Political engineering

In political science, political engineering is the designing of political institutions in a society and often involves the use of paper decrees, in the form of laws, referendums, ordinances, or otherwise, to try to achieve some desired effect.[1][2][3]

The criteria and constraints used in such design vary depending on the optimization methods used.[1] Usually democratic political systems have not been deemed suitable as subjects of political engineering methods.[4][5] Political engineering can also be employed to design alternative voting procedures in a democratic system.[6]

## References

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1. ^ a b Political Engineering: The Design of Institutions, Dr. Jeffrey R. Lax, Department of Politics, New York University
2. ^ James T. Myers; Jürgen Domes; Erik Von Groeling (1 December 1995). Chinese Politics: Documents and Analysis : Fall of Hua Kuo-Feng (1980) to the Twelfth Party Congress (1982). Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 163\. ISBN 978-1-57003-063-5. Retrieved 6 March 2013. "This prompted Lin Biao decision to take action to assassinate Chairman Mao Zedong and engineer an armed coup d'etat."
3. ^ Francis Augustin Akindès (2004). The Roots of the MilitaryPolitical Crises in Côte d'Ivoire. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-91-7106-531-5. Retrieved 6 March 2013. "Houphouet Boigny left behind a political legacy, a leadership style, or rather a form of political engineering, known as Houphouetism"
4. ^ Specimen of Political engineering: The Pioneer, 2002 Archived 2008-03-14 at the Wayback Machine Quote: "The ISI's political department has long been known to indulge in "political engineering" (a decent-sounding nomenclature for the dirty tricks it indulges in) having sent former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to the gallows and helped overthrow both Ms Benazir Bhutto and former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and bring General Musharraf to power in a bloodless coup."
5. ^ Political Engineering of Parties and Party Systems, Benjamin Reilly Ph.D. Quote: "Because political parties in theory represent the political expression of underlying societal cleavages (Lipset and Rokkan 1967), parties and party systems have not usually been thought to be amenable to overt political engineering. While some authoritarian states have attempted to control the development of their party system (e.g. the mandated ‘two-party’ or ‘threeparty’ systems that existed under military rule in Nigeria and Indonesia respectively, or 1 For what is still the best discussion of ethnic parties and party systems, see Horowitz 1985. 2 See, for example, Sartori 1994, Diamond 1999, Reynolds 2002. 3 the ‘no-party’ system that currently exists in Uganda), most democracies allow parties to develop freely. Because of this, parties are generally understood to remain beyond the reach of formal political engineering in most circumstances. Recent years, however, have seen some ambitious attempts to influence the development of party systems in a range of ethnically-diverse countries such as Indonesia, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Papua New Guinea. In the discussion of these and other cases which follows, this paper presents an initial survey of some the different institutional and political strategies for encouraging the development of broad, crossregional or multi-ethnic parties and party systems that have been used around the world."
6. ^ Reilly, B., 1997. Preferential voting and political engineering: A comparative study. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 35(1), pp.1-19. doi: 10.1080/14662049708447736 Archived page:https://web.archive.org/web/20080314154825/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3504/is_199703/ai_n8303088

## Further reading

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* Political science portal

* Benjamin Reilly, Democracy and Diversity: Political Engineering in the Asia-Pacific, 2006.
* Democracy in Divided Societies. Electocal Engineering for Conflict Management, 2001.
* Giovanni Sartori, Comparative Constitutional Engineering, 2nd Ed. 1997.
* Andrés Tinoco, Ingeniería Política y de Gobierno, 2007.