstrated the swift transmission of local violence to world notice and the disfiguring process of rumor and prejudice on every level."[172]
7. ^ 6 Catholics were killed, 4 by state force & 2 by anti-Catholic mob.
8. ^ Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 Crown Heights riot caused public controversy.[26][24] For example, Joyce Purnick of The New York Times wrote in 1993 that the use of the word pogrom was "inflammatory"; she accused politicians of "trying to enlarge and twist the word" in order to "pander to Jewish voters".[180]
9. ^ 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus (official)
1,926 to 2,000+ total (other sources)[184][185][186]
10. ^ Muslims in Australia and Arab Australians and people misidentified as belonging to those groups.

### Descriptions of the events in the table

[edit]

1. ^ Aulus Avilius Flaccus, the Egyptian prefect of Alexandria appointed by Tiberius in 32 CE, may have encouraged the outbreak of violence in which Jews were pushed out of the city of Alexandria and blockaded into a Jewish "ghetto". Those trying to escape the ghetto were killed, dismembered, and some burnt alive.[162] Philo wrote that Flaccus was later arrested and eventually executed for his part in this event. Scholarly research around the subject has been divided on certain points, including whether the Alexandrian Jews fought to keep their citizenship or to acquire it, whether they evaded the payment of the poll-tax or prevented any attempts to impose it on them, and whether they were safeguarding their identity against the Greeks or against the Egyptians.
2. ^ A mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, which was at that time in Muslim-ruled al-Andalus, assassinated the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city.
3. ^ Peasant crusaders from France and Germany during the People's Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit (and not sanctioned by the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, attacked Jewish communities in the three towns of Speyer, Worms and Mainz.
4. ^ A rebellion which was sparked by the death of the Grand Prince of Kiev, in which Jews who participated in the prince's economic affairs were some of the victims.[citation needed]
5. ^ this massacre coincided with the persecution of Jews during the Black Death.
6. ^ A series of massacres and forced conversions beginning on 4 June 1391 in the city of Seville before they extend to the rest of Castile and the Crown of Aragon. It is considered one of the Middle Ages' largest attacks on the Jews, and were ultimately expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492.
7. ^ After an episode of famine and bad harvests, a pogrom happened in Lisbon, Portugal,[165] in which more than 1,000 "New Christian" (forcibly converted Jews) people were slaughtered or burnt by an angry Christian mob, in the first night of what became known as the "Lisbon Massacre". The killing occurred from 19 to 21 April, almost eliminating the entire Jewish or Jewish-descended community in that city. Even the Portuguese military and the king himself had difficulty stopping it. Today the event is remembered with a monument in S. Domingos' church.
8. ^ Following the fall of Polotsk to the army of Ivan IV, all those who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity were ordered drowned in the Western Dvina river.
9. ^ Eastern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack riots, aka pogroms, aka uprisings included massive atrocities committed against Jews in what is today Ukraine, in numbers (conservatively estimated here by Veidlinger, Ataskevitch & Bemporad). They resulted in the creation of a new Hetmantate.
10. ^ The Greeks of Odessa attacked the local Jewish community, in what began as economic disputes.
11. ^ Following accusations of Jews having conspired to murder a Christian monk for culinary purposes, the local population attacked Jewish businesses and committed acts of violence against the Jewish population.
12. ^ A large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots swept through south-western Imperial Russia (present-day Ukraine and Poland from 1881 to 1884 (in that period over 200 anti-Jewish events occurred in the Russian Empire, notably the Kiev, Warsaw and Odessa pogroms)
13. ^ Three days of rioting against Jews, Jewish stores, businesses, and residences in the streets adjoining the Holy Cross Church.
14. ^ A mob attacked the Jewish shops, killing fourteen Jews and one gendarme. The Russian military brought to restore order were stoned by mob.
15. ^ A much bloodier wave of pogroms broke out from 1903 to 1906, leaving an estimated 2,000 Jews dead and many more wounded, as many Jewish residents took arms to defend their families and property from the attackers. The 1905 pogrom against the Jewish population in Odessa was the most serious pogrom of the period, with reports of up to 2,500 Jews killed.
16. ^ Three days of anti-Jewish rioting sparked by antisemitic articles in local newspapers.
17. ^ Two days of anti-Jewish rioting beginning as political protests against the Tsar.
18. ^ Following a city hall meeting, a mob was drawn into the streets, proclaiming that "all Russia's troubles stemmed from the machinations of the Jews and socialists."
19. ^ An attack organized by the Russian secret police
Okhrana . Antisemitic pamphlets had been distributed for over a week and before any unrest begun, a curfew was declared.
20. ^ An economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland, for over two years.
21. ^ A massacre of Armenians in the city of Adana amidst the government upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district.
22. ^ A massacre of African Americans living in Slocum, Texas, organized by white mobs after rumors of a Black uprising began to spread. White people throughout Anderson County gathered guns, ammunition, and alcohol to prepare. District Judge Benjamin Howard Gardner attempted to stop the massacre by closing all saloons, gun stores, and hardware stores, but it was too late. The massacre lasted 16 hours, with white mobs killing any Black people they saw. As a result of the massacre, half of Slocum's Black population had left or been killed by the next census.
23. ^ Occurred shortly after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.[169]
24. ^ During the Polish-Ukrainian War over three days of unrest in the city, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed and hundreds more were injured by Polish soldiers and civilians. Two hundred and seventy Ukrainians were also killed during this incident. The Poles did not stop the pogrom until two days after it began.
25. ^ The pogrom was initiated by Ivan Samosenko following a failed Bolshevik uprising against the Ukrainian People's Republic in the city.[170] The massacre was carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers of Samosenko. According to historians Yonah Alexander and Kenneth Myers the soldiers marched into the centre of town accompanied by a military band and engaged in atrocities under the slogan: "Kill the Jews and save Ukraine." They were ordered to save the ammunition in the process and use only lances and bayonets.[171]
26. ^ A series of anti-Jewish pogroms in various places around Kiev carried out by White Army troops
27. ^ Mass execution of 35 Jewish residents of Pinsk in April 1919 by the Polish Army, during the opening stages of the Polish–Soviet War
28. ^ As Polish troops entered the city, dozens of people connected with the Lit-Bel were arrested, and some were executed.
29. ^ During the 1929 Palestine riots, sixty-seven Jews were killed as the violence spread to Hebron, then part of Mandatory Palestine, by Arabs incited to violence by rumors that Jews were massacring Arabs in Jerusalem and seizing control of Muslim holy places.
30. ^ It was followed by the vandalizing of Jewish houses and shops. The tensions started in June 1934 and spread to a few other villages in Eastern Thrace region and to some small cities in Western Aegean region. At the height of the violent events, it was rumoured that a rabbi was stripped naked and was dragged through the streets shamefully while his daughter was raped. Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from the region.[174][175]
31. ^ Some of the Jewish residents gathered in the town square in anticipation of the attack by the peasants, but nothing happened on that day. Two days later, however, on a market day, as historians Martin Gilbert and David Vital state, peasants attacked their Jewish neighbors.
32. ^ Coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and non-Jewish civilians. Accounts from the foreign journalists working in Germany sent shock waves around the world.
33. ^ Romanian military units carried out a pogrom against the local Jews, during which, according to an official Romanian report, 53 Jews were murdered, and dozens injured.
34. ^ One of the most violent pogroms in Jewish history, launched by governmental forces in the Romanian city of Iași (Jassy) against its Jewish population.
35. ^ One of the few pogroms of Belgian history. Flemish collaborators attacked and burned synagogues and attacked a rabbi in the city of Antwerp
36. ^ As the privileges of the paramilitary organisation Iron Guard were being cut off by Conducător Ion Antonescu, members of the Iron Guard, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted. During the rebellion and pogrom, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels.
37. ^ Mass murder of Jewish residents of Tykocin in occupied Poland during World War II, soon after Nazi German attack on the Soviet Union.
38. ^ The local rabbi was forced to lead a procession of about 40 people to a pre-emptied barn, killed and buried along with fragments of a destroyed monument of Lenin. A further 250–300 Jews were led to the same barn later that day, locked inside and burned alive using kerosene.
39. ^ 180 Jews were killed and over 1,000 injured in attacks on Shavuot following British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War.
40. ^ Massacres of Jews by the Ukrainian People's Militia and a German Einsatzgruppe.
41. ^ Violence amid rumors of kidnappings of children by Jews.
42. ^ A frenzy instigated by the crowd's libelous belief that some Jews had made sausage out of Christian children.
43. ^ Riots started as demonstrations against economic hardships and later became antisemitic.
44. ^ Violence against the Jewish community centre, initiated by Polish Communist armed forces
LWP, KBW, GZI WP and continued by a mob of local townsfolk.
45. ^ Organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority. Accelerated the emigration of ethnic Greeks from Turkey (Jews were also targeted in this event).[176][177]
46. ^ 1956 anti-Tamil pogrom or Gal Oya massacre/riots were the first ethnic riots that targeted the minority Tamils in independent Sri Lanka.
47. ^ 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom also known as 58 riots, refer to the first island wide ethnic riots and pogrom in Sri Lanka.
48. ^ Ethnic tension between Kurds and Turkmen.
49. ^ A series of massacres directed at Igbo and other southern Nigerian residents throughout Nigeria before and after the overthrow (and assassination) of the Aguiyi-Ironsi junta by Murtala Mohammed.
50. ^ Along with the 6 murders, 500 Irish Catholics were injured by the state forces and anti-Catholic mob, 72 of those injured were injured from gun shot wounds, also 150+ Catholic homes and 275+ businesses had been destroyed - 83% of all buildings destroyed were owned by Catholics. Catholics generally fled across the border into the Republic of Ireland as refugees. After Belfast the other areas that saw violence were Newry, Armagh, Crossmaglen, Dungannon, Coalisland and Dungiven.
The bloodiest clashes were in Belfast, where seven people were killed and hundreds wounded, in what some viewed as an attempted pogrom against the Catholic minority. Protesters clashed with both the police and with loyalists, who attacked Catholic districts. Scores of homes and businesses were burnt out, most of them owned by Catholics, and thousands of mostly Catholic families were driven from their homes. In some cases, RUC officers helped the loyalists and failed to protect Catholic areas.
51. ^ The 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom followed the 1977 general elections in Sri Lanka where the Sri Lankan Tamil nationalistic Tamil United Liberation Front won a plurality of minority Sri Lankan Tamil votes in which it stood for secession.
52. ^ Over seven days mobs of mainly Sinhalese attacked Tamil targets, burning, looting and killing.
53. ^ Sikhs were targeted in Delhi and other parts of India during a pogrom in October 1984.[101][102][103]
54. ^ Mobs made up largely of ethnic Azeris formed into groups that went on to attack and kill Armenians both on the streets and in their apartments; widespread looting and a general lack of concern from police officers allowed the situation to worsen.
55. ^ Ethnic Azeris attacked Armenians throughout the city.
56. ^ Seven-day attack during which Armenians were beaten, tortured, murdered and expelled from the city. There were also many raids on apartments, robberies and Parsons.
57. ^ A three-day riot that occurred in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York. The riots incited by the death of the seven-year-old Gavin Cato, unleashed simmering tensions within Crown Heights' black community against the Orthodox Jewish community. In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Orthodox Jewish man, Yankel Rosenbaum, was killed; and a non-Jewish man, allegedly mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of African-American men.[181][182]
58. ^ The Srebrenica massacre, also known as the Srebrenica genocide, was the July 1995 killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak Muslim men and boys in and around the town of Srebrenica, during the Bosnian War. The killings were perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) under the command of Ratko Mladić. The Scorpions, a paramilitary unit from Serbia, who had been part of the Serbian Interior Ministry until 1991, also participated in the massacre.[183]
59. ^ Over 4,000 Serbs were forced to leave their homes, 935 Serb houses, 10 public facilities and 35 Serbian Orthodox church-buildings were desecrated, damaged or destroyed, and six towns and nine villages were ethnically cleansed.
60. ^ Facebook was accused of inciting mob violence.[117]
61. ^ homes demolished and communities depopoulated by intimidation[118]

### Notes from the text

[edit]

1. ^ UK: /ˈpɒɡrəm/ POG-rəm, US: /ˈpoʊɡrəm, ˈpoʊɡrɒm, pəˈɡrɒm/ POH-grəm, POH-grom, pə-GROM; Russian: погро́м, pronounced [pɐˈɡrom].
2. ^ Historians, who put the number of killed Jewish civilians at between 40,000 and 100,000 during the Khmelnytsky Pogroms in 1648–1657, include:
* Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman (2005). A Concise History Of The Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-4366-8, p. 182.
* David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos (2002). A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-20616-7, p. 68.
* Micheal Clodfelter (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999, McFarland, p. 56: estimated at 56,000 dead.
3. ^ Historians estimating that around 100,000 Jews were killed include:
* Cara Camcastle. The More Moderate Side of Joseph de Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy, McGill-Queen's Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7735-2976-4, p. 26.
* Martin Gilbert (1999). Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10965-2, p. 219.
* Manus I. Midlarsky. The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-81545-2, p. 352.
* Oscar Reiss (2004). The Jews in Colonial America, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-1730-7, pp. 98–99.
* Colin Martin Tatz (2003). With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide, Verso, ISBN 1-85984-550-9, p. 146.
* Samuel Totten (2004). Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches and Resources, Information Age Publishing, ISBN 1-59311-074-X, p. 25.
* Mosheh Weiss (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-4402-8, p. 193.
4. ^ Historians who estimate that more than 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in 1648–1657 include:
* Meyer Waxman (2003). History of Jewish Literature Part 3, Kessinger, ISBN 0-7661-4370-8, p. 20: estimated at two hundred thousand Jews killed.
* Micheal Clodfelter (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999, McFarland, p. 56: estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 Jewish victims.
* Zev Garber, Bruce Zuckerman (2004). Double Takes: Thinking and Rethinking Issues of Modern Judaism in Ancient Contexts, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-2894-X, p. 77, footnote 17: estimated at 100,000–500,000 Jews.
* The Columbia Encyclopedia (2001–2005), "Chmielnicki Bohdan", 6th ed.: estimated at over 100,000 Jews.
* Robert Melvin Spector (2005). World without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-2963-6, p. 77: estimated at more than 100,000.
* Sol Scharfstein (2004). Jewish History and You, KTAV, ISBN 0-88125-806-7, p. 42: estimated at more than 100,000 Jews killed.

### Citations

[edit]

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18. ^ a b International handbook of violence research. Vol. 1\. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5. "The word "pogrom" (from the Russian, meaning storm or devastation) has a relatively short history. Its international currency dates back to the anti-Semitic excesses in Tsarist Russia during the years 1881–1883, but the phenomenon existed in the same form at a much earlier date and was by no means confined to Russia. As John D. Klier points out in his seminal article "The pogrom paradigm in Russian history", the anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia were described by contemporaries as demonstrations, persecution, or struggle, and the government made use of the term besporiadok (unrest, riot) to emphasize the breach of public order. Then, during the twentieth century, the term began to develop along two separate lines. In the Soviet Union, the word lost its anti-Semitic connotation and came to be used for reactionary forms of political unrest and, from 1989, for outbreaks of interethnic violence; while in the West, the anti-Semitic overtones were retained and government orchestration or acquiescence was emphasized."
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21. ^ Bergmann writes that "the concept of "ethnic violence" covers a range of heterogeneous phenomena, and in many cases there are still no established theoretical and conceptual distinctions in the field (Waldmann, 1995:343)" Bergmann then goes on to set out a variety of conflicting scholarly views on the definition and usage of the term pogrom.
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## Further reading

[edit]

Main article: Bibliography of genocide studies

* Astashkevich, Irina (2018). Gendered Violence: Jewish Women in the Pogroms of 1917 to 1921 (Jews of Russia & Eastern Europe and Their Legacy). Academic Studies Press. ISBN 978-1-61811-616-1.
* Avrutin, Eugene M.; Bemporad, Elissa, eds. (2021). Pogroms: A Documentary History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-762929-1.
* Bemporad, Elissa (2019). Legacy of Blood: Jews, Pogroms, and Ritual Murder in the Lands of the Soviets. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046647-3.
* Bergmann, Werner (2003). "Pogroms". In Heitmeyer, Wilhelm; Hagan, John (eds.). International Handbook of Violence Research. Vol. 1\. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4020-1466-6.
* Brass, Paul R. (6 December 2002). On the Study of Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide. Sawyer Seminar session on "Processes of Mass Killing". Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University.
* Cohn, Norman (1966). Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC 220903085.
* Engel, David (2010). "What's in a Pogrom? European Jews in the Age of Violence". In Dekel-Chen, Jonathan (ed.). Anti-Jewish Violence: Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35520-1.
* Horvitz, Leslie A.; Catherwood, Christopher, eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide. New York, NY: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-6001-6.
* Klier, John D., ed. (2011). "What was a Pogrom?". Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89548-4.
* McDermott, Jim (2001). Northern Divisions The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22. Belfast: BTP Publications. p. 28\. ISBN 1-900960-11-7.
* Shelton, Dinah, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity. Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-865847-6.
* Thackrah, John R., ed. (1987). Encyclopedia of Terrorism and Political Violence. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0659-6.
* Unowsky, Daniel. The Plunder: The 1898 Anti-Jewish Riots in Habsburg Galicia (Stanford UP, 2018)
* Veidlinger, Jeff, ed. (1987). In the Midst of Civilized Europe: The Pogroms of 1918–1921 and the Onset of the Holocaust. Picador. ISBN 1-5098-6744-9.
* Velychenko, Stephen (2021). Ukraine's Revolutions and anti-Jewish Pogroms (historians.in.ua)

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* Contemporary imprints
* Racism
* Rothschild conspiracy theories
* The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews
* Self-hating Jew
* George Soros conspiracy theories
* Xenophobia
* Weaponization
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Zhyd
* Zionist antisemitism

Religious antisemitism|

* Anti-Judaism
* Jewish deicide
* Catholic Inquisition
* Portuguese Inquisition
* Roman Inquisition
* Spanish Inquisition
* Rhineland massacres
* Martin Luther
* Blood curse
* Blood libel
* Host desecration
* Judensau
* Pogrom

Antisemitic laws, policies
and government actions

* Ghetto benches
* Hep-Hep riots
* Pogroms in the Russian Empire
* May Laws
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Jewish Anti-Zionist League
* Leo Frank trial (US)
* Expulsions of Poles and Jews by Germany (DE/PL)
* Prussian deportations
* Act of 5th November
* Generalplan Ost
* Dreyfus affair (FR)
* Beilis trial (Russian Empire)
* Farhud (Iraq)
* Anti-Zionist League (IQ)
* General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)
* Racial policy of Nazi Germany
* Madagascar Plan
* Final Solution
* The Holocaust
* Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
* Night of the Murdered Poets
* Slánský trial
* Doctors' plot
* Holocaust denial
* Yellow badge
* ZOG conspiracy

Antisemitism on the internet|

* Bible Believers
* The Daily Stormer
* Institute for Historical Review
* Jew Watch
* Metapedia
* Podblanc
* QAnon
* Radio Islam
* Redwatch
* The Right Stuff (blog)
* Stormfront
* Terrorgram
* Wikipedia and antisemitism

Persecution|

* Rhineland massacres
* Black Death persecutions
* Boycotts
* Expulsions
* Jewish quarter
* Ghettos in Europe
* Mellah
* The Holocaust
* Jewish hat
* Jewish quota
* Judensau
* Martyrdom in Judaism
* Nuremberg Laws
* Pale of Settlement
* Pogroms
* Refuseniks
* Segregation
* Spanish Inquisition
* Expulsion
* Yellow badge

Organizations working
against antisemitism

* Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
* Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)
* Community Security Trust
* Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)
* Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)
* Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
* Stephen Roth Institute
* Yad Vashem

By region|

* Arab world
* Saudi Arabia
* Argentina
* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Chile
* Costa Rica
* Europe
* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* 21st century
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Italy
* Norway
* Romania
* Russia
* Imperial
* Soviet
* Spain
* Sweden
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Conservative Party
* Labour Party
* Japan
* Mexico
* New Zealand
* Palestinian Territories
* Pakistan
* South Africa
* Turkey
* United States
* History
* 21st century
* Venezuela

* v
* t
* e

Massacres or pogroms against Jews

1st – 13th century|

| 1–999|

* Alexandrian pogrom (38)
* 2nd Alexandrian pogrom (66)

| Jewish revolts|

* The Great Revolt (66–73)
* Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136)
* Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus (351–352)
* Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617)
* Battle of Khaybar (628 CE)

|

1000–1299|

* Córdoba massacre (1013)
* Fez massacre (1033)
* Granada massacre (1066)

| Rhineland massacres (1096)|

* Worms
* Speyer
* Mainz

|

* Ham massacre (1143)
* Massacres at London and York (1189–1190)
* Rintfleisch massacres (1298)

14th – 19th century|

| 1300–1599|

* Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
* Shepherds' Crusade (1320)
* Navarre pogrom (1328)
* Armleder persecutions (1336–1339)

| Persecution of Jews during the Black Death (1348–1350)|

* Erfurt
* Basel
* Speyer
* Strasbourg
* Zurich

|

* Toledo massacre (1355)
* Brussels massacre (1370)
* 1391 pogroms (1391)
* Schaffhausen Massacre (1401)
* Moroccan revolution (1465)
* Córdoba pogrom (1473)
* Massacre of the Assumption (1474)
* Spanish Inquisition (1478)
* Arles pogrom (1484)
* Lisbon massacre (1506)
* Hebron pogrom (1517)
* Safed pogrom (1517)
* Portuguese Inquisition (1536)

1600–1899|

* Chmielnicki massacres (1648–1657)
* Safed massacre (1660)
* Mawza Exile (1679)
* Meknes pogrom (1728)
* Massacre of Uman (1768)
* Tétouan pogrom (1790)
* Algiers massacre (1805)
* Hep-Hep riots (1819)
* First Odessa pogrom (1821)
* Baghdad massacre (1828)
* Tzfat pogrom (1834)
* Hebron pogrom (1834)
* Safed massacre (1838)
* Allahdad (1839)
* Damascus affair (1840)
* Second Odessa pogrom (1859)
* Tétouan massacre (1860)
* Third Odessa pogrom (1871)

| Russian Empire (1881–1884)|

* Kiev
* Warsaw
* Fourth Odessa pogrom

|

* Corfu pogrom (1891)
* 1898 Algerian riots (1898)

20th century|

| 1900–1937|

* Częstochowa pogrom (1902)
* First Kishinev pogrom (1903)
* Zablotov pogrom (1903)
* Kiev pogrom (1905)
* Fifth Odessa pogrom (1905)
* Second Kishinev pogrom (1905)
* Białystok pogrom (1906)
* Siedlce pogrom (1906)
* Casablanca massacre (1907)
* Shiraz pogrom (1910)
* The Tritl (1912)
* Lwów pogrom (1914)
* Skver pogrom (1917)
* Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation (1917)
* Kielce pogrom (1918)
* Lwów pogrom (1918)
* Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)
* 1920 Nebi Musa riots

| Russian Civil War (1918–1920)|

* Lida
* Radomyshl
* Justingrad
* Skver
* Zviahel
* Pinsk
* Fastov
* Proskurov
* Kiev

|

* Zavirtcha pogrom (1921)
* Oradea pogrom [hu] (1927)
* Safed massacre (1929)
* Hebron massacre (1929)
* Campbell pogrom (1931)
* Constantine riots (1934)
* Thrace pogroms (1934)
* The Bloody Day in Jaffa (1936)
* Przytyk pogrom (1936)
* Brest pogrom [de; pl] (1937)

1938–1945|

| 1938|

* Tiberias massacre
* Kristallnacht

|

1939|

* Częstochowa
* Krasnosielc
* Będzin
* Wyszków
* Koźmice Wielkie
* Dynów
* Ostrów Mazowiecka

|

1940|

* Dorohoi pogrom

|

1941|

* Bucharest
* Antwerp
* Gabès
* Kaunas (June)
* Dobromil
* Szczuczyn
* Białystok
* Iași
* Lviv
* Wąsosz
* Jedwabne
* Farhud
* Ponary
* Tykocin
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Babi Yar
* Odessa
* Švenčionėliai
* Kaunas (October)
* Rumbula
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)

|

1942|

* Dünamünde Action
* Dzyatlava
* Łużki
* Iwieniec
* Marków
* Horodziej
* Mereczowszczyzna
* Sarny

|

1943|

* Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
* Kielce cemetery massacre
* Operation Harvest Festival

|

1944|

* Ardeatine massacre
* Luduș massacre
* Sărmașu massacre
* Kremnička and Nemecká massacres (1944–1945)

|

1945|

* Stary Jaromierz
* Leśno
* Deutsch Schützen
* Kraków
* Topoľčan
* Cairo
* Tripolitania

|

1946–1999|

| 1946|

* Kielce
* Kunmadaras
* Miskolc

|

1947|

* Fajja bus attacks
* Haifa Oil Refinery
* Aden
* Aleppo
* Manama

|

1948|

* Tripoli
* Djerada
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing
* Cairo bombings
* Kfar Etzion massacre

|

1949|

* Menarsha synagogue attack

|

1950s–1960s|

* Night of the Murdered Poets (1952)
* Scorpion Pass massacre (1954)
* Istanbul pogrom (1955)
* Shafrir synagogue shooting (1956)
* Tripoli pogrom (1967)
* Purge of Polish Jews (1968)

|

1970s|

* Avivim school bus bombing (1970)
* Munich massacre (1972)
* Lod Airport massacre (1972)
* Ma'alot massacre (1974)
* Kiryat Shmona massacre (1974)
* Ben Yehuda Street bombing (1975)
* Coastal Road massacre (1978)
* Nahariya massacre (1979)

|

1980s|

* Paris synagogue bombing (1980)
* Antwerp summer camp attack (1980)
* Antwerp bombing (1981)
* Vienna synagogue attack (1981)
* Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack (1982)
* Ras Burqa massacre (1985)
* Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre (1986)
* Purim stabbing (1989)

|

1990s|

* Cairo bus attack (1990)
* Crown Heights riot (1991)
* AMIA bombing (1994)
* Dizengoff Street bus bombing (1994)
* Beit Lid massacre (1995)
* Purim massacre (1996)
* Island of Peace massacre (1997)
* Mahane Yehuda Market bombings (1997)

|

21st century|

| 2000–2009|

| 2001|

* Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
* Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing

|

2002|

* Ghriba synagogue bombing
* Hadera attack
* Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
* Passover massacre
* Matza restaurant suicide bombing
* Hebrew University bombing
* Rishon LeZion bombing
* Matzuva attack
* Hebron ambush

|

2003|

* Istanbul
* Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
* Davidka Square bus bombing
* Café Hillel bombing
* Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
* Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
* Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing

|

2004–2009|

* Beersheba bus bombings (2004)
* Ashdod Port bombings (2004)
* Tel Aviv shawarma bombing (2006)
* Jerusalem yeshiva attack (2008)

|

2010–2019|

* Itamar attack (2011)
* Burgas bus bombing (2012)
* Toulouse and Montauban shootings (2012)
* Jerusalem synagogue massacre (2014)
* Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting (2014)
* Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (2014)
* January 2015 Île-de-France attacks (2015)
* Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (2015)
* Tel Aviv shooting (2016)
* Halamish stabbing (2017)
* Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (2018)
* Poway synagogue shooting (2019)
* Jersey City shooting (2019)
* Monsey Hanukkah stabbing (2019)

2020–present|

* Israel riots (2021)
* Beersheba attack (2022)

| October 7 attacks|

* Be'eri
* Ein HaShlosha
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nahal Oz
* Netiv HaAsara
* Nir Oz
* Nirim
* Re'im
* Yakhini

|

* Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus (2023)
* Dagestan attacks (2024)
* Amsterdam riots (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Discrimination

Forms|

* Institutional
* Reverse
* Structural
* Statistical
* Systemic
* Taste-based

Attributes|

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Disability
* Economic
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Dialect
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Nationality or citizenship
* Race / Ethnicity
* Reverse
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Reverse
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social|

* Arophobia
* Anti-albinism
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-altruistic
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Health
* mental
* in poverty
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Hypergamy
* Homophobia
* In-group
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Misogynoir
* Nepotism
* Outgroup
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Aryanism
* Black
* Hutu
* Chauvinism
* Han
* Female
* Human
* Nordicism
* Male
* Ultranationalism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious|

* Religious exemption
* Persecution of non-believers
* Atheism
* Blasphemy law
* Religious censorship
* In Islam
* Apostasy
* Religious police
* Jizya
* Religious persecution
* In China
* Exclusivism

* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Persecution
* Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Coptic Christianity
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* LDS or Mormon
* Protestantism
* Tewahedo Orthodoxy
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Ahmadiyya
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* minority Muslim
* Judaism
* Persecution
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Serers
* Sikhism
* Yazidism
* Zoroastrianism

Race / Ethnicity|

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Hazara
* African
* Fulani
* Igbo
* Serers
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African American
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Han people
* Colombian
* Croat
* Dutch
* English
* Estonian
* Filipino
* French
* Finnish
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hungarian
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Eliminationist
* New
* Religious
* Anti-Yiddish
* Zionist
* Khmer
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinian
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Scottish
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Spanish
* Taiwanese
* Tatar
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* White people

Manifestations|

* Algorithmic bias
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Carnism
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Dog whistle
* Domicide
* Economic
* Education
* Academic
* In curricula
* Sexism
* Eliminationism
* Eliminationist antisemitism
* Employment
* Enemy of the people
* Environmental racism
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Excellence
* Gender-based dress codes
* Cosmetics policy
* High heel policy
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Transgender genocide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Circumcision
* Female genital mutilation
* Intersex medical interventions
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* Disability hate crime
* Violence against LGBTQ people
* Violence against transgender people
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Institutional discrimination
* Institutional racism
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Hypergamy
* Age disparity
* Indian rolling
* International inequality
* Kill Haole Day
* Lavender scare
* LGBTQ+
* grooming conspiracy theory
* Linguicide
* Lynching
* Media bias
* Minority stress
* Moral exclusion
* Mortgage
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational
* Apartheid
* Inequality
* Injustice
* Segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Paper genocide
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political
* Political repression
* Ideological repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Selective enforcement
* Selective prosecution
* Sentencing disparity
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Structural abuse
* Structural discrimination
* Structural evil
* Structural inequality
* Structural violence
* Untermensch
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch hunt

Discriminatory
policies|

* Algorithmic wage discrimination
* Age of candidacy
* Apartheid
* in South Africa
* in Israel
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Breadwinner model
* Conscription and sexism
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Disparate impact
* Fagging
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* No kid zone
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Segregation academy
* religious
* sexual
* in Islam
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression
* White Australia policy

Countermeasures|

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Audit study
* Autism rights movement
* Gender-blind
* Blind audition
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cross-sex friendship
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity, equity, and inclusion
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Golden Rule
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* Korenizatsiia
* LGBTQ rights
* Mad pride
* Music in the movement against apartheid
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Rock Against Sexism
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Stop Murder Music
* Toleration
* Transgender rights movement
* Universal suffrage
* Women's rights

Related topics|

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Dehumanization
* Diseases of despair
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Masculism
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social equity
* Social exclusion
* Social model of disability
* Social privilege
* Christian
* male
* white
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* The talk

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Racism

Types of racism|

* Aversive
* Colorism
* Covert
* Cultural
* Cyber
* Environmental
* Formal
* Gendered
* Institutional
* Internalized
* Patent
* Laissez-faire
* Linguistic
* Neocolonial
* Romantic
* Scientific
* Societal
* Substantive
* Symbolic

Manifestations
of racism|

* Anti-miscegenation laws
* Apartheid
* Biological determinism
* Discrimination based on nationality
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic jokes
* Ethnic slurs
* Ethnic stereotype
* Hate crime
* Hate speech
* Hate group
* Hypodescent / Hyperdescent
* Racial capitalism
* Racialization
* Racial hierarchy
* Racial nationalism
* Racial profiling
* Racial segregation

Racism by region|

* Global apartheid
* Africa
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe
* Asia
* China
* Japan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Thailand
* Vietnam
* Arab world
* Libya
* Saudi Arabia
* Sudan
* Australia
* Europe
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Soviet Union
* Spain
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Middle East
* Iran
* Israel
* Palestine
* Turkey
* North America
* Canada
* United States
* Mexico
* South America
* Argentina
* Brazil
* Chile

Racism by target|

* Arab
* Asians
* Chinese
* Chinese Americans
* Zainichi Chinese
* Japanese
* Japanese Americans
* Japanese Koreans
* Korean
* Zainichi Koreans
* Vietnamese
* Black
* African Americans
* Arab
* Women
* Mexican
* Native Americans
* Jewish
* Anti-racism
* Jewish Americans
* In Jewish communities
* LGBT
* Middle Eastern
* Muslim
* Romani
* Slavic
* Wine industry
* Racial supremacy
* Black supremacy
* White supremacy
* White

Related topics|

* Ableism
* Alt-right
* Anti-racism
* Casteism
* Ethnic plastic surgery
* Go back to where you came from
* Herrenvolk democracy
* Interminority racism in the United States
* Hispanics/Latinos
* Lynching
* Passing
* Perpetual foreigner
* Psychometrics of racism
* Race and sexuality
* Race card
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racial misrepresentation
* Racial figleaf
* Racial integration
* Racial quota
* Racism in sport
* in Australia
* Reverse racism
* Sociology of race and ethnic relations
* Xenophobia

* Category
* Commons
* Index

* v
* t
* e

Religious persecution and discrimination

By group|

* Religious exemption
* Persecution of non-believers
* Atheism
* Blasphemy law
* Religious censorship
* In Islam
* Apostasy
* Religious police
* Jizya
* Religious persecution
* In China
* Exclusivism

* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Persecution
* Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Coptic Christianity
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* LDS or Mormon
* Protestantism
* Tewahedo Orthodoxy
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Ahmadiyya
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* minority Muslim
* Judaism
* Persecution
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Serers
* Sikhism
* Yazidism
* Zoroastrianism

Methods|

* Censorship
* Blasphemy law
* Blood libel
* Communal violence
* Cultural genocide
* Deprogramming
* Desecration
* Domicide
* Discrimination
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Extrajudicial killing
* Extrajudicial punishment
* Exclusivism
* Forced conversion
* Forced displacement
* Hate crime
* Iconoclasm
* Intolerance
* Pogrom
* Police
* Political violence
* Population cleansing
* Population transfer
* Sectarian violence
* Social cleansing
* Segregation
* State atheism
* State religion
* Terrorism
* Violence
* War

Events|

* Golden calf massacre (c.1250 BC)
* Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (64–313)
* Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire (c. 324–c. 491)
* Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent (c.550–c. 1200)
* Yellow Turban Rebellion (c.184–c. 205)
* Battle of Tours (732)
* Rhineland massacres (1096)
* Jerusalem massacre (1099)
* Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent (643–1526)
* Inquisition (1184–1908)
* Massacre at Ayyadieh (1191)
* Northern Crusades (12th–16th cent.)
* Crusades against Christians (13th–15th cent.)
* Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain (1500–1526)
* European wars of religion (1522–1712)
* Ottoman–Habsburg wars (1526–1791)
* Goa Inquisition (1561–1812)
* French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
* Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614)
* Test Acts (1673–1829)
* Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction (1683–1922)
* Christianization of the Sámi people (1700s)
* French Revolutionary dechristianisation (1789–1801)
* Utah War (1857–1858)
* 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war (1860)
* Circassian genocide (1864)
* Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
* Adana massacre (1909)
* Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)
* Greek genocide (1913–1922)
* Pontic Greek genocide
* Assyrian genocide (1914–1924)
* Armenian genocide (1915–1923)
* Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc (1917–1990)
* Soviet persecution (1922–1991)
* 1917–1921
* 1921–1928
* 1928–1941
* 1958–1964
* 1970–1987
* legislation
* Šahovići massacre (1924)
* White Terror (Spain) (1936–1975)
* Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses (1933)
* The Holocaust (1939–1945)
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)
* Communist Polish persecution (1945–1989)
* Communist Romanian persecution (1945–1989)
* Noakhali riots (1946)
* Direct Action Day (1946)
* 1946 Bihar riots (1946)
* Rawalpindi massacres (1947)
* Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan (1947–ongoing)
* Violence against Muslims in India (1947–ongoing)
* Violence against Hindus in independent India (1947–ongoing)
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight (1948)
* Jewish exodus from the Muslim world (1948–1980)
* Antireligious campaigns in China (1949–ongoing)
* Persecution of Tibetans (1950–ongoing)
* Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950)
* Religious violence in Nigeria (1953–ongoing)
* Istanbul pogrom (1955)
* Persecution of Papuans (1962–ongoing)
* Buddhist crisis (1963)
* Huế Phật Đản shootings (1963)
* Thích Quảng Đức (1963)
* Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (1963)
* Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)
* Four Olds (1966)
* Famen Temple (1966)
* Bangladesh genocide (1971)
* Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh (1971–ongoing)
* Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)
* Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)
* East Timor genocide (1975–1999)
* 1984 anti-Sikh riots (1984)
* Revival Process (1984–1989)
* 1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria (1989)
* Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus (1990)
* Yugoslav Wars (1991–2001)
* Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War (1992–1996)
* Bosnian genocide (1995)
* War crimes in the Kosovo War (1999)
* Walisongo school massacre (2000)
* Kosheh massacres (2000)
* September 11 attacks (2001)
* 2002 Gujarat riots (2002)
* South Thailand insurgency (2004–ongoing)
* Boko Haram insurgency (2009–ongoing)
* Maspero demonstrations (2011)
* Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh (2013–2016)
* Yazidi genocide (2014–2017)
* Genocide of Christians by ISIL (2014–ongoing)
* Iraqi Turkmen genocide (2014–2017)
* Persecution of Uyghurs in China (2014–ongoing)
* Rohingya genocide (2016–ongoing)
* Christchurch mosque shootings (2019)
* 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings (2019)
* 2020 Delhi riots (2020)
* 2024 Istanbul church shooting
* Crocus City Hall attack (2024)
* Mar Elias Church attack (2025)

Religion

* v
* t
* e

Discrimination

Forms|

* Institutional
* Reverse
* Structural
* Statistical
* Systemic
* Taste-based

Attributes|

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Disability
* Economic
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Dialect
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Nationality or citizenship
* Race / Ethnicity
* Reverse
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Reverse
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social|

* Arophobia
* Anti-albinism
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-altruistic
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Health
* mental
* in poverty
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Hypergamy
* Homophobia
* In-group
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Misogynoir
* Nepotism
* Outgroup
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Aryanism
* Black
* Hutu
* Chauvinism
* Han
* Female
* Human
* Nordicism
* Male
* Ultranationalism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious|

* Religious exemption
* Persecution of non-believers
* Atheism
* Blasphemy law
* Religious censorship
* In Islam
* Apostasy
* Religious police
* Jizya
* Religious persecution
* In China
* Exclusivism

* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Persecution
* Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Coptic Christianity
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* LDS or Mormon
* Protestantism
* Tewahedo Orthodoxy
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Ahmadiyya
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* minority Muslim
* Judaism
* Persecution
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Serers
* Sikhism
* Yazidism
* Zoroastrianism

Race / Ethnicity|

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Hazara
* African
* Fulani
* Igbo
* Serers
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African American
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Han people
* Colombian
* Croat
* Dutch
* English
* Estonian
* Filipino
* French
* Finnish
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hungarian
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Eliminationist
* New
* Religious
* Anti-Yiddish
* Zionist
* Khmer
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinian
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Scottish
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Spanish
* Taiwanese
* Tatar
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* White people

Manifestations|

* Algorithmic bias
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Carnism
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Dog whistle
* Domicide
* Economic
* Education
* Academic
* In curricula
* Sexism
* Eliminationism
* Eliminationist antisemitism
* Employment
* Enemy of the people
* Environmental racism
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Excellence
* Gender-based dress codes
* Cosmetics policy
* High heel policy
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Transgender genocide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Circumcision
* Female genital mutilation
* Intersex medical interventions
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* Disability hate crime
* Violence against LGBTQ people
* Violence against transgender people
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Institutional discrimination
* Institutional racism
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Hypergamy
* Age disparity
* Indian rolling
* International inequality
* Kill Haole Day
* Lavender scare
* LGBTQ+
* grooming conspiracy theory
* Linguicide
* Lynching
* Media bias
* Minority stress
* Moral exclusion
* Mortgage
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational
* Apartheid
* Inequality
* Injustice
* Segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Paper genocide
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political
* Political repression
* Ideological repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Selective enforcement
* Selective prosecution
* Sentencing disparity
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Structural abuse
* Structural discrimination
* Structural evil
* Structural inequality
* Structural violence
* Untermensch
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch hunt

Discriminatory
policies|

* Algorithmic wage discrimination
* Age of candidacy
* Apartheid
* in South Africa
* in Israel
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Breadwinner model
* Conscription and sexism
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Disparate impact
* Fagging
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* No kid zone
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Segregation academy
* religious
* sexual
* in Islam
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression
* White Australia policy

Countermeasures|

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Audit study
* Autism rights movement
* Gender-blind
* Blind audition
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cross-sex friendship
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity, equity, and inclusion
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Golden Rule
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* Korenizatsiia
* LGBTQ rights
* Mad pride
* Music in the movement against apartheid
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Rock Against Sexism
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Stop Murder Music
* Toleration
* Transgender rights movement
* Universal suffrage
* Women's rights

Related topics|

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Dehumanization
* Diseases of despair
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Masculism
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social equity
* Social exclusion
* Social model of disability
* Social privilege
* Christian
* male
* white
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* The talk

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Lists of massacres

* List of massacres at sea

By past country
or territory

* Italian Social Republic
* Mandatory Palestine
* Ottoman Bulgaria
* Ottoman Syria
* Roman Judea
* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

By country
or territory

* Afghanistan
* Albania
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Australia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Canada
* Chile
* China
* Colombia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Dominican Republic
* Egypt
* El Salvador
* Ethiopia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Hungary
* India
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Nagaland
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Ireland
* Israel
* Jerusalem
* Italy
* Jamaica
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Kenya
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Lithuania
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* North Korea
* North Macedonia
* Pakistan
* Palestinian territories
* List of Palestine lists
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Puerto Rico
* Romania
* Russia
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Serbia
* Singapore
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Solomon Islands
* South Africa
* South Korea
* South Sudan
* Spain
* Sri Lanka
* Sudan
* Switzerland
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste
* Turkey
* Uganda
* Ukraine
* United States
* Venezuela
* Vietnam
* Yemen

By conflict

* 1948 Palestine war
* Algerian Civil War
* Bosnian War
* Croatian War of Independence
* Eritrean War of Independence
* Finnish Civil War
* Greco-Turkish War
* Kosovo War
* Mali War
* Sudanese civil war
* Syrian civil war
* World War I
* World War II
* WWII in Yugoslavia

By group

* Armenians
* Azerbaijanis
* Hazaras
* Indigenous Australians
* Kurdish people
* Nizari Ismailis
* Turkish people

See also|

* List of genocides

* Massacres
* Massacres by country
* Massacres by year

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
* Yale LUX

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