Pomerelia

Historical sub-region of Pomerania

Not to be confused with Pomerania.

Historical region in Poland

Pomerelia

* Pomorze Wschodnie (Polish)
* Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô (Kashubian)

Historical region

* From top, left to right: Toruń Old Town
* Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Pelplin
* Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk
* Town Hall, Chojnice
* Hel Peninsula

Pomerelia while part of Royal Prussia, a former province of the Kingdom of Poland

Coordinates: 54°22′00″N 18°38′00″E﻿ / ﻿54.366667°N 18.633333°E﻿ / 54.366667; 18.633333
Country|  Poland
Largest city| Gdańsk
Time zone| UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+2 (CEST)
Highways|

Pomerelia,[a] also known as Eastern Pomerania,[b] Vistula Pomerania,[c] and also before World War II as Polish Pomerania, is a historical sub-region of Pomerania on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland.

Gdańsk Pomerania[d] is largely coextensive with Pomerelia, but slightly narrower, as it does not include Chełmno Land or Michałów Land.

Its largest and most important city is Gdańsk. Since 1999 the region has formed the core of Pomeranian Voivodeship.

## Overview

[edit]

Pomerelia is located in northern Poland west of the Vistula river and east of the Łeba river, mostly within the Pomeranian Voivodeship, with southern part located in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and small parts in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has traditionally been divided into Kashubia, Kociewie, Tuchola Forest and Chełmno Land (including the Michałów Land, sometimes with the addition of Lubawa Land). The Lauenburg and Bütow Land is considered by Polish historiography a part of Kashubia (and thus Gdańsk Pomerania and Pomerelia), while German historiography tends to treat it as a part of Farther Pomerania. Pomerelia has been inhabited by ethnic Kashubians, Kociewians, Borowians and Chełminians, respectively.

## Name

[edit]

The term Pomerelia originally meant small-Pomerania and has been in use since the Middle Ages. The name served as a distinction from the regions Hither and Farther Pomerania to the west.

In the Polish language, the area has been called Pomorze ('Pomerania') since the Early Middle Ages. In the early 14th century, the Teutonic Knights annexed the region into their monastic state, which already included historical Prussia, located east of the region. As a result of Teutonic rule, the name of Prussia was extended to the lands east of the Vistula river, even though it hadn't been inhabited by Baltic Prussians (the majority of Pomerelia's inhabitants were Poles and Kashubians[1]). The earliest reference of the term Pomerelia can be found in the "Pomerellische Handveste" from 1441 by the Teutonic Grandmaster Konrad von Ehrlichshausen.[2]

The area was incorporated into the Crown of Poland following the Polish–Teutonic War (1454–1466).[3] Subsequently, two names were employed: Pomerelia was used when referring to the Pomeranian Voivodeship (Gdańsk Pomerania) and the Chełmno Voivodeship, while Royal Prussia was used as the name of the wider province, which, however, also included the Malbork Voivodeship and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, covering the Prussian historical areas of Pomesania, Pogesania and Warmia.

Location of the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772) within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

After the Partitions of Poland, the area was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and formed part of the newly established province of West Prussia. The term Pomerelia remained as a historical name for the region, but without any official meaning.

Outside of Prussia and later Germany, the area was termed Pomerelia (such as in the Belgian Theatrum Orbis Terrarum from 1570), Polish Pomerania (Pomorze Polskie) [4] or West Prussia.

The term Pomerelia fell out of use when the region became part of Poland in the 20th century, being replaced by terms like Gdansk Pomerania or Eastern Pomerania.

## History

[edit]

### Outline

[edit]

#### Early history

[edit]

Main article: Early history of Pomerania

Pomerelia (named M: Gdańsk) within Poland on a map showing West-Slavic and Lechitic peoples before 1125

In its early history, the territory which later became known as Pomerelia was the site of the Pomeranian culture (also called the Pomerelian face urn culture, 650-150 BC),[5] the Oksywie culture (150 BC-AD 1, associated with parts of the Rugii and Lemovii),[6] and the Wielbark Culture (AD 1–450, associated with Veneti, Goths, Rugii, Gepids).[7] In the mid-6th century Jordanes mentioned the Vistula estuary as the home of the Vidivarii.[8] Pomerelia was settled by West Slavic and Lechitic tribes[9] in the 7th and 8th centuries.[10]

#### Early medieval Poland

[edit]

For a list of Polish monarchs, see List of Polish monarchs.

For a list of dukes, see Pomeranian duchies and dukes.

In the tenth century, Pomerelia was already settled by West-Slavic Pomeranians. The area was conquered and incorporated into early medieval Poland either by Duke Mieszko I – the first historical Polish ruler \- in the second half of the tenth century[11] or even earlier, by his father, in the 940s or 950s[12] - the date of incorporation is unknown.[13] Mieszko founded Gdańsk to control the mouth of the Vistula between 970 and 980,.[14] According to Józef Spors, despite some cultural differences, the inhabitants of the whole of Pomerania had very close ties with residents of other Piast provinces,[15] from which Pomerelia was separated by large stretches of woodlands and swamps.[13]

The Piasts introduced Christianity to pagan Pomerelia, though it is disputed to what extent the conversion materialized.[16] In the eleventh century the region had loosened its close connections with the kingdom of Poland and subsequently for some years formed an independent duchy.[17] Most scholars suggest that Pomerelia was still part of Poland during the reign of king Bolesław I of Poland and his son Mieszko II Lambert. However, there are also different opinions e.g. Peter Oliver Loew suggests the Slavs in Pomerelia severed their ties with the Piasts and reverted the Piasts' introduction of Christianity already in the first years of the 11th century.[18] The exact date of separation is unknown, however. It was suggested that the inhabitants of Pomerelia participated in the Pagan reaction in Poland, actively supported Miecław who intended to detach Masovia from the power of the rulers of Poland, but after the defeat of Miecław in 1047 accepted the rule of duke Casimir I the Restorer and that the province remained a part of Poland till the 1060s, when Pomerelian troops took part in the expedition of the Polish king Bolesław II the Generous against Bohemia in 1061 or 1068. Duke Bolesław suffered a defeat during the siege of Hradec and had to retreat to Poland. Soon after Pomerelia separated from his realm.[19] A campaign by Piast duke Władysław I Herman to conquer Pomerelia in 1090–91 was unsuccessful, but resulted in the burning of many Pomerelian forts during the retreat.[13]

In 1116, direct control over Pomerelia was reestablished by Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland,[20] who by 1122 had also conquered the central and western parts of Pomerania.[21] While the latter regions (forming the Duchy of Pomerania) regained independence quickly, Pomerelia remained within the Polish realm. It was administered by governors of a local dynasty, the Samborides, and subordinated to the bishopric of Włocławek.[13] In 1138, following the death of Bolesław III, Poland was fragmented into several provincial principalities. The principes in Pomerelia gradually gained more local power, evolving into semi-independent entities, much like other fragmented Polish territories, with the difference that the other parts of the realm were governed by Piast descendants of Bolesław III. The Christian centre became Oliwa Abbey near Gdańsk.

Two Samborides administering Pomerelia in the 12th century are known by name: Sobieslaw I and his son, Sambor I.[13]

#### Danish conquest and independence

[edit]

In 1210, king Valdemar II of Denmark invaded Pomerelia, whose princeps Mestwin I became his vassal.[22] The Danish suzerainty did not last long, however. Mestwin had already gained more independence from Poland and expanded southward, and his son Swietopelk II, who succeeded him in 1217,[23] gained full independence in 1227.[17]

#### Duchy of Pomerelia

[edit]

After Mestwin I's death, Pomerelia was internally divided among his sons Swietopelk II, Wartislaw, Sambor II and Ratibor.[24] Swietopelk II, who took his seat in Gdańsk, assumed a leading position over his brothers: Sambor II, who received the castellany of Lubieszewo (the center later moved to Tczew), and Ratibor, who received the Białogard area, were initially under his tutelage.[24] The fourth brother, Wartislaw, took his seat in Świecie, thus controlling the second important area besides Gdańsk.[24] Wartislaw died before 27 December 1229, his share was to be given to Oliwa Abbey by his brothers.[25] The remaining brothers engaged in a civil war: Sambor II and Ratibor allied with the Teutonic Order[25][26] and the Duke of Kuyavia[25] against Swietopelk, who in turn allied with the Old Prussians,[26] took Ratibor prisoner and temporarily assumed control over the latter's share.[25] The revolt of the Old Prussians against the Teutonic Order in 1242 took place in the context of these alliances.[26] Peace was restored only in the Treaty of Christburg (Dzierzgoń) in 1249, mediated by the later pope Urban IV, then papal legate and archidiacone of Lüttich (Liege).[26]

In the west, the Pomerelian dukes' claim to the lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk), where the last Ratiboride duke Ratibor II had died after 1223, was challenged by the Griffin dukes of Pomerania, Barnim I and Wartislaw III.[27] In this conflict, Swietopelk II initially won the upper hand, but could not force a final decision.[27]

Swietopelk II, who styled himself dux. since 1227, chartered the town of Gdańsk with Lübeck law and invited the Dominican Order.[23] His conflicts with the Teutonic Order, who had become his eastern neighbor in 1230, were settled in 1253 by exempting the order from the Vistula dues.[23] With Swietopelk II's death in 1266, the rule of his realm passed to his sons Wartislaw and Mestwin II.[23] These brothers initiated another civil war, with Mestwin II allying with and pledging allegiance to the Brandenburg margraves (Treaty of Arnswalde/Choszczno 1269).[23] The margraves, who in the 1269 treaty also gained the land of Białogarda, were also supposed to help Mestwin II securing the lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk), which after Swietopelk II's death were in part taken over by Barnim III.[28] With the margraves' aid, Mestwin II succeeded in expelling Wartislaw from Gdansk in 1270/71.[23] The lands of Schlawe/Slawno, however, were taken over by Mestwin II's nephew Wizlaw II, prince of Rügen in 1269/70, who founded the town of Rügenwalde (now Darlowo) near the fort of Dirlow.[28]

In 1273, Mestwin found himself in open conflict against the margraves who refused to remove their troops from Gdańsk, Mestwin's possession, which he had been forced to temporarily lease to them during his struggles against Wartisław and Sambor. Since the lease had now expired, through this action, the Margrave Conrad broke the Treaty of Arnswalde/Choszczno and subsequent agreements. His aim was to capture as much of Mestwin's Pomerelia as possible. Mestwin, unable to dislodge the Brandenburgian troops himself called in the aid of Bolesław the Pious, whose troops took the city with a direct attack. The war against Brandenburg ended in 1273 with a treaty [29] (possibly signed at Drawno Bridge), in which Brandenburg returned Gdańsk to Mestwin while he paid feudal homage to the margraves for the lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk).[30]

On February 15, 1282, High Duke of Poland and Wielkopolska Przemysł II and the Duke of Pomerelia Mestwin II, signed the Treaty of Kępno which transferred the suzerainty over Pomerelia to Przemysł.[31] As a result of the treaty the period of Pomerelian independence ended and the region was again part of Poland. Przemysł adopted the title dux Polonie et Pomeranie (Duke of Poland and Pomerania).[32] Mestwin, per the agreement, retained de facto control over the province until his death in 1294, at which time Przemysł, who was already the de jure ruler of the territory, took it under his direct rule.[31]

The hereditary ruleta of the Duchy included as follows:

* Świętobor, Duke (11th–12th century)
* Swietopelk I, Duke (1109/13–1121)
* Sobieslaw I, Duke (1150s–1177/79)
* Sambor I, Duke (1177/79–1205)
* Mestwin I, Duke (1205–1219/20)
* Swietopelk II, Duke (1215–1266)
* Mestwin II, Duke (1273–1294)
* Przemysł II, Duke (1294–1296)

#### Late medieval Poland

[edit]

After the death of Mestwin II of Pomerania in 1294, his co-ruler Przemysł II of Poland, according to the Treaty of Kępno, took control over Pomerelia. He was crowned as king of Poland in 1295, but ruled directly only over Pomerelia and Greater Poland, while the rest of the country (Silesia, Lesser Poland, Masovia) was ruled by other Piasts. However, Przemysł was murdered soon afterwards and succeeded by Władysław I the Elbow-high. Władysław, sold his rights to the Duchy of Kraków to King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia in 1297 and accepted him as his suzerain in 1299. However, he lost control of Greater Poland and Pomerelia in 1300 after a nobility revolt.[33] These were captured by Wenceslaus who now, after gaining most of the Polish lands, was crowned in Gniezno as king of Poland by archbishop Jakub Świnka[34] Upon the deaths of Wenceslaus and his successor Wenceslaus III and with them the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty, Pomerelia was recaptured by Władysław I the Elbow-high in 1306.

#### Teutonic Order

[edit]

Pomerelia as a part of the Teutonic Knights' state in the early 14th century

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Main articles: Teutonic takeover of Danzig, Teutonic Order state, Royal Prussia, and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

During Władysław's rule, the Margraviate of Brandenburg staked its claim on the territory in 1308, leading the local governor appointed by Władysław I the Elbow-high to request assistance from the Teutonic Knights, who evicted the Brandenburgers but took the area for themselves, annexing and incorporating it into the Teutonic Order state in 1309 (Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) and Treaty of Soldin/Myślibórz). At the same time, Słupsk and Sławno became part of the Duchy of Pomerania. This event caused a long-lasting dispute between Poland and the Teutonic Order over the control of Gdańsk Pomerania. It resulted in a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars throughout the 14th and 15th centuries.

#### Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

[edit]

In 1440, many cities of the region joined the newly formed anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.[35] In 1454, the organization asked Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to reincorporate the region into the Kingdom of Poland, to which the King agreed and signed an act of re-incorporation in Kraków.[36] After the subsequent Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), the longest of all Polish–Teutonic wars, the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to the region and recognized it as part of Poland.[37] Pomerelia was organized into the Pomeranian Voivodeship, part of the larger Polish provinces of Royal Prussia within Greater Poland Province. Lauenburg and Bütow Land (Lębork and Bytów) was a Polish fief ruled by Pomeranian dukes until 1637, when it was incorporated directly into Poland. In early modern times Gdańsk was the biggest city of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and most of its exports (especially grain) were made through the port. Gdańsk and Żuławy Wiślane were mostly German/Dutch-speaking Lutheran or Reformed, while most of the region remained Polish/Kashubian Catholic. In the 17th century Pomerelia was attacked and destroyed by a Swedish army.

#### Partitions of Poland

[edit]

Pomerelia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the late 18th century Partitions of Poland, becoming part of the new Province of West Prussia, and part of Germany in 1871. The region was subjected to intense Germanisation policies.

#### Interwar period

[edit]

After World War I, in 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic, and the Treaty of Versailles restored most of the region from Weimar Germany back to Poland, forming the Pomeranian Voivodeship (Greater Pomerania as of 1938). Gdańsk with Żuławy became the Free City of Danzig. In the interbellum, German propaganda coined the term of Polish Corridor in reference to the region.

#### World War II

[edit]

The region was the site of the Battle of Westerplatte, the first battle of the German invasion of Poland which started World War II in September 1939, as well as several other important battles incl. at Hel, Gdynia and Kępa Oksywska. Afterwards it was occupied and illegally annexed by Nazi Germany, and the Polish population was subjected to various crimes, such as mass arrests, imprisonment, slave labor, kidnapping of children, deportations to Nazi concentration camps and genocide, incl. the Intelligenzaktion. The Germans established the Stutthof concentration camp, the first Nazi concentration camp outside of pre-war German borders, with multiple subcamps in the region. Major sites of massacres of Poles in the region included Piaśnica, Szpęgawsk, Mniszek, Igielska Valley, Luszkówko, Skarszewy, Rudzki Most and Grupa.[38]

#### Post-war period

[edit]

After the defeat of Germany in the war in 1945, almost the entire region, including the former Free City of Danzig, was reclaimed by Poland according to the Potsdam Agreement, except for a small portion of the Vistula Spit around the village of Narmeln (Polski) which was annexed by the Soviet Union. The local German minority population which included numerous members of the Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz complicit in its atrocities, fled or was expelled to Germany, also in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement.

#### Contemporary

[edit]

Historic Pomerelia nowadays forms the bulk of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, but its southern part is part of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, while a small western fragment (Gmina Biały Bór) is in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

### Historical population

[edit]

Administrative divisions and languages in West Prussia, which included Pomerelia according to German census of 1910; the numbers in the census included German military stationed in the region, as well as civil clerks and officials, who were settled as part of German state's alleged policy of Germanisation of Polish areas. Kashubs and other Poles who spoke German were considered German.[39][40][41][42][43]
Legend for the districts:

German language

Polish language

Kashubian language

others or bilingual

During the Early Middle Ages Pomerelia (the name comes from Proto-Slavic "po more", which means "land at the sea") was inhabited by West Slavic, Lechitic tribes, with occasional presence of Scandinavians operating a few trading posts in the area. The region then became a territory of the nascent Polish state and continued as such (briefly interrupted by a Danish invasion) into the 12th century. In contrast to the gradual and mostly peaceful process of Ostsiedlung occurring at the time in some other regions such as Silesia or Farther Pomerania, Pomerelia was instead violently overrun by the State of the Teutonic Order including the principal city of the territory. In the latter case, the troops of the German monastic state exterminated the original Polish inhabitants of the city and initiated a massive colonisation campaign to hastily repopulate the area with numerous German-speaking settlers, especially in major urban areas, while in smaller towns and in rural areas, speakers of Kashubian and Greater Polish (i.e. Kociewiacy, and Borowiacy) predominated.[44] The Teutonic Order developed the land in amelioration projects, dyking of the founding of German-settled Estates and villages.[45]

As the result of the Thirteen Years' War of 1454-1466, Pomerelia became part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland again, within the province of Royal Prussia (which along Pomerelia also included the western rim of the actual region of Prussia, namely Warmia as well as Malbork Land, the latter comprising northern parts of Pomesania and Pogesania). After the Partitions of Poland in 1772–1795, historical Pomerelia became part of the new province of West Prussia within the Kingdom of Prussia. Temporarily, during the Napoleonic Wars until 1815, Gdańsk became a Free City, while southern portions of West Prussia with Toruń became parts of the Duchy of Warsaw. Perhaps the earliest census figures (from years 1817 and 1819) about the ethnic or national composition of the region come from Prussian data published in 1823. At that time, entire West Prussia (of which historical Pomerelia was part) had 630,077 inhabitants – 327,300 ethnic Poles (52%), 290,000 Germans (46%) and 12,700 Jews (2%).[46] In this data Kashubians are included with Poles, while Mennonites (numbering 2% of West Prussia's population) are included with Germans.

Ethnic structure (Nationalverschiedenheit) of West Prussia (including Pomerelia) in 1819[46] Ethnic or national group  | Population

|

Number  | Percentage
Poles  | 327,300  | 52%
Germans  | 290,000  | 46%
Jews  | 12,700  | 2%
Total | 630,077 | 100%

Another German author, Karl Andree, in his book "Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht" (Leipzig 1831), gives the total population of West Prussia as 700,000 inhabitants – including 50% Poles (350,000), 47% Germans (330,000) and 3% Jews (20,000).[47]

There are also estimates of the religious structure (number of temples) of the pre-1772 Pomerelian Voivodeship of Poland. Around year 1772 that voivodeship had 221 (66,6%) Roman Catholic, 79 (23,8%) Lutheran, 23 (6,9%) Jewish, six (1,8%) Mennonite, two (0,6%) Czech Brethren and one (0,3%) Calvinist churches:

Number of churches of each denomination and synagogues in Royal Prussia around 1772[44] Voivodeship  | Roman Catholic  | Lutheran  | Calvinist  | Czech Brethren  | Mennonite  | Jewish

|
|
|
|
|
|

Pomerelia | 221  | 79  | 1  | 2  | 6  | 23
Lębork-Bytów | 15  | 23  | 1  | \-  | \-  | \-
Malbork | 62  | 47  | 1  | \-  | 9  | \-
Warmia | 124  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-
Chełmno | 151  | 11  | \-  | 1  | 1  | 9
TOTAL Royal Prussia  | 573  | 160  | 3  | 3  | 16  | 32

## See also

[edit]

* History of Pomerania
* Kashubia
* Kociewie
* Chełmno Land
* Tuchola Forest
* List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes
* Olędrzy
* Żuławy Wiślane

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ German: Pom(m)erellen [pɔməˈʁɛlən] ⓘ; Latin: Pomerellia or Pomerania.
2. ^ Polish: Pomorze Wschodnie; Kashubian: Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô.
3. ^ Polish: Pomorze Nadwiślańskie.
4. ^ Polish: Pomorze Gdańskie; Kashubian: Gduńsczé Pòmòrzé; German: Danziger Pommern.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Friedrich, Karin (2011). Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466-1806 The Rise of a Composite State. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13\. ISBN 9780230356962. "In Pomerelia, the Polish and Kaszub population formed the majority and eventually served the Order as loyal subjects, holding land and following their own Polish traditions."
2. ^ Reinhold Cramer: Ueber den Ursprung des Wortes Pomerellen und die pomerellische Handveste. In: Anzeiger für Kunde der deutschen Vorzeit, Neue Folge. Organ des Germanischen Museums. Achter Band, Jahrgang 1861, Sp. 6–9 (Google Books).
3. ^ Friedrich 2011, p. 19.
4. ^ James Boswell, The Scots Magazine, t. 35, Edinburgh 1773, p 687 Google Books, The Magazine of Magazines t. 13, Limerick 1757 p. 158 Google Books, John Mottley, The history of the life of Peter I., emperor of Russia, London 1739, p. 89 Google Books, The Universal Magazine, t. 20, London 1757, p. 50 Google Books
5. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.23, ISBN 83-906184-8-6
6. ^ J. B. Rives on Tacitus, Germania, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.311, ISBN 0-19-815050-4
7. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.25, ISBN 83-906184-8-6
8. ^ Andrew H. Merrills, History and Geography in Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.325, ISBN 0-521-84601-3
9. ^ Gerhard Köbler, Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, 7th edition, C.H.Beck, 2007, p.532, ISBN 3-406-54986-1
10. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.29, ISBN 83-906184-8-6
11. ^ Jerzy Strzelczyk [in:] The New Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 523 ISBN 0-521-36447-7 Google Books
12. ^ J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gdańskie, Gdańsk 1991, p. 68
13. ^ a b c d e Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 32.
14. ^ J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gdańskie, Gdańsk 1991, p. 69–70
15. ^ J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gdańskie, Gdańsk 1991, p. 67
16. ^ Machilek, Franz: Strukturen und Repräsentanten der Kirche Polens im Mittelalter, in Dietmar Popp, Robert Suckale (eds.): Die Jagiellonen. Kunst und Kultur einer europäischen Dynastie an der Wende zur Neuzeit (Wissenschaftliche Beibände zum Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums, Bd. 21), Nürnberg 2002, pp. 109–122; 109.
17. ^ a b James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p. 375, ISBN 0-313-30984-1
18. ^ Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 32; while James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, p. 375 generally speaks of the 11th century.
19. ^ J. Spors (in:) J. Borzyszkowski (red.) Pomorze w dziejach Polski, Nr 19 - Pomorze Gdańskie, Gdańsk 1991, p. 73, B. Śliwiński (red.) Wielka Historia Polski, t. I do 1320, Kraków 1997, p. 89-90. Both these authors connect the unsuccessful campaign against he Czechs with the loss of Pomerelia.
20. ^ Andrzej Chwalba (2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.). Kalendarium Historii Polski (in Polish). Kraków. p. 45\. ISBN 83-08-03136-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
21. ^ Andrzej Chwalba (2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.). Kalendarium Historii Polski (in Polish). Kraków. pp. 45–56\. ISBN 83-08-03136-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
22. ^ Andrzej Chwalba (2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.). Kalendarium Historii Polski (in Polish). Kraków. p. 58\. ISBN 83-08-03136-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
23. ^ a b c d e f Loew, Peter Oliver: Danzig. Biographie einer Stadt, Munich 2011, p. 33.
24. ^ a b c Lingenberg, Heinz: Die Anfänge des Klosters Oliva und die Entstehung der deutschen Stadt Danzig. Die frühe Geschichte der beiden Gemeinwesen bis 1308/10 (Kieler historische Studien, Bd. 30), Stuttgart 1982, p. 191.
25. ^ a b c d Hirsch, Theodor et al. (eds.): Scriptores rerum Prussicarum, vol. 1, Leipzig 1861, pp. 67, 686-687.
26. ^ a b c d Wichert, Sven: Das Zisterzienskloster Doberan im Mittelalter (Studien zur Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur der Zisterzienser, vol. 9), Berlin 2000, p. 208
27. ^ a b Schmidt, Roderich: Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse, Köln/Weimar 2007, pp. 141-142.
28. ^ a b Schmidt, Roderich: Das historische Pommern. Personen, Orte, Ereignisse, Köln/Weimar 2007, p. 143.
29. ^ Full text of the treaty of Drage Bridge (1273) (in Latin) in Morin FH (1838): Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis I, p. 121.
30. ^ B. Śliwiński (red.) Wielka Historia Polski, t. I do 1320, Kraków 1997, p. 205
31. ^ a b Muzeum Historii Polski (2010). "Układ w Kępnie między Przemysłem II a Mszczujem II Pomorskim". Muzhp.pl. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
32. ^ Aneta Kwiatkowska (March 12, 2008). "O przesławnych książętach pomorskich". dziedzictwo.polska.pl. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
33. ^ Andrzej Chwalba (2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.). Kalendarium Historii Polski (in Polish). Kraków. pp. 70–71\. ISBN 83-08-03136-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
34. ^ Andrzej Chwalba (2000). Wydawnictwo Literackie (ed.). Kalendarium Historii Polski (in Polish). Kraków. p. 71\. ISBN 83-08-03136-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
35. ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. XXXVII.
36. ^ Górski, pp. 51, 56
37. ^ Górski, p. 88-90, 206-207
38. ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. pp. 145–153, 167, 169–170, 182.
39. ^ Andrzej Chwalba \- Historia Polski 1795-1918 pages 461-463
40. ^ Anna Cienciala Lecture Notes 11 The Rebirth of Poland, The University of Kansas
41. ^ Poloźenie mniejszości niemieckej w Polsce, 1918-1938 1969 Stanisław Kazimierz Potocki Wydawn. Morskie, page 30
42. ^ Ruch polski na Śląsku Opolskim w latach 1922-1939 - page 15 Marek Masnyk - 1989
43. ^ Dzieje robotników przemysłowych w Polsce pod zaborami Elżbieta Kaczyńska Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1970, page 75To show lower number of Poles, settled German soldiers were automatically included. The census of 1910 was most likely falsified
44. ^ a b Szady, Bogumił (2010). Geography of Religious and Denominational Structures in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom in the Second Half of the 18th Century (PDF). Wydawnictwo KUL. pp. 164–165.
45. ^ Kazimierz Śmigiel (1992). Die statistischen Erhebungen über die deutschen Katholiken in den Bistümern Polens, 1928 und 1936. J.G. Herder-Institut. p. 117.
46. ^ a b Hassel, Georg (1823). Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt. Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 42.
47. ^ Andree, Karl (1831). Polen: in geographischer, geschichtlicher und culturhistorischer Hinsicht. Verlag von Ludwig Schumann. p. 212.

## External links

[edit]

Media related to Pomerelia at Wikimedia Commons

* Map of Pomerelia (within a map of the Holy Roman Empire, 1138–1254)

* v
* t
* e

Geography of Pomerania

Regions|

| Current|

* Western Pomerania
* Farther Pomerania
* Pomerelia
* Gdańsk Pomerania
* Kashubia
* Kociewie
* Tuchola Forest
* Chełmno Land
* Michałów Land
* Lubawa Land

|

Former|

* Circipania
* Lauenburg and Bütow Land
* Lands of Schlawe and Stolp

Administration|

* Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Brandenburg
* West Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Pomerania Euroregion

Cities and towns|

* Anklam
* Barth
* Demmin
* Gartz
* Greifswald
* Grudziądz
* Heringsdorf
* Kołobrzeg
* Koszalin
* Ribnitz-Damgarten
* Sagard
* Sassnitz
* Słupsk
* Stargard
* Starogard Gdański
* Stralsund
* Świnoujście
* Szczecin
* Tczew
* Toruń
* Tricity metro
* Gdańsk
* Gdynia
* Sopot
* Ueckermünde
* Wejherowo
* Wolgast
* Zingst

* List of towns in Western Pomerania
* List of towns in Farther Pomerania
* List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania
* A–H
* I–P
* Q–Z

Inhabited islands|

* Kirr
* Hiddensee
* Ummanz
* Dänholm
* Rügen
* Öhe
* Riems
* Vilm
* Greifswalder Oie
* Görmitz
* Usedom
* Karsibór
* Wolin
* Wolińska Kępa
* Chrząszczewska
* Pucka
* Grodzka
* Kępa Parnicka
* Zaleskie Łęgi
* Zielona
* Łasztownia
* Ostrów Grabowski
* Salt Island
* Młyńska Island
* Port
* Ołowianka
* Ostrów
* Sobieszewo

Peninsulae and headlands|

* Darß-Zingst
* Jasmund
* Hel
* Mönchgut
* Reddevitz Höft
* Rewa Sandbar
* Cape Rozewie
* Cape Rzucewo
* Westerplatte
* Wittow
* Cape Arkona
* Bug
* Schaabe
* Zudar
* Palmer Ort

Rivers|

* Brda
* Drawa
* Drwęca
* Dziwna
* Grabowa
* Gwda
* Ina
* Łeba
* Motława
* Oder
* West
* East
* Regalica
* Parsęta
* Peene
* Peenestrom
* Piaśnica
* Płonia
* Radunia
* Randow
* Recknitz
* Reda
* Rega
* Ryck
* Słupia
* Świna
* Tollense
* Trebel
* Uecker
* Vistula
* Leniwka
* Śmiała Wisła
* Martwa Wisła
* Przekop Canal
* Wda
* Wieprza
* Wierzyca

Lakes|

* Charzykowskie Lake
* Dąbie Lake
* Drawsko Lake
* Gardno Lake
* Jamno Lake
* Lake Kummerow
* Łebsko Lake
* Miedwie Lake
* Raduńskie Lake
* Wdzydze Lake
* Wicko Lake

Bays, lagoons|

* Achterwasser
* Balmer See
* Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain
* Bodstedter Bodden
* Barther Bodden
* Grabow
* Bay of Gdańsk
* Bay of Puck
* Bay of Pomerania
* Bay of Greifswald
* Rügischer Bodden
* Hagensche Wiek
* Having
* Wreecher See
* Kamieński Lagoon
* North Rügen Bodden
* Wieker Bodden
* Rassower Strom
* Großer Jasmunder Bodden
* Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden
* Prorer Wiek
* Szczecin Lagoon
* Nowe Warpno Bay
* Neuwarper See
* Tromper Wiek
* West Rügen Bodden
* Vitter Bodden
* Schaproder Bodden
* Udarser Wiek
* Kubitzer Bodden
* Liebitz

National parks|

* Western Pomerania Lagoon Area
* Jasmund
* Lower Oder Valley
* Wolin
* Drawa
* Slovincian
* Bory Tucholskie

* v
* t
* e

History of Pomerania

* 10,000 BC - 600 AD
* 600-1100
* 1100-1300
* 1300-1500
* 1500-1806
* 1806-1933
* 1933-1945
* 1945-present

Administrative

Western Pomerania

* Billung March
* Northern March
* Principality of Rügen
* Duchy of Pomerania
* House of Pomerania
* List of dukes
* Gützkow
* Partitions
* Pomerania-Demmin
* Pomerania-Stettin
* Pomerania-Schlawe
* Pomerania-Wolgast
* Pomerania-Stolp
* Pomerania-Neustettin
* Pomerania-Stargard
* Pomerania-Rügenwalde
* Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp
* Pomerania-Barth
* Swedish Pomerania
* Province of Pomerania 1815-1945
* Stettin Region
* Stralsund Region
* List of placenames
* Enclave of Police
* Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
* Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952
* Bezirk Frankfurt
* Bezirk Neubrandenburg
* Bezirk Rostock
* Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Contemporary
* Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Brandenburg
* West Pomeranian Voivodeship

|

Farther Pomerania

* Duchy of Pomerania
* House of Pomerania
* List of dukes
* Cammin
* Schlawe-Stolp
* Partitions
* Pomerania-Stolp
* Brandenburgian Pomerania
* Starostwo of Draheim
* Province of Pomerania 1815-1945
* Stettin Region
* Köslin Region
* List of placenames
* Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
* Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
* Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Contemporary
* West Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Pomeranian Voivodeship

Lauenburg-Bütow
classified as
Farther Pomerania
or Pomerelia|

* Duchy of Pomerania
* House of Pomerania
* List of dukes
* Partitions
* Royal Prussia
* Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn
* Brandenburgian Pomerania
* Lauenburg and Bütow Land
* Province of Pomerania 1815–1945
* Köslin Region
* Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
* Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
* Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Contemporary
* Pomeranian Voivodeship

Pomerelia
(Kashubia,
Kociewie,
Tuchola Forest,
Chełmno Land)|

* Polish Pomerelia
* Danish Pomerelia
* Duchy of Eastern Pomerania
* Samborides
* Duchy of Gdańsk
* Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo
* Duchy of Białogarda
* Duchy of Lubiszewo
* Duchy of Świecie
* State of the Teutonic Order
* Royal Prussia 1466–1793
* Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Chełmno Voivodeship
* Free City of Danzig 1807–1814
* West Prussia
* Posen-West Prussia Region
* Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919-1939 (Polish Corridor)
* Free City of Danzig 1920-1939
* Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia
* Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975
* Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975
* Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975
* Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975
* Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Słupsk Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Toruń Voivodeship 1975–1998
* Contemporary
* Pomeranian Voivodeship
* West Pomeranian Voivodeship
* Gmina Biały Bór
* Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Ecclesiastical

| Roman Catholic|

| Historical|

* Christianization of Pomerania
* Diocese of Wollin/Cammin
* Diocese of Kolberg
* Diocese of Chełmno
* Diocese of Roskilde
* Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany
* Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania
* Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig
* Apostolic Administration of Tütz
* Prelature of Schneidemühl
* Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl) with see in Gorzów Wielkopolski 1945–1972

|

Extant|

* Archdiocese of Berlin
* Diocese of Bydgoszcz
* Archdiocese of Gdańsk
* Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg
* Diocese of Pelplin
* Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień
* Diocese of Toruń
* Diocese of Włocławek

Protestant|

| Historical|

* Protestant Reformation

* Evangelical State Church in Prussia
* Pomeranian Evangelical Church

|

Extant|

* Protestant Church in Germany
* Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany
* Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania
* Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany
* Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
* Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland
* Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław
* Pentecostal Church in Poland

Demography and anthropology

| Archaeological cultures|

* Hamburg
* Maglemosian
* Ertebølle-Ellerbek
* Linear Pottery
* Funnelbeaker
* Havelland
* Corded Ware
* Comb Ceramic
* Nordic Bronze Age
* Lusatian
* Jastorf
* Pomeranian
* Oksywie
* Wielbark
* Gustow
* Dębczyn (Denzin)

|

Peoples|

* Gepids
* Goths
* Lemovii
* Rugii
* Vidivarii
* Vistula Veneti
* Slavic Pomeranians
* Prissani
* Rani
* Ukrani
* Veleti
* Lutici
* Velunzani
* German Pomeranians
* Kashubians
* Poles
* Slovincians

Major demographic events|

* Migration Period
* Ostsiedlung
* WWII flight and expulsion of Germans
* Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians

Languages and dialects|

| West Germanic|

* Low German
* Low Prussian
* Central Pomeranian
* Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
* East Pomeranian
* West Pomeranian
* Standard German

|

West Slavic|

* Polabian
* Polish
* Pomeranian
* Kashubian
* Slovincian

Treaties

| 1200-1500|

* Kremmen (1236)
* Landin (1250)
* Kępno (1282)
* Soldin (1309)
* Templin (1317)
* Ueckermünde (1327)
* Kalisz (1343)
* Stralsund (1354)
* Stralsund (1370)
* Pyzdry (1390)
* Raciążek (1404)
* Thorn, First (1411)
* Eberswalde, First (1415)
* Melno (1422)
* Perleberg (1427)
* Eberswalde, Second (1427)
* Łęczyca (1433)
* Brześć Kujawski (1435)
* Soldin (1466)
* Thorn, Second (1466)
* Prenzlau (1448/1468/1472/1479)
* Pyritz (1493)

|

1500-1700|

* Thorn (1521)
* Kraków (1525)
* Grimnitz (1529)
* Augsburg (1555)
* Lublin (1569)
* Stettin (1570)
* Franzburg (1627)
* Stettin (1630)
* Westphalia (1648)
* Stettin (1653)
* Labiau (1656)
* Wehlau and Bromberg (1657)
* Oliva (1660)
* Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
* Lund (1679)

1700-present|

* Stockholm (1719 / 1720)
* Frederiksborg (1720)
* Polish Partitions Treaties (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)
* Tilsit (1807)
* Kiel (1814)
* Vienna (1815)
* North German Confederation Treaty (1866)
* Peace of Prague (1866)
* Versailles (1919)
* Polish Concordat (1925)
* Prussian Concordat (1929)
* Reichskonkordat (1933)
* Molotov–Ribbentrop (1939)
* Potsdam (1945)
* Zgorzelec (1951)
* Moscow (1970)
* Warsaw (1970)
* Helsinki Accords (1975)
* Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement (1989)
* Two Plus Four (1990)
* German Reunification Treaty (1990)
* German–Polish Border Treaty (1991)
* Treaty of Good Neighbourship (1991)
* Polish Concordat (1993)
* Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution (1996)
* Treaty of Accession 2003

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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