Politics of Hungary

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Politics of Hungary

Magyarország politikája

Coat of arms of Hungary

Polity type| Unitary parliamentary republic Hybrid regime Electoral autocracy
Constitution| Constitution of Hungary (2011)
Formation| 23 October 1989 (Third Hungarian Republic)

1 January 2012 (current constitution entered into force)
Legislative branch
Name| National Assembly
Type| Unicameral
Meeting place| Hungarian Parliament Building
Presiding officer| László Kövér, President of the National Assembly of Hungary
Appointer| Partially parallel, partially compensatory voting: 106 FPTP seats, 93 PR seats with 5% electoral threshold (D'Hondt method)
Executive branch
Head of state
Title| President
Currently| Tamás Sulyok
Appointer| National Assembly
Head of government
Title| Prime Minister
Currently| Viktor Orbán
Appointer| National Assembly
Cabinet
Name| Government of Hungary
Current cabinet| Fifth Orbán Government
Leader| Prime Minister
Deputy leader| Zsolt Semjén, Deputy Prime Minister
Appointer| National Assembly
Headquarters| Carmelite Monastery of Buda
Ministries| 15
Judicial branch
Constitutional Court of Hungary
Chief judge| Barnabás Lenkovics
Seat| 1015 Budapest, Donáti utca, 35-45.
Curia of Hungary
Chief judge| András Baka
Seat| 1055 Budapest, Markó utca 16.

Politics of Hungary

Constitution

* 1949 Constitution
* Constitutional Court

Executive

* President (list)

Tamás Sulyok
* Government

Current cabinet
Prime Minister (list)

Viktor Orbán

Parliament

* National Assembly

Speaker: László Kövér
* Political parties

Fidesz

Christian Democratic People's
Party (KDNP)

Jobbik
Politics Can Be Different (LMP)
Dialogue for Hungary (PM)
Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)
Democratic Coalition (DK)
Momentum Movement (M)
Everybody's Hungary Movement (MMM)
Our Homeland Movement (MH)

Recent elections

*     * Parliamentary: 2018
* 2022
* 2026

*     * Presidential: 2017
* 2022
* 2024

*     * Local: 2014
* 2019
* 2024

*     * European: 2014
* 2019
* 2024

Budapest

|  Mayor of Budapest

Gergely Karácsony
Mayoral elections

1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2019
2024

Administrative divisions

* Districts
* Counties
* Regions
* Subregions

Foreign relations

* Austria–Hungary relations
* China–Hungary relations
* France–Hungary relations
* Germany–Hungary relations
* Hungary–Italy relations
* Hungary–Russia relations
* Hungary–United Kingdom relations
* Hungary–United States relations

* * *

* Timeline of Hungary–European Union relations
* Politics of the European Union

* Hungary portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The politics of Hungary take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The prime minister is the head of government of a pluriform multi-party system, while the president is the head of state and holds a largely ceremonial position. As of 2024, The country is considered "no longer a full democracy" by the EU, and is generally said to have democratically backslid since 2010 when the Fidesz–KDNP Party Alliance led by Viktor Orbán won a two-third parliamentary supermajority and adopted a new constitution of Hungary that have both remained in place since.[1]

Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the parliament. The party system since the last elections has been dominated by the conservative Fidesz. The three larger oppositions are Democratic Coalition (DK), Momentum and Jobbik; there are also opposition parties with a small fraction in parliament (e.g. Politics Can Be Different). The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Hungary is an independent state, which has been a member of the European Union since 2004. Since 1989 Hungary has been a parliamentary republic. Legislative power is exercised by the unicameral National Assembly that consists of 199 members. Members of the National Assembly are elected for four years.

In the April 2022 election, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán won a fourth consecutive term in office. His party, Fidesz, secured another two-thirds majority in parliament.[2]

The longest-serving prime minister is incumbent office-holder Viktor Orbán, who held the position from 6 July 1998 to 27 May 2002 and from 29 May 2010 until present-day. He surpassed Kálmán Tisza as the longest-serving prime minister on 30 November 2020. if the years are counted cumulatively, with 19 years in total as of 2025.

## Executive branch

[edit]

Tamás Sulyok,
President since 2024

Viktor Orbán,
Prime Minister since 2010

Main office-holders  Office  | Name  | Party  | Since

|
|
|

President | Tamás Sulyok | Independent  | 5 March 2024
Prime Minister | Viktor Orbán | Fidesz | 29 May 2010

The president of the republic, elected by the National Assembly every five years, has a largely ceremonial role, but they are nominally the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and their powers include the nomination of the prime minister, who is to be elected by a majority of the votes of the members of Parliament, based on the recommendation made by the president of the republic. If the president dies, resigns or is otherwise unable to carry out his duties, the speaker of the National Assembly becomes acting president.

Due to the Hungarian Constitution, based on the post-World War II Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, the prime minister has a leading role in the executive branch as he selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them (similarly to the competences of the German federal chancellor). Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings, survive a vote by the Parliament and must be formally approved by the president.

The laws are decided by the Diet of Hungary and later by the National Assembly.

In Communist Hungary, the executive branch of the Hungarian People's Republic was represented by the Council of Ministers.

## Legislative branch

[edit]

Main office-holders  Office  | Name  | Party  | Since

|
|
|

Speaker of the National Assembly | László Kövér | Fidesz | 6 August 2010

Main article: Elections in Hungary

Parliament of Hungary.

The unicameral, 199-member National Assembly (Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. Its members are elected for a four-year term. The election threshold is 5%, but it only applies to the multi-seat constituencies and the compensation seats, not the single-seat constituencies.

## Political parties and elections

[edit]

For other political parties, see List of political parties in Hungary. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Hungary.

Turnout (within Hungary only, excluding eligible voters abroad)[3] 7:00  | 9:00  | 11:00  | 13:00  | 15:00  | 17:00  | 18:30  | Overall

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1.82%  | 10.31%  | 25.77%  | 40.01%  | 52.75%  | 62.92%  | 67.80%  | 70.21%

Party| Party-list| Constituency| Total
seats| +/–
Votes| %| Seats| Votes| %| Seats
| Fidesz-KDNP| 3,060,706| 54.13| 48| 2,823,419| 52.52| 87| 135| +2
| United for Hungary| 1,947,331| 34.44| 38| 1,983,708| 36.90| 19| 57| –8
| Our Homeland Movement| 332,487| 5.88| 6| 307,064| 5.71| 0| 6| New
| Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party| 185,052| 3.27| 0| 126,648| 2.36| 0| 0| 0
| Solution Movement| 58,929| 1.04| 0| 64,341| 1.20| 0| 0| New
| Party of Normal Life| 39,720| 0.70| 0| 31,495| 0.59| 0| 0| New
| National Self-Government of Germans| 24,630| 0.44| 1| | 1| 0
| National Self-Government of Croats| 1,760| 0.03| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Slovaks| 1,208| 0.02| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Rusyns| 645| 0.01| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Romanians| 526| 0.01| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Serbs| 418| 0.01| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Ukrainians| 396| 0.01| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Poles| 281| 0.00| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Greeks| 232| 0.00| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Slovenes| 219| 0.00| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Armenians| 163| 0.00| 0| | 0| 0
| National Self-Government of Bulgarians| 157| 0.00| 0| | 0| 0
| Leftist Alliance| | 8,678| 0.16| 0| 0| New
| True Democratic Party| | 989| 0.02| 0| 0| New
| Civic Response| | 521| 0.01| 0| 0| New
| Our Party – IMA| | 326| 0.01| 0| 0| New
| Party of Greens| | 208| 0.00| 0| 0| New
| Democratic Organisation of the Hungarian Poor and Workers| | 177| 0.00| 0| 0| New
| Hungarian Liberal Party[a]| | 152| 0.00| 0| 0| 0
| Independents| | 28,416| 0.53| 0| 0| 0
Total| 5,654,860| 100.00| 93| 5,376,142| 100.00| 106| 199| 0
Valid votes| 5,654,860| 99.00| | 5,376,142| 98.80| |
Invalid/blank votes| 57,065| 1.00| | 65,239| 1.20| |
Total votes| 5,711,925| 100.00| | 5,441,381| 100.00| |
Registered voters/turnout| 8,215,304| 69.53| | 7,703,191| 70.64| |
Source: National Electoral Commission,[3] National Electoral Commission

###  Result by constituency

[edit]

See also: 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election results by constituency

###  Party list results by county and in the diaspora

[edit]

Results by county:
Fidesz:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%
United for Hungary:      40–50%

County[4] | Fidesz-KDNP | EM | MH | MKKP | MEMO | NÉP  | Turnout [5]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |  |
Bács-Kiskun | 57.25 | 29.66  | 7.58  | 3.08  | 1.01  | 0.81  | 67.5%
Baranya | 49.67 | 36.08  | 5.93  | 3.54  | 0.93  | 0.86  | 67.5%
Békés | 52.81 | 34.36  | 7.64  | 2.62  | 0.92  | 0.89  | 66.4%
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén | 54.38 | 34.29  | 6.89  | 2.31  | 0.99  | 0.78  | 64.7%
Budapest | 40.84  | 47.84 | 4.11  | 5.19  | 1.26  | 0.53  | 75.5%
Csongrád-Csanád | 47.44 | 39.69  | 7.34  | 3.61  | 1.10  | 0.72  | 70.5%
Fejér | 53.55 | 33.80  | 6.62  | 3.52  | 1.15  | 0.76  | 71.5%
Győr-Moson-Sopron | 57.07 | 30.83  | 6.21  | 3.28  | 1.33  | 0.72  | 73.7%
Hajdú-Bihar | 57.88 | 30.87  | 6.60  | 2.69  | 1.02  | 0.83  | 66.1%
Heves | 54.98 | 33.37  | 7.31  | 2.50  | 0.97  | 0.74  | 69.0%
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 55.58 | 33.02  | 7.15  | 2.45  | 0.95  | 0.82  | 65.9%
Komárom-Esztergom | 50.53 | 36.32  | 6.72  | 3.39  | 1.11  | 0.95  | 69.3%
Nógrád | 59.00 | 29.27  | 7.66  | 2.15  | 0.80  | 0.68  | 66.9%
Pest | 50.88 | 36.44  | 5.81  | 4.05  | 1.25  | 0.66  | 72.9%
Somogy | 56.33 | 33.48  | 5.97  | 2.22  | 1.02  | 0.66  | 68.2%
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 61.66 | 29.04  | 5.59  | 1.64  | 0.91  | 0.80  | 65.4%
Tolna | 58.95 | 28.49  | 6.67  | 2.46  | 0.90  | 0.81  | 68.8%
Vas | 59.94 | 29.55  | 5.59  | 2.89  | 0.89  | 0.72  | 74.8%
Veszprém | 52.57 | 34.44  | 6.88  | 3.39  | 1.00  | 0.76  | 71.8%
Zala | 56.72 | 31.98  | 6.63  | 2.68  | 0.95  | 0.94  | 71.6%
Total in Hungary  | 52.45 | 36.15  | 6.15  | 3.42  | 1.10  | 0.73  | 70.21%
Diaspora | 93.89 | 4.12  | 1.06  | 0.61  | 0.10  | 0.22  | –
Total  | 54.13 | 34.44  | 5.88  | 3.27  | 1.04  | 0.70  | 69.59%

In the 2022 Hungarian election there were two main coalitions as well as some minor parties who had the ability to put together a party list. The two largest were the right-wing FIDESZ-KDNP coalition, and the big tent (mostly fromm center-right to left-wing) United for Hungary a coalition which consists of the following parties: DK, MSZP, Jobbik, Dialogue-The Greens' Party, LMP - Hungary's Green Party, and Momentum. There were also associate parties and movements such as ÚVNP, Liberals, New Start, MMM, 99 movement. There minor parties mentioned above who were not part of these two coalitions are as folllows: the far-right Our Homeland Movement which also won seats during the 2022 elections, a joke party called Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party, Megoldás Mozgalom, a party which wants to digitalize, and a party called Normális Élet Pártja primarily an anti-vaccine party. Another larger coalition was the so-called Leftist Alliance, comprising the socilaist ISZOMM (Igen Szolidaitás Mozgalom) and the communist Munkáspárt, and although they were unable to create a party list due to lacking enough signatures, however they still ran in 66 constituencies according to the electoral commission of Hungary [6]

## Judicial branches

[edit]

Constitutional Court of Hungary.

A fifteen-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality. This body was last filled in July 2010. Members are elected for a term of twelve years. Critics of the ruling coalition contend that since the Hungarian government filled the Constitutional Court with loyal judges, the institution mostly serves to legitimize government interests and has lost its original purpose as democratic defender of the rule of law and of human rights \- as several reports of independent human rights NGOs, such as the Hungarian Helsinki Committee emphasize.[7]

The president of the Supreme Court of Hungary (Curia) and the Hungarian civil and penal legal system he leads is fully independent of the Executive Branch.

The attorney general or chief prosecutor of Hungary is currently fully independent of the executive branch, but his status is actively debated.

Several ombudsman offices exist in Hungary to protect civil, minority, educational and ecological rights in non-judicial matters. They have held the authority to issue legally binding decisions since late 2003.

## Financial branch

[edit]

The central bank, the Hungarian National Bank was fully self-governing between 1990 and 2004, but new legislation gave certain appointment rights to the executive branch in November 2004 which is disputed before the Constitutional Court.

## Administrative divisions

[edit]

Hungary is divided in 19 counties (megyék, singular – megye), 23 urban counties* (megyei jogú városok, singular – megyei jogú város), and 1 capital city** (főváros); Bács-Kiskun, Baranya, Békés, Békéscsaba*, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Budapest**, Csongrád, Debrecen*, Dunaújváros*, Eger*, Érd*, Fejér, Győr*, Győr-Moson-Sopron, Hajdú-Bihar, Heves, Hódmezővásárhely*, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvár*, Kecskemét*, Komárom-Esztergom, Miskolc*, Nagykanizsa*, Nógrád, Nyíregyháza*, Pécs*, Pest, Salgótarján*, Somogy, Sopron*, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Szeged*, Szekszárd*, Székesfehérvár*, Szolnok*, Szombathely*, Tatabánya*, Tolna, Vas, Veszprém, Veszprém*, Zala, Zalaegerszeg*

## Involvement in international organisations

[edit]

Hungary is a member of the ABEDA, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, CEPI EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (member, as by 1 May 2004), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WCO, WFTU, Visegrád Group, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, and the Zangger Committee.

## Ministries

[edit]

Note: with restructuring and reorganisation, this information may change even within a governmental period.

Ministries of Hungary[8] English name | Hungarian name | Minister

|
|

The Prime Minister's Office | Miniszterelnökség | Gergely Gulyás
The Prime Minister's Cabinet Office | A Miniszterelnöki Kabinetiroda | Antal Rogán
Ministry of Home Affairs | Belügyminisztérium | Sándor Pintér
Ministry of Defence | Honvédelmi Minisztérium | Tibor Benkő
Ministry of Human Resources | Emberi Erőforrások Minisztériuma | Miklós Kásler
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | Külgazdasági és Külügyminisztérium | Péter Szijjártó
Ministry of Justice | Igazságügyi Minisztérium | Judit Varga
Ministry of Finance | Pénzügyminisztérium | Mihály Varga
Ministry of Agriculture | Agrárminisztérium | István Nagy
Ministry of Innovation and Technology | Innovációs és Technológiai Minisztérium | László Palkovics

### Ministers without portfolio

[edit]

* Ministers without portfolio: János Süli, Andrea Bártfai-Mager, Katalin Novák

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Of three constituencal candidates from the party two ran within the United for Hungary as associate members.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bakke, Elisabeth; Sitter, Nick (March 2022). "The EU's Enfants Terribles: Democratic Backsliding in Central Europe since 2010". Perspectives on Politics. 20 (1): 22–37\. doi:10.1017/S1537592720001292. hdl:20.500.14018/13797. ISSN 1537-5927.
2. ^ Dougall, David Mac; Palfi, Rita (3 April 2022). "Key Takeaways as Viktor Orbán Wins Fourth Consecutive Term". Euronews. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
3. ^ a b "Nemzeti Választási Iroda - Országgyűlési Választás 2022" [National Electoral Commission - Election of National Assembly Representatives 2022] (in Hungarian). 16 April 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022.
4. ^ "Részvételi arány az országgyűlési választásokon". ksh.hu.
5. ^ "Országgyűlési képviselők választása 2022 - országos listás szavazás eredménye". valasztas.hu.
6. ^ "Nemzeti Választási Iroda - Országgyűlési Választás 2022". vtr.valasztas.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 1 June 2025.
7. ^ "Hungary's Government Has Taken Control of the Constitutional Court". 25 March 2015.
8. ^ "Government Members". The Hungarian Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 5 February 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2010.

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