Pope Innocent XIII

Head of the Catholic Church from 1721 to 1724

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Pope

Innocent XIII

Bishop of Rome
Church| Catholic Church
Papacy began| 8 May 1721
Papacy ended| 7 March 1724
Predecessor| Clement XI
Successor| Benedict XIII
Previous post(s)|

* Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (1695–1706)
* Apostolic Nuncio to Switzerland (1695–1698)
* Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal (1698–1706)
* Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta (1706–1721)
* Archbishop of Osimo (1709–1712)
* Archbishop of Viterbo e Tuscania (1712–1719)
* Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals (1716–1717)

Orders
Ordination| c. 1690
Consecration| 16 June 1695
by Galeazzo Marescotti
Created cardinal| 7 June 1706
by Clement XI
Personal details
Born|

Michelangelo dei Conti

(1655-05-13)13 May 1655

Poli, Papal States

Died| 7 March 1724(1724-03-07) (aged 68)
Rome, Papal States
Buried| Vatican Grottoes, St. Peter's Basilica
Coat of arms|
Other popes named Innocent
Papal styles of
Pope Innocent XIII

Reference style| His Holiness
Spoken style| Your Holiness
Religious style| Holy Father
Posthumous style| None

Pope Innocent XIII (Latin: Innocentius XIII; Italian: Innocenzo XIII; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born as Michelangelo dei Conti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 May 1721 to his death in March 1724.[1] He remains the most recent pope to take the pontifical name "Innocent".

Pope Innocent XIII was reform-oriented, and imposed new standards of frugality, abolishing excessive spending. He took steps to end the practice of nepotism by issuing a decree which forbade his successors from granting land, offices or income to any relatives – something opposed by many cardinals who hoped they might become pope and benefit their families.[2]

## Biography

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

Michelangelo dei Conti was born on 13 May 1655 in Poli,[3] near Rome as the son of Carlo II, Duke of Poli,[4] and Isabella d'Monti. Like Pope Innocent III (1198–1216), Pope Gregory IX (1227–1241) and Pope Alexander IV (1254–1261), he was a member of the aristocratic landowning family of the Conti, who held the titles of counts and dukes of Segni. He included the family shield in his pontifical coats of arms.[5]

Conti commenced his studies in Ancona and then with the Jesuits in Rome at the Collegio Romano and then later at La Sapienza University. After he received his doctorate in canon law and civil law, he was ordained to the priesthood. Conti also served as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura in 1691, later to be appointed as the Governor of Ascoli until 1692. Conti was also the Governor of Campagna and Marittima from 1692 to 1693 and the Governor of Viterbo from 1693 to 1695.[6]

Pope Innocent XII selected Conti as the Titular Archbishop of Tarsus on 13 June 1695 and he received his episcopal consecration on 16 June 1695 in Rome. Conti was also the nuncio to both Switzerland and Portugal.[7]

### Cardinalate

[edit]

On 7 June 1706, Conti was elevated to the cardinalate under Pope Clement XI (1700–21) and was made the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta. His appointment came about as the replacement of Gabriele Filippucci who resigned the cardinalate. He would receive his titular church on 23 February 1711. From 1697 to 1710 he acted as papal nuncio to the Kingdom of Portugal, where he is believed to have formed those unfavourable impressions of the Jesuits which afterwards influenced his conduct towards them. While in Portugal, he was witness to Father Bartolomeu de Gusmão's early aerostat experiments.

He was also transferred to Osimo as its archbishop in 1709 and was later translated one last time to Viterbo e Toscanella in 1712. He resigned his position in his diocese due to illness in 1719.

## Pontificate

[edit]

### Papal election

[edit]

Main article: 1721 Papal conclave

After the death of Pope Clement XI in 1721, a conclave was called to choose a new pope. It took 75 ballots just to reach a decision and choose Conti as the successor of Clement XI.[8] After all candidates seemed to slip, support turned to Conti. The curial factions also turned their attention to him. His high reputation for ability, learning, purity, and a kindly disposition secured his election, which occurred the morning of 8 May 1721. He chose the name of Innocent XIII in honour of Pope Innocent III. On the following 18 May, he was solemnly crowned by the protodeacon, Cardinal Benedetto Pamphili.

### Actions

[edit]

His pontificate was prosperous, but comparatively uneventful. He held two consistories that saw three new cardinals elevated on 16 June 1721 and 16 July 1721.

The Chinese Rites controversy that started under his predecessor continued during his reign.[9] Innocent XIII prohibited the Jesuits from prosecuting their mission in China, and ordered that no new members should be received into the order. This indication of his sympathies encouraged some French bishops to approach him with a petition for the recall of the papal bull Unigenitus by which Jansenism had been condemned; the request, however, was peremptorily denied.

The Pope also assisted Hospitaller Malta in its struggles against the Barbary pirates.

Innocent XIII, like his predecessor, showed much favour to James Francis Edward Stuart, the "Old Pretender" to the British throne and liberally supported him. The pope's cousin, Francesco Maria Conti, from Siena, became chamberlain of James' little court in the Roman Muti Palace.

#### Consistories

[edit]

Main article: Cardinals created by Innocent XIII

Innocent XIII held two consistories in which he named three cardinals. One of those new cardinals was his own brother, Bernardo Maria.

#### Beatifications

[edit]

Innocent XIII beatified three individuals during his pontificate: John of Nepomuk (31 May 1721), Dalmazio Moner (13 August 1721), and Andrea dei Conti (11 December 1723).

#### Doctor of the Church

[edit]

On 25 April 1722, he named Saint Isidore of Seville as a Doctor of the Church.

## Death and legacy

[edit]

The tomb of Pope Innocent XIII.

Innocent XIII fell ill in 1724. He was tormented by a hernia of which he spoke to nobody but his valet. At one point, it had burst and caused inflammation and fever. Innocent XIII asked for the last rites, made his profession of faith, and died on 7 March 1724, at the age of 68. His pontificate was unremarkable, given that he was hampered by physical suffering. He was interred in the grotto at Saint Peter's Basilica.

> Innocent XIII might have lived a few years longer had he been more temperate in eating and drinking, and had his doctors been less ignorant. He was an equitable, honest ruler, always kept his word, in fact was inclined to do more than he had promised. He proved grateful to those who had befriended him, a rare quality indeed. He gave few audiences and compared to Clement XI showed little interest in the Pretender [James Edward Stuart]. I will have reliable correspondents in the coming conclave who will warn me in good time if any intrigues are afoot which might prejudice the King's interests by favouring the Pretender's.

> — John Walton, letter addressed to Lord Carteret in March 1724.[10]

Innocent XIII had suffered from a hernia about three to four months after his election but also suffered from acute attacks of pain due to kidney stones. But Innocent XIII did himself no favors with his excessive appetite and no exercise. He also suffered from lethargy that caused him to sleep a great deal. In mid-February 1724, his suffering grew worse to the point that he could no longer get up, suffering from an accumulation of water in his lower limbs in what was an indication of severe kidney problems. This led to his doctors fearing that he could develop congestive heart failure.[11] On 3 March, despite his failing health, Innocent XIII set to work signing documents, though he suffered poor sleep that night and had a better day on 4 March. In the morning on 5 March, one of the papal doctors fed Innocent XIII a purgative, however, this backfired and only aggravated the hernia. An attempted reduction was only partially successful, resulting in a strangulated hernia, while the pope experienced great pain in the night between 5 and 6 March. However, a serious inflammation quickly set in, causing the pope to contract a fever. Innocent XIII, now very well aware of his state of health, immediately asked for the Viaticum, receiving it on 6 March as his family gathered to see him. However, there had been attempts to get the pope to name new cardinals, simply to create stronger factions in the conclave. At 4:00pm on 6 March, he signed a codicil to his will, and that night asked for and received the Extreme Unction. Innocent XIII died on 7 March.[11]

## See also

[edit]

* Cardinals created by Innocent XIII
* Apostolici Ministerii
* List of popes

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Pope Innocent XIII – Papal Artifacts". Retrieved 21 January 2024.
2. ^ "Innocent XIII: A Steady Hand at the Tiller". Catholic Herald. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
3. ^ Fiorani 1994, p. 809.
4. ^ Williams 1998, p. 28.
5. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Innocent XIII" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
6. ^ "CONTI, Michelangelo (1655-1724)". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
7. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Innocent XIII". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
8. ^ "Innocent XIII: A Steady Hand at the Tiller". 10 May 2021.
9. ^ https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG83732 [bare URL]
10. ^ "Pope Innocent XIII: Proceedings of the Conclave that led to his election". Pickle Publishing. 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
11. ^ a b John Paul Adams (29 September 2015). "Sede Vacante 1724". CSUN. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

## Sources

[edit]

* Fiorani, Luigi (1994). "Innocent XIII". In Levillain, Philippe; O'Malley, John W. (eds.). The Papacy. Vol. 2: Gaius-Proxies. Routledge. pp. 809–810.
* Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland & Company, Inc.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Innocentius XIII.

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* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* United States
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazism
* Mit brennender Sorge
* Pope John XXIII
* Pacem in terris
* Second Vatican Council
* Ecumenism
* Judaism
* Pope Paul VI (coronation)
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* Communism
* Pope John Paul II
* HIV/AIDS
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2023
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis
* Laudato si'
* Patriarch Kirill
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Pope Leo XIV

* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

Authority control databases

International|

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Artists|

* ULAN

People|

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Other|

* IdRef
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