Pope Gregory XI

Head of the Catholic Church from 1370 to 1378

Pope

Gregory XI

Bishop of Rome

Gregory XI entering the Palace of the Popes, Avignon

Church| Catholic Church
Papacy began| 30 December 1370
Papacy ended| 27 March 1378
Predecessor| Urban V
Successor| Urban VI
Orders
Ordination| 2 January 1371
Consecration| 3 January 1371
by Guy of Boulogne
Created cardinal| 29 May 1348
by Clement VI
Personal details
Born|

Pierre Roger de Beaufort

c. 1329

Maumont, Limousin, Kingdom of France

Died| 27 March 1378 (aged 48–49)
Rome, Papal States
Coat of arms|
Other popes named Gregory
Papal styles of
Pope Gregory XI

Reference style| His Holiness
Spoken style| Your Holiness
Religious style| Holy Father
Posthumous style| None

Pope Gregory XI (Latin: Gregorius XI; born Pierre Roger de Beaufort; c. 1329 – 27 March 1378) was head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1370 to his death, in March 1378. He was the seventh and last Avignon pope[1] and the most recent French pope. In 1377, Gregory XI returned the papal court to Rome, ending nearly 70 years of papal residency in Avignon, in modern-day France. His death was swiftly followed by the Western Schism involving two Avignon-based antipopes.

## Early life

[edit]

Pierre Roger de Beaufort was born at Maumont, France, around 1330. His uncle, Pierre Cardinal Roger, Archbishop of Rouen, was elected pope in 1342 and took the name Clement VI. Clement VI bestowed a number of benefices upon his nephew and in 1348, created the eighteen-year-old a cardinal deacon. The young cardinal attended the University of Perugia, where he became a skilled canonist and theologian.[2]

## Conclave 1370

[edit]

Main article: 1370 papal conclave

Coronation of Gregory XI

After the death of Pope Urban V (December 1370), eighteen cardinals assembled at Avignon entered the conclave on 29 December. Cardinal Roger was unanimously elected on 30 December.[3] Though initially opposing his own election, Roger eventually accepted and took the name of Gregory XI. On 4 January 1371 he was ordained to the priesthood by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Guy de Boulogne, and on 5 January was consecrated Bishop of Rome and crowned by the new protodeacon Rinaldo Orsini in the cathedral Notre Dame des Doms in Avignon.[4]

## Papacy

[edit]

Immediately on his accession he attempted to reconcile the Kings of France and England, but failed. Gregory confirmed a treaty between Sicily and Naples at Villeneuve-lès-Avignon on 20 August 1372, which brought about a permanent settlement between the rival kingdoms, which were both papal fiefs.[5]

Gregory also tried to undertake a crusade due to pleas from Catherine of Siena in 1376[6] by continuing Pope Urban V's call for Christians to stop fighting other Christians, which Urban called for in November 1366.[7] Efforts were also made to reform corrupt practices in the various monastic orders, such as collecting fees from persons visiting holy sites and the exhibiting of faux relics of saints.[6]

Like the preceding popes of Avignon, Gregory XI made the mistake of appointing Frenchmen, who did not understand the Italians and whom the Italians hated, as legates and governors of the ecclesiastical provinces in Italy. Italian city states opposed the move of the papacy back to Rome and specifically Florence opposed to the move due to Gregory wanting to expand the Papal states upon the papal return to Rome.[8] Before moving to Rome, however, he had to give his entire attention to the turbulent affairs of Italy. Duke Bernabo Visconti of Milan, had, in 1371, made himself master of Reggio and other places that were feudatory to the Holy See. Gregory XI excommunicated him and later declared war on him in 1372 against a Florentine led coalition of Italian city states, which later became known as the War of the Eight Saints (1375–1378). After war broke out, Gregory excommunicated the city and placed the city under interdict on 31 March 1376[9] in an attempt to quell the rebellion. Catherine of Siena tried to convince Gregory to stop the war on behalf of the Florentine state.[2] This proved to be futile as the war did not end until after Gregory's death. The war ended with a peace treaty concluded at Tivoli in July 1378, negotiated with Pope Urban VI following the death of Gregory XI.[8]

## Return to Rome

[edit]

A bolognino of Gregory XI

The return to Rome from Avignon had been an issue since Pope Clement V moved the papacy to Avignon in 1309.[10] From Popes Clement V to Urban V, the popes of the Avignon Papacy had their reasons to stay in France and not return to Rome. After 68 years of papal rule from France, Gregory XI moved the papacy back to its former seat of power of Rome in 1377.[11]

Gregory was constantly receiving pleas from Catherine of Siena through letters. In total, she wrote 14 letters between 1375 and 1378 until Gregory died. These letters dealt with different matters such as peace, church reform, and moving the papacy back to Rome. Catherine persuaded him by saying that it was easier to achieve Gregory's goal of peace among the city states in Italy by expanding the influence of the Papal states if the papacy were back in Rome.[6]

The return of the Curia to Rome began on 13 September 1376. Despite the protests of the French king and the majority of the cardinals, Gregory left Avignon on that day and made his way to Marseille, where he boarded a ship on 2 October. Arriving at Corneto on 6 December, he decided to remain there until arrangements were made in Rome concerning its future government. On 13 January 1377, he left Corneto, landed at Ostia the next day, and from there sailed up the Tiber to the monastery of San Paolo. On 17 January he left the monastery to make a solemn entrance into Rome that same day.[12][13][14]

## Death

[edit]

Gregory XI did not survive much longer after his move to Rome. He died on 27 March 1378 aged 48–49.[15] Pope Urban VI, an Italian, was elected to the papacy after his death. However, his decision to move the papacy back to Rome led to the Western Schism and the rise of the Antipopes. Most of Europe supported Clement VII (now considered an antipope) as the true pope.[16]

Subsequently, the Western Schism created by the selection of rival popes forced Europe into a dilemma of papal allegiance. This schism was not resolved fully until the Council of Constance (1414–1418).[17]

## See also

[edit]

* Cardinals created by Gregory XI
* List of popes
* Vicedomino de Vicedominis, in legend elected Pope as Gregory XI

Portals:

* Biography
* Christianity
* History

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ McBrien, Richard P. (2000). Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins. p. 245.
2. ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1909). "Pope Gregory XI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6\. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3. ^ G. Mollat The Popes at Avignon 1305–1378, London 1963, p. 59
4. ^ S. Miranda Cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort (Pope Gregory XI)
5. ^ Hayez, Michel (2002). "Gregorio XI, papa". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. 59. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.
6. ^ a b c Villegas, D., 2021. Catherine of Siena's spirituality of political engagement. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(2).
7. ^ Clarke, Peter D. "BETWEEN AVIGNON AND ROME: MINOR PENITENTIARIES AT THE PAPAL CURIA IN THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES", Rivista Di Storia Della Chiesa in Italia, vol. 63, no. 2, 2009, pp. 455–510
8. ^ a b Peterson, David S. 2002. "The War of the Eight Saints in Florentine Memory and Oblivion." In Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence, Ed. William J. Connell.
9. ^ Williman & Corsano 2002, pp. 427–481.
10. ^ Rollo-Koster 2015.
11. ^ "The Popes of the Avignon Papacy in Order".
12. ^ Rollo-Koster 2008, p. 182.
13. ^ Francis Thomas Luongo, The Saintly Politics of Catherine of Siena, xii.
14. ^ Harvey, Margaret The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3.
15. ^ Richardson, C., 2009. Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.
16. ^ Walsh, M., 2011. The Cardinals: Thirteen Centuries of the Men Behind the Papal Throne. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub.
17. ^ Welsh, Frank (2008). The Battle for Christendom The Council of Constance, the East-West Conflict, and the Dawn of Modern Europe. New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 117–153\. ISBN 978-1-59020-123-7.

## References

[edit]

* Hanawalt, G.Barbara. The Middle Ages: An Illustrated History, 1998, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 143
* Cairns, E.Earl. Christianity Throughout the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church, 1996, Zondervan, pp. 241 & 248–250.
* Ocker, Christopher,  Johannes Klenkok: a friar's life, c. 1310–1374 , American Philosophical Society, 1993, ISBN 0-87169-835-8
* Clarke, Peter D. "Between Avignon and Rome: Minot Penitentiaries at the Papal Curia in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries." Rivista Di Storia Della Chiesa in Italia, vol. 63, no. 2, 2009, pp. 455–510
* De Angelis, Laura, and Vicki Whittaker. "Florence's Ruling Class at the Turn of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries." Revue Française de Science Politique (English Edition), vol. 64, no. 6, 2014, pp. 65–79
* Harvey, Margaret The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3.
* Peterson, David S. 2002. "The War of the Eight Saints in Florentine Memory and Oblivion." In Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence, Ed. William J. Connell.
* Richardson, C., 2009. Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.
* Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (2008). Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378). Brill. p. 182\. ISBN 978-9-0474-3311-8. OL 29585957M.
* Rollo-Koster, Joëlle (2015). Avignon and Its Papacy, 1309–1417: Popes, Institutions, and Society. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1532-0. OL 30394591M.
* Villegas, D., 2021. "Catherine of Siena's spirituality of political engagement". HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 77(2).
* Walsh, M., 2011. The Cardinals: Thirteen Centuries of the Men Behind the Papal Throne. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub.
* Williman, Daniel; Corsano, Karen (2002). The Interdict of Florence (31 March 1376): New Documents. Rivista Di Storia Della Chiesa in Italia. Vol. 56.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Ameilh (Aemilii), Pierre (Petrus) (1952). Le voyage de Grégoire XI ramenant la Papauté d'Avignon à Rome, 1376–1377 suivi du texte latin et de la traduction franç. de l'Itinerarium Gragerii XI de Pierre Ameilh. [Petrus Amelii] (in French). Florence: Coppini.
* Gherardi, Alessandro (1868). La guerra dei Fiorentini con Papa Gregorio XI detta la guerra degli otto santi memoria compilata sui documenti dell' archivio fiorentino (in Italian). Firenze: Tipi di Cellini.
* Jugie, Pierre (2008). La formation intellectuelle du cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort, le pape Grégoire XI: nouveau point sur la question (in French). Florence: Sismel.
* Mirot, Léon (1899). La politique pontificale et le retour du Saint-Siège à Rome en 1376 (in French). Paris: É. Bouillon. p. 198.
* Thibault, Paul R. (1986). Pope Gregory XI: the failure of tradition. Lanham MD: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-5463-7.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Gregorius XI (category) at Wikimedia Commons
* Works by or about Gregory XI at Wikisource

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* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Counter-Reformation
* Exsurge Domine
* Dissolution of the monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Peter Canisius
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* European wars of religion
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* United States
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazism
* Mit brennender Sorge
* Pope John XXIII
* Pacem in terris
* Second Vatican Council
* Ecumenism
* Judaism
* Pope Paul VI (coronation)
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* Communism
* Pope John Paul II
* HIV/AIDS
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2023
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis
* Laudato si'
* Patriarch Kirill
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Pope Leo XIV

* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

Antipopes

Late Antiquity|

* Natalius
* Hippolytus
* Novatian
* Heraclius
* Felix II
* Ursicinus
* Eulalius

Early Middle Ages|

* Laurentius
* Dioscorus
* Theodore
* Paschal
* Constantine II
* Philip

High Middle Ages|

* John VIII
* Anastasius III
* Christopher
* Boniface VII
* John XVI
* Gregory VI
* Benedict X
* Honorius II
* Clement III
* Theodoric
* Adalbert
* Sylvester IV
* Gregory VIII
* Celestine II
* Anacletus II
* Victor IV (1138)
* Victor IV (1159–1164)
* Paschal III
* Callixtus III
* Innocent III
* Nicholas V

Late Middle Ages /
Western Schism|

| Avignon|

* Clement VII
* Benedict XIII
* Clement VIII
* Benedict XIV

|

Pisa|

* Alexander V
* John XXIII

Basel|

* Felix V

Modern era|

| Palmarian|

* Gregory XVII
* Peter II
* Gregory XVIII
* Peter III

|

Apostles of Infinite Love|

* Clement XV
* Gregory XVII
* Gregory XVIII

Conclavist/post-Sedevacantist|

* Michael I
* Pius XIII
* Michael II

* Category
* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

Archdeacons of Canterbury

High Medieval|

* Valerius
* Ansketil
* William
* John
* Helewise
* Walter
* Roger de Pont L'Évêque
* Thomas Becket
* Geoffrey Ridel
* Herbert Poore
* Philip of Poitou
* Henry de Castilion
* Henry Sandford
* Simon Langton
* Richard de Sancto Johanne
* Stephen de Monte Luelli/of Vienne
* Hugh de Mortuo Mari
* William Middleton
* Robert of Gernemue
* Richard de Ferings

Late Medieval|

* John de Langeton
* Simon de Faversham
* Bernard Ezius de le Breto
* Guichard de le Breto
* Simon of Comminges
* John Bruton
* Raymond de Roux
* Hugh de Angoulême
* Simon de Montacute
* Robert de Stratford
* Bernard Sistre
* Pierre Roger
* Simon Islip
* William Cardinal de la Jugee
* Henry de Wakefield
* Aymar Roche
* John de Fordham
* William Pakington
* Adam Mottrum
* Thomas Butiller
* Richard Clifford
* Robert Hallam
* Angelo Cardinal Acciaioli
* John Wakering
* Henry Rumworth/Circeter
* William Chichele
* Prospero Cardinal Colonna
* Thomas Chichele
* Thomas Winterbourne
* John Bourgchier
* Hugh Peynthwyn

Early modern|

* William Warham
* Edmund Cranmer
* Nicholas Harpsfield
* Edmund Gheast
* Edmund Freke
* William Redman
* Charles Fotherby
* William Kingsley
* George Hall
* William Sancroft
* Samuel Parker
* John Battely
* Thomas Green
* Thomas Bowers
* Samuel Lisle
* Sir John Head
* William Backhouse
* John Lynch

Late modern|

* Houstonne Radcliffe
* Hugh Percy
* James Croft
* Edward Parry
* Rodney Eden
* William Walsh
* Leonard White-Thomson
* Edward Hardcastle
* Karl Sopwith
* Alexander Sargent
* Michael Nott
* Bernard Pawley
* John Simpson
* Michael Till
* John Pritchard
* Patrick Evans
* Sheila Watson
* Philip Down & Stephen Taylor, Joint Acting
* Jo Kelly-Moore
* Will Adam

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Italy
* Australia
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Trove
* Italian People
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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