Pope John Paul II

Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see John Paul II (disambiguation), Pope John Paul II (disambiguation), Saint John Paul II (disambiguation), and Karol Wojtyla (disambiguation).

Pope Saint

John Paul II

Bishop of Rome

John Paul in 1988

Church| Catholic Church
Papacy began| 16 October 1978
Papacy ended| 2 April 2005
Predecessor| John Paul I
Successor| Benedict XVI
Previous post(s)|

* Titular Bishop of Ombi (1958‍-‍1964)
* Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków (1958‍-‍1964)
* Archbishop of Kraków (1964‍-‍1978)
* Cardinal Priest of San Cesareo in Palatio (1967‍-‍1978)

Orders
Ordination| 1 November 1946
by Adam Stefan Sapieha
Consecration| 28 September 1958
by Eugeniusz Baziak
Created cardinal| 26 June 1967
by Paul VI
Rank| Cardinal priest
Personal details
Born|

Karol Józef Wojtyła

(1920-05-18)18 May 1920

Wadowice, Poland

Died| 2 April 2005(2005-04-02) (aged 84)
Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
Buried| Chapel of St. Sebastian, St. Peter's Basilica
Education|

* Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (PhL, PhD)
* Jagiellonian University (STD)

Motto| Totus tuus
(Latin for 'Totally yours')
Signature|
Coat of arms|
Sainthood
Feast day| 22 October
Venerated in| Catholic Church
Beatified| 1 May 2011
St. Peter's Square, Vatican City
by Pope Benedict XVI
Canonized| 27 April 2014
St. Peter's Square, Vatican City
by Pope Francis
Attributes|

* Papal vestments
* Papal ferula

Patronage|

* Poland
* Archdiocese of Kraków
* World Youth Day (co-patron)
* World Meeting of Families 2015 (co-patron)
* Young Catholics
* Families[1]
* Świdnica[2]
* Trecastelli[3]
* Borgo Mantovano[4]
* Rivignano Teor[5]
* Paradahan, Tanza, Cavite (major patron)[6]

Philosophical work
Era| 20th-century philosophy
Region| Western philosophy
School|

* Personalism
* Lublin Thomism

Notable works|

* Love and Responsibility
* Theology of the Body
* 1983 Code of Canon Law (promulgated)
* Catechism of the Catholic Church (promulgated)
* Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (promulgated)
* Fides et ratio
* Memory and Identity

Notable ideas|

* Culture of life and death
* Mysteries of light[a]
* Social mortgage
* Theology of the Body

Ordination history

| History

Diaconal ordination

Ordained by| Adam Stefan Sapieha
Date| 20 October 1946

Priestly ordination

Ordained by| Adam Stefan Sapieha
Date| 1 November 1946
Place| Chapel of the Kraków Archbishop's residence

Episcopal consecration

Principal consecrator| Eugeniusz Baziak
Co-consecrators|

* Franciszek Jop
* Bolesław Kominek

Date| 28 September 1958
Place| Wawel Cathedral, Kraków

Cardinalate

Elevated by| Pope Paul VI
Date| 26 June 1967
| Episcopal succession

Bishops consecrated by Pope John Paul II as principal consecrator

Piotr Longin Bednarczyk| 21 April 1968
Józef Rozwadowski| 24 November 1968
Stanislaw Smolenski| 5 April 1970
Albin Małysiak| 5 April 1970
Paweł Socha| 26 December 1973
Józef Marek| 27 December 1973
Franciszek Macharski| 6 January 1979
Justo Mullor García| 27 May 1979
Alfio Rapisarda| 27 May 1979
Achille Silvestrini| 27 May 1979
Samuel Seraphimov Djoundrine| 27 May 1979
Rubén López Ardón| 27 May 1979
Paulino Lukudu Loro| 27 May 1979
Vincent Mojwok Nyiker| 27 May 1979
Armido Gasparini| 27 May 1979
Michael Hughes Kenny| 27 May 1979
William Russell Houck| 27 May 1979
José Cardoso Sobrinho| 27 May 1979
Gerhard Ludwig Goebel| 27 May 1979
Décio Pereira| 27 May 1979
Fernando José Penteado| 27 May 1979
Girolamo Grillo| 27 May 1979
Paciano Aniceto| 27 May 1979
Alan Basil de Lastic| 27 May 1979
William Thomas Larkin| 27 May 1979
John Joseph O'Connor| 27 May 1979
Jean-Marie Lafontaine| 27 May 1979
Ladislau Biernaski| 27 May 1979
Newton Holanda Gurgel| 27 May 1979
Matthew Harvey Clark| 27 May 1979
Alejandro Goić Karmelić| 27 May 1979
Pedro de Guzman Magugat| 27 May 1979
Ramón López Carrozas| 27 May 1979
Jozef Tomko| 15 September 1979
Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky| 12 November 1979
Giovanni Coppa| 6 January 1980
Carlo Maria Martini| 6 January 1980
Christian Wiyghan Tumi| 6 January 1980
Marcel Bam'ba Gongoa| 4 May 1980
Louis Nkinga Bondala| 4 May 1980
Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya| 4 May 1980
Paride Taban| 4 May 1980
Roger Mpungu| 4 May 1980
Michel-Joseph-Gérard Gagnon| 4 May 1980
Dominique Kimpinde Amando| 4 May 1980
Joseph Nduhirubusa| 4 May 1980
Vicente Joaquim Zico| 6 January 1981
Sergio Goretti| 6 January 1981
Giulio Sanguineti| 6 January 1981
Francesco Voto| 6 January 1981
Gregory Obinna Ochiagha| 6 January 1981
Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga| 6 January 1981
Lucas Luis Dónnelly Carey| 6 January 1981
Filippo Giannini| 6 January 1981
Ennio Appignanesi| 6 January 1981
Martino Scarafile| 6 January 1981
Alessandro Plotti| 6 January 1981
Stanisław Szymecki| 12 April 1981
Charles Louis Joseph Vandame| 6 January 1982
John Bulaitis| 6 January 1982
Traian Crişan| 6 January 1982
Charles Kweku Sam| 6 January 1982
Thomas Joseph O'Brien| 6 January 1982
Antônio Alberto Guimarães Rezende| 6 January 1982
Francis George Adeodatus Micallef| 6 January 1982
Anthony Michael Milone| 6 January 1982
Salim Sayegh| 6 January 1982
Virgilio Noè| 6 March 1982
Antonio Vitale Bommarco| 6 January 1983
José Sebastián Laboa Gallego| 6 January 1983
Karl-Josef Rauber| 6 January 1983
Francesco Monterisi| 6 January 1983
Kevin Joseph Aje| 6 January 1983
John Olorunfemi Onaiyekan| 6 January 1983
Pietro Rossano| 6 January 1983
Anacleto Sima Ngua| 6 January 1983
Ildefonso Obama Obono| 6 January 1983
Jaroslav Škarvada| 6 January 1983
Dominik Hrušovský| 6 January 1983
Luigi del Gallo Roccagiovine| 6 January 1983
Zenon Grocholewski| 6 January 1983
Juliusz Paetz| 6 January 1983
Alfons Maria Stickler| 1 November 1983
Paolo Romeo| 6 January 1984
Paul Kim Tchang-ryeol| 6 January 1984
Polycarp Pengo| 6 January 1984
Nicolas Okioh| 6 January 1984
Eugenio Binini| 6 January 1984
Ernest Kombo| 6 January 1984
Jan Pieter Schotte| 6 January 1984
Mathai Kochuparampil| 6 January 1984
Domenico Pecile| 6 January 1984
Bernard Patrick Devlin| 6 January 1985
Kazimierz Górny| 6 January 1985
Aloysius Balina| 6 January 1985
Afonso Nteka| 6 January 1985
Pellegrino Tomaso Ronchi| 6 January 1985
Fernando Sáenz Lacalle| 6 January 1985
Jorge Arturo Agustín Medina Estévez| 6 January 1985
Justin Francis Rigali| 14 September 1985
Pier Luigi Celata| 6 January 1986
Franjo Komarica| 6 January 1986
Walmir Alberto Valle| 6 January 1986
Norbert Wendelin Mtega| 6 January 1986
John Bosco Manat Chuabsamai| 6 January 1986
Donald William Wuerl| 6 January 1986
Felipe González González| 6 January 1986
Józef Michalik| 16 October 1986
Gilberto Agustoni| 6 January 1987
Franc Perko| 6 January 1987
Dino Monduzzi| 6 January 1987
Joseph Sangval Surasarang| 6 January 1987
Giorgio Biguzzi| 6 January 1987
Benedict Dotu Sekey| 6 January 1987
Julio Edgar Cabrera Ovalle| 6 January 1987
William Jerome McCormack| 6 January 1987
Emmanuel Alex Mapunda| 6 January 1987
Dominic Su Haw Chiu| 6 January 1987
John Magee| 17 March 1987
Beniamino Stella| 5 September 1987
René Pierre Louis Joseph Séjourné| 5 September 1987
Giulio Nicolini| 5 September 1987
Giovanni Battista Re| 7 November 1987
Michel Sabbah| 6 January 1988
Marian Oles| 6 January 1988
Emery Kabongo Kanundowi| 6 January 1988
Luís d'Andrea| 6 January 1988
Victor Adibe Chikwe| 6 January 1988
Athanasius Atule Usuh| 6 January 1988
José Raúl Vera López| 6 January 1988
Srećko Badurina| 6 January 1988
Luigi Belloli| 6 January 1988
John Gavin Nolan| 6 January 1988
Audrys Juozas Bačkis| 4 October 1988
Giovanni Lajolo| 6 January 1989
Pasquale Macchi| 6 January 1989
Francesco Marchisano| 6 January 1989
Justin Tetmu Samba| 6 January 1989
John Mendes| 6 January 1989
Leon Augustine Tharmaraj| 6 January 1989
Tarcisius Ngalalekumtwa| 6 January 1989
Raffaele Calabro| 6 January 1989
Francisco José Arnáiz Zarandona| 6 January 1989
Ramón Benito de La Rosa y Carpio| 6 January 1989
Cipriano Calderón Polo| 6 January 1989
Alvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri| 6 January 1989
Andrea Maria Erba| 6 January 1989
Józef Kowalczyk| 6 January 1989
Edmond Farhat| 6 January 1989
Janusz Bolonek| 6 January 1989
Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz| 6 January 1989
Giovanni Tonucci| 6 January 1990
Ignazio Bedini| 6 January 1990
Mario Milano| 6 January 1990
Giovanni Ceirano| 6 January 1990
Oscar Rizzato| 6 January 1990
Antonio Ignacio Velasco Garcia| 6 January 1990
Paul Runangaza Ruzoka| 6 January 1990
Marian Błażej Kruszyłowicz| 6 January 1990
Pierre François Marie Joseph Duprey| 6 January 1990
Domenico Umberto D'Ambrosio| 6 January 1990
Edward Dajczak| 6 January 1990
Benjamin Almoneda| 6 January 1990
Francesco Gioia| 5 April 1990
Edward Nowak| 5 April 1990
Giacinto Berloco| 5 April 1990
Erwin Josef Ender| 5 April 1990
Jean-Louis Tauran| 6 January 1991
Vinko Puljic| 6 January 1991
Marcello Costalunga| 6 January 1991
Osvaldo Padilla| 6 January 1991
Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa| 6 January 1991
Bruno Pius Ngonyani| 6 January 1991
Francis Emmanuel Ogbonna Okobo| 6 January 1991
Andrea Gemma| 6 January 1991
Joseph Habib Hitti| 6 January 1991
Jacinto Guerrero Torres| 6 January 1991
Álvaro del Portillo| 6 January 1991
Julián Herranz Casado| 6 January 1991
Bruno Bertagna| 6 January 1991
Ernesto Maria Fiore| 6 January 1992
Rino Passigato| 6 January 1992
Juan Matogo Oyana| 6 January 1992
Gastone Simoni| 6 January 1992
Iñaki Mallona Txertudi| 6 January 1992
Philippe Nkiere Keana| 6 January 1992
Benjamin de Jesus| 6 January 1992
John Joseph Glynn| 6 January 1992
Petar Šolić| 6 January 1992
Michael Louis Fitzgerald| 6 January 1992
Henri Salina| 6 January 1992
Crescenzio Sepe| 26 April 1992
Antonio Franco| 26 April 1992
Carlo Maria Viganò| 26 April 1992
Luigi Travaglino| 26 April 1992
Tadeusz Rakoczy| 26 April 1992
Tadeusz Pieronek| 26 April 1992
Enzo Dieci| 26 April 1992
Nerses Der Nersessian| 17 November 1992
Diego Causero| 6 January 1993
Charles G. Palmer-Buckle| 6 January 1993
Elio Sgreccia| 6 January 1993
Henryk Tomasik| 6 January 1993
Henry Joseph Mansell| 6 January 1993
Jan Kopiec| 6 January 1993
Alojz Uran| 6 January 1993
Luigi Sposito| 6 January 1993
Norbert Klemens Strotmann Hoppe| 6 January 1993
Elmo Noel Joseph Perera| 6 January 1993
Csaba Ternyák| 6 January 1993
Franco Illia| 25 April 1993
Rrok Kola Mirdita| 25 April 1993
Robert Ashta| 25 April 1993
Zef Simoni| 25 April 1993
Peter Paul Prabhu| 6 January 1994
Peter Stephan Zurbriggen| 6 January 1994
Jean-Paul Gobel| 6 January 1994
Julien Mawule Kouto| 6 January 1994
Edward James Slattery| 6 January 1994
Uriah Adolphus Ashley Maclean| 6 January 1994
Emiliano Antonio Cisneros Martínez| 6 January 1994
Américo do Couto Oliveira| 6 January 1994
Christo Proykov| 6 January 1994
Ramon Arguelles| 6 January 1994
Ricardo Valenzuela Rios| 6 January 1994
Paolo Gillet| 6 January 1994
Antoni Józef Długosz| 6 January 1994
Bruno Musarò| 6 January 1995
Petko Jordanov Christov| 6 January 1995
Antonio Napoletano| 6 January 1995
Zacharias Cenita Jimenez| 6 January 1995
Raymond Leo Burke| 6 January 1995
Pierfranco Pastore| 6 January 1995
Stanislav Shyrokoradiuk| 6 January 1995
Paweł Cieślik| 6 January 1995
Stefan Regmunt| 6 January 1995
José Paulino Ríos Reynoso| 6 January 1996
Riccardo Fontana| 6 January 1996
Claudio Maria Celli| 6 January 1996
Jaime Vieira Rocha| 6 January 1996
Kurt Koch| 6 January 1996
Ārvaldis Andrejs Brumanis| 6 January 1996
Antons Juts| 6 January 1996
Francisco Pérez González| 6 January 1996
Richard Anthony Burke| 6 January 1996
Marko Sopi| 6 January 1996
Rafael Ramón Conde Alfonzo| 6 January 1996
Riccardo Ruotolo| 6 January 1996
Antal Majnek| 6 January 1996
Stanisław Ryłko| 6 January 1996
Luigi Pezzuto| 6 January 1997
Paolo Sardi| 6 January 1997
Varkey Vithayathil| 6 January 1997
Delio Lucarelli| 6 January 1997
Ignace Baguibassa Sambar-Talkena| 6 January 1997
Luciano Pacomio| 6 January 1997
Angelo Massafra| 6 January 1997
Florentin Crihălmeanu| 6 January 1997
Jean-Claude Périsset| 6 January 1997
Piotr Libera| 6 January 1997
Basílio do Nascimento| 6 January 1997
Hil Kabashi| 6 January 1997
Mario Francesco Pompedda| 6 January 1998
Marco Dino Brogi| 6 January 1998
Peter Kwaku Atuahene| 6 January 1998
Filippo Strofaldi| 6 January 1998
Wiktor Paweł Skworc| 6 January 1998
Franco Dalla Valle| 6 January 1998
Angelito Lampon| 6 January 1998
Tomislav Koljatic Maroevic| 6 January 1998
Francesco Saverio Salerno| 6 January 1998
James Michael Harvey| 19 March 1998
Stanisław Dziwisz| 19 March 1998
Piero Marini| 19 March 1998
Alessandro D'Errico| 6 January 1999
Salvatore Pennacchio| 6 January 1999
Alain Paul Lebeaupin| 6 January 1999
Cesare Mazzolari| 6 January 1999
Pierre Trần Ðình Tứ| 6 January 1999
Rafael Cob García| 6 January 1999
Mathew Moolakkatt| 6 January 1999
Diarmuid Martin| 6 January 1999
José Luis Redrado Marchite| 6 January 1999
Józef Wesołowski| 6 January 2000
Giacomo Guido Ottonello| 6 January 2000
George Panikulam| 6 January 2000
Alberto Bottari de Castello| 6 January 2000
Ivo Baldi Gaburri| 6 January 2000
Gabriel Mbilingi| 6 January 2000
David Laurin Ricken| 6 January 2000
Anton Coșa| 6 January 2000
András Veres| 6 January 2000
Péter Erdő| 6 January 2000
Giuseppe Pasotto| 6 January 2000
Franco Croci| 6 January 2000
Fernando Filoni| 19 March 2001
Henryk Józef Nowacki| 19 March 2001
Timothy Broglio| 19 March 2001
Domenico Sorrentino| 19 March 2001
Tomasz Peta| 19 March 2001
Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo| 19 March 2001
Marc Ouellet| 19 March 2001
Giampaolo Crepaldi| 19 March 2001
Đura Džudžar| 19 March 2001
Giuseppe Pinto| 6 January 2002
Claudio Gugerotti| 6 January 2002
Adolfo Tito Yllana| 6 January 2002
Giovanni d'Aniello| 6 January 2002
Daniel Mizonzo| 6 January 2002
Louis Portella Mbuyu| 6 January 2002
Marcel Utembi Tapa| 6 January 2002
Franco Agostinelli| 6 January 2002
Amândio José Tomás| 6 January 2002
Vittorio Lanzani| 6 January 2002
Paul Tschang In-Nam| 6 January 2003
Celestino Migliore| 6 January 2003
Pierre Nguyên Van Tot| 6 January 2003
Pedro López Quintana| 6 January 2003
Angelo Amato| 6 January 2003
Calogero La Piana| 6 January 2003
René-Marie Ehouzou| 6 January 2003
Ján Babjak| 6 January 2003
Andraos Abouna| 6 January 2003
Milan Šašik| 6 January 2003
Giuseppe Nazzaro| 6 January 2003
Brian Farrell| 6 January 2003
Other popes named John Paul

Pope John Paul II[b] (born Karol Józef Wojtyła;[c] 18 May 1920 - 2 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 16 October 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI in the 16th century, as well as the third-longest-serving pope in history, after Pius IX and St. Peter.

In his youth, Wojtyła dabbled in stage acting. He graduated with excellent grades from an all-boys high school in Wadowice, Poland, in 1938, soon after which World War II broke out. During the war, to avoid being kidnapped and sent to a German forced labour camp, he signed up for work in harsh conditions in a quarry. Wojtyła eventually took up acting and developed a love for the profession and participated at a local theatre. The linguistically skilled Wojtyła wanted to study Polish at university. Encouraged by a conversation with Adam Stefan Sapieha, he decided to study theology and become a priest. Eventually, Wojtyła rose to the position of Archbishop of Kraków and then a cardinal, both positions held by his mentor. Wojtyła was elected pope on the third day of the October 1978 conclave, becoming one of the youngest popes in history. The conclave was called after the death of John Paul I, who served only 33 days as pope. Wojtyła adopted the name of his predecessor in tribute to him.[7]

John Paul II attempted to improve the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the spirit of ecumenism, holding atheism as the greatest threat. He maintained the Church's previous positions on such matters as abortion, artificial contraception, the ordination of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation.[8][9] He put emphasis on family and identity, while questioning consumerism, hedonism and the pursuit of wealth. He was one of the most-travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, John Paul II beatified 1,344 people,[10] and canonised 483 saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated many of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests.[11] John Paul II died on 2 April 2005, and was succeeded by Benedict XVI.

John Paul II has been credited with fighting against dictatorships and with helping to end communist rule in his native Poland and the rest of Europe.[12] Under John Paul II, the Catholic Church greatly expanded its influence in Africa and Latin America and retained its influence in Europe and the rest of the world. On 19 December 2009, he was proclaimed venerable by Benedict XVI, and on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) he was beatified. On 27 April 2014, John Paul II was canonised by Francis, alongside John XXIII.[13] He has been criticised for allegedly, as archbishop under Communist Poland, having been insufficiently harsh in acting against the sexual abuse of children by priests,[14] though the allegations themselves were criticised by some Polish journalists on the grounds of stemming from sources such as anti-pontifical clergy[15][16] and Polish communist authorities.[17] After his canonisation, he has been referred to by some Catholics as Pope St. John Paul the Great, though that title is not official.[18]

Under John Paul II, two of the most important documents of the contemporary Catholic Church were drafted and promulgated: the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which revised and updated the 1917 Code of Canon Law, and the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the first universal catechism to be issued since the Roman Catechism.

## Early life

[edit]

Main article: Early life of Pope John Paul II

The wedding portrait of John Paul II's parents, Emilia and Karol Wojtyła Sr.

Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice.[19][20] He was the youngest of three children born to Karol Wojtyła (1879–1941), an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska (1884–1929), who was of distant Lithuanian heritage.[21] Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died from a heart attack and kidney failure in 1929[22] when Wojtyła was eight years old.[23] His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician eventually led to his death from scarlet fever, a loss that affected Wojtyła deeply.[21][23]

Wojtyła on the day of his first communion

Wojtyła was baptized a month after his birth, made his First Communion at the age of 9, and was confirmed at the age of 18.[24] As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing association football as goalkeeper.[25] During his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with the large Jewish community of Wadowice.[26] School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side.[21][25] In 2005, he recalled: "I remember that at least a third of my classmates at elementary school in Wadowice were Jews. At secondary school there were fewer. With some I was on very friendly terms. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism."[27] It was around this time that the young Karol had his first serious relationship with a girl. He became close to a girl called Ginka Beer, described as "a Jewish beauty, with stupendous eyes and jet black hair, slender, a superb actress."[28]

In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and moved to Kraków, where he enrolled at the Jagiellonian University. While studying such topics as philology and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and though required to participate in compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, he refused to fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups and worked as a playwright.[29] During this time, his talent for language blossomed, and he learned as many as 15 languages – Polish, Latin, Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Luxembourgish, Dutch, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, and Esperanto,[30] nine of which he used extensively as pope.

In 1939, after invading Poland, Nazi Germany's occupation forces closed the university.[19] Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła variously worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual labourer in a limestone quarry and for the Solvay chemical factory, to avoid deportation to Germany.[20][29] In February 1940, he met Jan Tyranowski who introduced him to the Carmelite spirituality and the "Living Rosary" youth groups.[31] In that same year he had two major accidents, suffering a fractured skull after being struck by a tram and sustaining injuries which left him with one shoulder higher than the other and a permanent stoop after being hit by a lorry in the quarry.[32] His father, a former Austro-Hungarian non-commissioned officer and later officer in the Polish Army, died of a heart attack in 1941,[33] leaving the young adult Wojtyła an orphan and the immediate family's only surviving member.[21][22][34] Reflecting on these times of his life, nearly 40 years later he said: "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at my brother's death, I was not at my father's death. At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."[34]

Wojtyła (second from right) in a Baudienst forced labour work crew during the occupation of Poland (1939–1945), c. 1941

After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about the priesthood.[35] In October 1942, while World War II continued, he knocked on the door of the Bishop's Palace, and asked to study for the priesthood.[35] Soon after, he began courses in the clandestine underground seminary run by the Archbishop of Kraków, the future Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[36] On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was hit by a German truck. German Wehrmacht officers tended to him and sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion and a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this accident and his survival was a confirmation of his vocation. On 6 August 1944, a day known as "Black Sunday",[37] the Gestapo rounded up young men in Kraków to curtail the uprising there,[37] similar to the recent uprising in Warsaw.[38][39] Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's house at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched above.[35][38][39] More than 8,000 men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's residence,[35][37][38] where he remained until after the Germans had left.[21][35][38]

On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the students reclaimed the ruined seminary. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets.[40] Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer,[41] who had escaped from a Nazi labour camp in Częstochowa.[41] Edith had collapsed on a railway platform, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed with her throughout the journey to Kraków. She later credited Wojtyła with saving her life that day.[42][43][44] B'nai B'rith and other authorities have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be hidden by a Gentile Polish family. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in the Holocaust, and after the war Berger's new Christian parents asked Karol Wojtyła to baptise the boy. Wojtyła refused, saying that the child should be raised in the Jewish faith of his birth parents and nation, not as a Catholic.[45] He did everything he could to ensure that Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States.[46] In April 2005, shortly after John Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission to honour the legacy of John Paul II. One of the honorifics proposed by a head of Italy's Jewish community, Emmanuele Pacifici was the medal of the Righteous Among the Nations.[47] In Wojtyła's last book, Memory and Identity, he described the 12 years of the Nazi régime as "bestiality",[48] quoting from the Polish theologian and philosopher Konstanty Michalski.[49]

## Priesthood

[edit]

Wojtyła (centre) in 1949 Wojtyła in 1958

After finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was ordained as a priest on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1946,[22] by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[20][50][51] Sapieha sent Wojtyła to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, to study under the French Dominican friar Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange beginning on 26 November 1946. He resided in the Belgian Pontifical College during this time, under rectorship of Maximilien de Furstenberg.[52] Wojtyła earned a licence in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on 14 June 1948, and successfully defended his doctoral thesis titled Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith in St. John of the Cross) in philosophy on 19 June 1948.[53] The Angelicum preserves the original copy of Wojtyła's typewritten thesis.[54] Among other courses at the Angelicum, Wojtyła studied Hebrew with the Dutch Dominican Peter G. Duncker, author of the Compendium grammaticae linguae hebraicae biblicae.[55]

The Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum in Rome, Italy

According to Wojtyła's fellow student, the future Austrian cardinal Alfons Stickler, in 1947 during his sojourn at the Angelicum, Wojtyła visited Padre Pio, who heard his confession and told him that one day he would ascend to "the highest post in the Church".[56] Stickler added that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.[57]

Wojtyła returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 for his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegowić, 24 kilometres (15 miles) from Kraków, at the Church of the Assumption. He arrived at Niegowić at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground.[58] He repeated this gesture, which he adopted from John Vianney,[58] throughout his papacy.

In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to the parish of Saint Florian in Kraków. He taught ethics at Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the Catholic University of Lublin. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young people, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the blind and the sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual skiing and kayaking trips.[59]

In 1953, Wojtyła's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1954, he earned a Doctorate in Sacred Theology,[60] writing a dissertation titled "Reevaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of Max Scheler"[61] (Polish: Ocena możliwości zbudowania etyki chrześcijańskiej przy założeniach systemu Maksa Schelera).[62] Scheler was a German philosopher who founded a broad philosophical movement that emphasised the study of conscious experience. The Polish Communist authorities abolished the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University, thereby preventing him from receiving the degree until 1957.[51] Wojtyła developed a theological approach, called phenomenological Thomism, that combined traditional Catholic Thomism with the ideas of personalism, a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular among Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics of Substantive Values.[63] In 1961, he coined "Thomistic Personalism" to describe Aquinas's philosophy.[64]

Wojtyła pictured during a kayaking trip to the countryside with a group of students, c. 1960

During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of articles in Kraków's Catholic newspaper, Tygodnik Powszechny (Universal Weekly), dealing with contemporary church issues.[65] He focused on creating original literary work during his first dozen years as a priest. War, life in the Polish People's Republic, and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work under two pseudonyms, Andrzej Jawień and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda,[29][65] to distinguish his literary from his religious writings (issued under his own name), and also so that his literary works would be considered on their own merits.[29][65] In 1960, Wojtyła published the influential theological book Love and Responsibility, a defence of traditional church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.[29][66]

The aforementioned students regularly joined Wojtyła for hiking, skiing, bicycling, camping and kayaking, accompanied by prayer, outdoor Masses, and theological discussions. In Stalinist-era Poland, it was not permitted for priests to travel with groups of students. Wojtyła asked his younger companions to call him "Wujek" (Polish for "Uncle") to prevent outsiders from deducing he was a priest. The nickname gained popularity among his followers. In 1958, when Wojtyła was named auxiliary bishop of Kraków, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would cause him to change. Wojtyła responded to his friends, "Wujek will remain Wujek", and he continued to live a simple life, shunning the trappings that came with his position as bishop. This beloved nickname stayed with Wojtyła for his entire life and continues to be affectionately used, particularly by the Polish people.[67][68]

## Episcopate and cardinalate

[edit]

### Call to the episcopate

[edit]

19 Kanonicza Street in Kraków, Poland, where John Paul II lived as a priest and bishop (now an Archdiocese Museum)

On 4 July 1958,[51] while Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes region of northern Poland, Pope Pius XII appointed him as an auxiliary bishop of Kraków. He was consequently summoned to Warsaw to meet the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, who informed him of his appointment.[69][70] Wojtyła accepted the appointment as auxiliary bishop to Kraków's Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak, and he received episcopal consecration (as titular bishop of Ombi) on 28 September 1958, with Baziak as the principal consecrator and as co-consecrators Bishop Bolesław Kominek (titular bishop of Sophene), auxiliary of the Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław, and Franciszek Jop, Auxiliary Bishop of Sandomierz (Titular Bishop of Daulia). Kominek was to become Cardinal Archbishop of Wrocław and Jop was later Auxiliary Bishop of Wrocław and then Bishop of Opole.[51] At the age of 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland.

In 1959, Wojtyła began an annual tradition of saying a Midnight Mass on Christmas Day in an open field at Nowa Huta, the so-called model workers' town outside Kraków that was without a church building.[71] Baziak died in June 1962 and on 16 July, Wojtyła was selected as Vicar Capitular (temporary administrator) of the Archdiocese until an archbishop could be appointed.[19][20]

### Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events

[edit]

From October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965),[19][51] where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et spes).[51] Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. According to the Jesuit historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text Gaudium et spes that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text".[72] According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words of Gaudium et spes later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".[73]

Wojtyła also participated in the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.[19][20] On 13 January 1964, Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków.[74] On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the College of Cardinals.[51][74] Wojtyła was named cardinal priest of the titular church of San Cesareo in Palatio.

Pope Paul VI imposing the cardinal biretta on Wojtyła in 1967

In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the encyclical Humanae vitae, which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and artificial birth control.[51][75][76]

According to a contemporary witness, Wojtyła was against the distribution of a letter around Kraków in 1970, stating that the Polish Episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the Polish–Soviet War.[77]

In 1973, Wojtyła met philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, the wife of Hendrik S. Houthakker, professor of economics at Stanford University and Harvard University, and member of President Richard Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers[78][79][80] Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of projects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book Osoba i czyn (Person and Act). Person and Act, one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish.[79] Tymieniecka produced the English-language version.[79] They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends.[79][81] When Wojtyła visited New England in the summer of 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home.[79][81] Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday in Pomfret, Vermont, kayaking and enjoying the outdoors, as he had done in his beloved Poland.[79][70]

During 1974–1975, Wojtyła served Pope Paul VI as consultor to the Pontifical Council for the Laity, as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism and by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 apostolic exhortation, Evangelii nuntiandi.[82]

## Papacy

[edit]

### Election

[edit]

Main article: October 1978 papal conclave

First appearance of Pope John Paul II following his election on 16 October 1978

In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Wojtyła voted in the papal conclave, which elected John Paul I. John Paul I died after only 33 days as pope, triggering another conclave.[20][51][83]

The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, the liberal Archbishop of Florence and a close friend of John Paul I.[84]

The coat of arms of John Paul II displaying the Marian Cross with the letter M signifying the Blessed Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus

Supporters of Benelli were confident that he would be elected, and in early ballots, Benelli came within nine votes of success.[84] However, both men faced sufficient opposition for neither to be likely to prevail. Giovanni Colombo, the Archbishop of Milan, was considered as a compromise candidate among the Italian cardinal-electors, but when he started to receive votes, he announced that, if elected, he would decline to accept the papacy.[85] Cardinal Franz König, Archbishop of Vienna, suggested Wojtyła as another compromise candidate to his fellow electors.[84] Wojtyła won on the eighth ballot on the third day (16 October).

Among those cardinals who rallied behind Wojtyła were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, Stefan Wyszyński, most of the American cardinals (led by John Krol), and other moderate cardinals. He accepted his election with the words: "With obedience in faith to Christ, my Lord, and with trust in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept".[86][87] The Pope, in tribute to his immediate predecessor, then took the papal name of John Paul II,[51][84] also in honour of the late Popes Paul VI and John XXIII, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square that a pope had been chosen. There had been rumours that the new pope wished to be known as Pope Stanislaus in honour of the Polish saint of the name, but was convinced by the cardinals that it was not a Roman name.[83] When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke tradition by addressing the gathered crowd:[86]

> "Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land—far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I am speaking to you in your—no, our Italian language. If I make a mistake, please corrict [sic][d] me."[86][88][89][90]

Wojtyła became the 264th pope according to the chronological list of popes, and the first non-Italian in 455 years.[91] At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since Pope Pius IX in 1846, who was 54.[51] Like his predecessor, John Paul II dispensed with the traditional papal coronation and instead received ecclesiastical investiture with a simplified papal inauguration on 22 October 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals were to kneel before him to take their vows and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring, and simply embraced him.[92]

### Pastoral journeys

[edit]

Main article: List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II outside Italy

John Paul's first papal trip to Poland in June 1979

During his pontificate, John Paul II made journeys to 129 countries,[93] travelling more than 1,100,000 kilometres (680,000 mi) while doing so. He consistently attracted large crowds, some among the largest ever assembled in human history, such as the Manila World Youth Day 1995, which gathered up to four million people, the largest papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican.[94][95] John Paul II's earliest official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979.[96] While some of his journeys (such as to the United States and the Holy Land) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the White House in October 1979, where he was greeted warmly by President Jimmy Carter. He was the first pope ever to visit several countries in one year, starting in 1979 with Mexico[97] and Ireland.[98] He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. While in Britain he also visited Canterbury Cathedral and knelt in prayer with Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the spot where Thomas Becket had been killed,[99] as well as holding several large-scale open air Masses, including one at Wembley Stadium, which was attended by some 80,000 people.[100]

John Paul II with Sandro Pertini, President of Italy, in 1984

He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in Creole to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. His message, "things must change in Haiti", referring to the disparity between the wealthy and the poor, was met with thunderous applause.[101] In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,[102] where he met with the Coptic pope, Pope Shenouda III,[102] and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria.[102] He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria, in 2001. He visited the Umayyad Mosque, a former Christian church where John the Baptist is believed to be interred,[103] where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together.[103]

On 15 January 1995, during the X World Youth Day, he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between five and seven million in Luneta Park,[95] Manila, Philippines, which was considered to be the largest single gathering in Christian history.[95] In March 2000, while visiting Jerusalem, John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the Western Wall.[104][105] In September 2001, amid post-11 September concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700 years of Armenian Christianity.[106]

In June 1979, John Paul II travelled to Poland, where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him.[107] This first papal trip to Poland uplifted the nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the Solidarity movement in 1980, which later brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland.[75] Leaders of the Polish United Workers' Party intended to use the Pope's visit to show the people that although the Pope was Polish, it did not alter their capacity to govern, oppress, and distribute the goods of society. They also hoped that if the Pope abided by the rules they set, the Polish people would see his example and follow them as well. If the Pope's visit inspired a riot, the Communist leaders of Poland were prepared to crush the uprising and blame the suffering on the Pope.[108]

> The Pope won that struggle by transcending politics. His was what Joseph Nye calls 'soft power' — the power of attraction and repulsion. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He was a Pole, but beyond the regime's reach. By identifying with him, Poles would have the chance to cleanse themselves of the compromises they had to make to live under the regime. And so they came to him by the millions. They listened. He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. 'Be not afraid,' he said. Millions shouted in response, 'We want God! We want God! We want God!' The regime cowered. Had the Pope chosen to turn his soft power into the hard variety, the regime might have been drowned in blood. Instead, the Pope simply led the Polish people to desert their rulers by affirming solidarity with one another. The Communists managed to hold on as despots a decade longer. But as political leaders, they were finished. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II struck what turned out to be a mortal blow to its Communist regime, to the Soviet Empire, [and] ultimately to Communism.[108]

> "When Pope John Paul II kissed the ground at the Warsaw airport he began the process by which Communism in Poland — and ultimately elsewhere in Europe — would come to an end."[109]

On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the Solidarity organisation.[75] These visits reinforced this message and contributed to the collapse of East European Communism that took place between 1989 and 1990 with the reintroduction of democracy in Poland, and which then spread through Eastern Europe (1990–1991) and South-Eastern Europe (1990–1992).[89][93][107][110][111]

### World Youth Days

[edit]

Pope John Paul II (right) with Jaime Cardinal Sin, Archbishop of Manila (left), addressing the crowd attending the closing Mass of the tenth World Youth Day at Luneta Park, 1995

As an extension of his successful work with youth as a young priest, John Paul II pioneered the international World Youth Days. John Paul II presided over nine of them: Rome (1985 and 2000), Buenos Aires (1987), Santiago de Compostela (1989), Częstochowa (1991), Denver (1993), Manila (1995), Paris (1997), and Toronto (2002). Total attendance at these signature events of the pontificate was in the tens of millions.[112]

### Dedicated years

[edit]

Keenly aware of the rhythms of time and the importance of anniversaries in the Catholic Church's life, John Paul II led nine "dedicated years" during the twenty-six and a half years of his pontificate: the Holy Year of the Redemption in 1983–84, the Marian Year in 1987–88, the Year of the Family in 1993–94, the three Trinitarian years of preparation for the Great Jubilee of 2000, the Great Jubilee itself, the Year of the Rosary in 2002–03, and the Year of the Eucharist, which began on 17 October 2004, and concluded six months after the Pope's death.[112]

### Music albums

[edit]

John Paul II recorded music albums. In 1979, his album Pope John Paul II sings at the Festival of Sacrosong was recorded by Infinity Records.[113][114] In 1994 he released a music album title The Rosary.[115] In 1999, John Paul II released another music album titled Abba Pater.[116]

### Great Jubilee of 2000

[edit]

The Great Jubilee of 2000 was a call to the church to become more aware and to embrace her missionary task for the work of evangelization:

> From the beginning of my Pontificate, my thoughts had been on this Holy Year 2000 as an important appointment. I thought of its celebration as a providential opportunity during which the Church, thirty-five years after the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, would examine how far she had renewed herself, in order to be able to take up her evangelising mission with fresh enthusiasm.[117]

John Paul II also made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land for the Great Jubilee of 2000.[118] During his visit to the Holy Land, John Paul II visited many sites of the Rosary, including the following locations: Bethany Beyond the Jordan (Al-Maghtas), at the Jordan River, where John the Baptist baptized Jesus; Manger Square and the Church of the Nativity in the town of Bethlehem, the location of Jesus' birth; and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the site of Jesus' burial and resurrection.[119][120][121]

## Teachings

[edit]

Main article: Theology of Pope John Paul II

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As pope, John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught regularly in his general audiences.[122]

Some key elements of his strategy to "reposition the Catholic Church" were encyclicals such as Ecclesia de Eucharistia, Reconciliatio et paenitentia and Redemptoris Mater. In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." In The Splendour of the Truth (Veritatis Splendor), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth". He warned that man "giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself". In Fides et Ratio (On the Relationship between Faith and Reason) John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: Laborem exercens, Sollicitudo rei socialis, and Centesimus annus. Through his encyclicals and many Apostolic Letters and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the dignity and the equality of women.[123] He argued for the importance of the family for the future of humanity.[75] He taught about sexuality in what is referred as the "Theology of the Body". Other encyclicals include The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae) and Ut unum sint (That They May Be One). Though critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-asserting Catholic moral teachings against abortion and euthanasia that have been in place for well over a thousand years, he urged a more nuanced view of capital punishment.[75] In his second encyclical, Dives in misericordia, he stressed that divine mercy is the greatest feature of God, needed especially in modern times.

## Promulgation of 1983 Code of Canon Law and 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church

[edit]

Main article: Canon law (Catholic Church)

John Paul II completed a full-scale reform of the Catholic Church's legal system, Latin and Eastern, and a reform of the Roman Curia.

On 18 October 1990, when promulgating the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, John Paul II stated

> By the publication of this Code, the canonical ordering of the whole Church is thus at length completed, following as it does...the "Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia" of 1988, which is added to both Codes as the primary instrument of the Roman Pontiff for 'the communion that binds together, as it were, the whole Church'[124]

In 1998, John Paul II issued the motu proprio Ad tuendam fidem, which amended two canons (750 and 1371) of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and two canons (598 and 1436) of the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.

### 1983 Code of Canon Law

[edit]

Main article: 1983 Code of Canon Law

On 25 January 1983, with the apostolic constitution Sacrae disciplinae leges John Paul II promulgated the current code of canon law for all members of the Catholic Church who belonged to the Latin Church. It entered into force the first Sunday of the following Advent,[125] which was 27 November 1983.[126] John Paul II described the new code as "the last document of Vatican II".[125] Edward N. Peters has referred to the 1983 Code as the "Johanno-Pauline Code"[127] (Johannes Paulus is Latin for "John Paul"), parallelling the "Pio-Benedictine" 1917 code that it replaced.

### Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

[edit]

Main article: Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches

John Paul II promulgated the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO) on 18 October 1990, by the document Sacri Canones.[128] The CCEO came into force of law on 1 October 1991.[129] It is the codification of the common portions of the canon law for the 23 of the 24 sui iuris churches in the Catholic Church that are the Eastern Catholic Churches. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1540 canons.[130]

### Pastor bonus

[edit]

Main article: Pastor bonus

John Paul II promulgated the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus on 28 June 1988. It instituted a number of reforms in the process of running the Roman Curia. Pastor bonus laid out in considerable detail the organisation of the Roman Curia, specifying precisely the names and composition of each dicastery, and enumerating the competencies of each dicastery. It replaced the previous special law, Regimini Ecclesiæ universæ, which was promulgated by Paul VI in 1967.[131]

### Catechism of the Catholic Church

[edit]

Main article: Catechism of the Catholic Church

On 11 October 1992, in his apostolic constitution Fidei depositum (The Deposit of Faith), John Paul ordered the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church.[132][133]

He declared the publication to be "a sure norm for teaching the faith … a sure and authentic reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms". It was "meant to encourage and assist in the writing of new local catechisms [both applicable and faithful]" rather than replacing them.[134]

## Political views and activity

[edit]

Main article: Pope John Paul II's political views

### Anti-communism

[edit]

Main article: Holy See–Soviet Union relations

US President Ronald Reagan meeting with Pope John Paul II during a visit to the Vatican City, 1982

#### Role as spiritual inspiration and catalyst

[edit]

By the late 1970s, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had been predicted by some observers.[135][136] John Paul II has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down Communism in Central and Eastern Europe,[75][89][93][110][111][137] by being the spiritual inspiration behind its downfall and catalyst for "a peaceful revolution" in Poland. Lech Wałęsa, the founder of Solidarity and the first post-Communist President of Poland, credited John Paul II with giving Poles the courage to demand change.[75] According to Wałęsa, "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of Communism. In Warsaw, in 1979, he simply said: 'Do not be afraid', and later prayed: 'Let your Spirit descend and change the image of the land ... this land'."[137] It has also been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank covertly funded Solidarity.[138][139]

In 1984, the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration saw opened diplomatic relations with the Vatican for the first time since 1870. In sharp contrast to the long history of strong domestic opposition, this time there was very little opposition from Congress, the courts, and Protestant groups.[140] Relations between Reagan and John Paul II were close, especially because of their shared anti-communism and keen interest in forcing the Soviets out of Poland.[141] John Paul II and Reagan had earlier confided in the Vatican (in 1982) "their conviction that God had spared their lives" from assassination "for the divine purpose of defeating the communist empire."[142] Reagan's correspondence with the Pope reveals "a continuous scurrying to shore up Vatican support for U.S. policies. Perhaps most surprisingly, the papers show that, as late as 1984, the Pope did not believe the Communist Polish government could be changed."[143]

> "No one can prove conclusively that he was a primary cause of the end of communism. However, the major figures on all sides—not just Lech Wałęsa, the Polish Solidarity leader, but also Solidarity's arch-opponent, General Wojciech Jaruzelski; not just the former American president George Bush Senior but also the former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev—now agree that he was. I would argue the historical case in three steps: without the Polish Pope, no Solidarity revolution in Poland in 1980; without Solidarity, no dramatic change in Soviet policy towards eastern Europe under Gorbachev; without that change, no velvet revolutions in 1989."[144]

In December 1989, John Paul II met with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for the other. Gorbachev once said: "The collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II."[89][110] On John Paul II's death, Gorbachev said: "Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us."[111][137]

Pope John Paul II, given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President George W. Bush in 2004

On 4 June 2004, U.S. president George W. Bush presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honour, to John Paul II during a ceremony at the Apostolic Palace. The president read the citation that accompanied the medal, which recognised "this son of Poland" whose "principled stand for peace and freedom has inspired millions and helped to topple communism and tyranny".[145] After receiving the award, John Paul II said, "May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world symbolised by this medal inspire men and women of goodwill in every time and place."[146]

#### Communist attempt to compromise John Paul II

[edit]

Graffiti showing John Paul II with quote "Do not be afraid" in Rijeka, Croatia

In 1983, Poland's Communist government unsuccessfully tried to humiliate John Paul II by falsely saying he had fathered an illegitimate child. Section D of Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB), the security service, had an action named "Triangolo" to carry out criminal operations against the Catholic Church in Poland; the operation encompassed all Polish hostile actions against the Pope.[147][better source needed] Captain Grzegorz Piotrowski, one of the murderers of beatified Jerzy Popiełuszko, was the leader of section D. They drugged Irena Kinaszewska, the secretary of the Kraków-based weekly Catholic magazine Tygodnik Powszechny where Wojtyła had worked, and unsuccessfully attempted to make her admit to having had sexual relations with him.[148]

The SB then attempted to compromise Kraków priest Andrzej Bardecki, an editor of Tygodnik Powszechny and one of the closest friends of Cardinal Wojtyła before he became pope, by planting false memoirs in his dwelling; Piotrowski was exposed and the forgeries were found and destroyed before the SB could say to have discovered them.[148]

### Latin American and Caribbean dictatorships

[edit]

John Paul II was variously praised[149] and criticized[150] for actions which were perceived as both inspiring resistance[151] but also potentially abetting[152] dictatorships in Chile, Haiti, and Paraguay.

## Relations with other Christian denominations and religions

[edit]

Main articles: Pope John Paul II and ecumenism and Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church

### Christian denominations

[edit]

John Paul II was publicly committed to improving relationships between Christian communities and engaged in numerous dialogues with leaders of other Christian churches, including the Eastern Orthodox Church,[153] Oriental Orthodox Church,[154] Assyrian Church of the East[155] the Lutheran World Federation,[156] and the Anglican Communion.[157]

### Religions

[edit]

#### Judaism

[edit]

Main article: Pope John Paul II and Judaism

Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved dramatically during the pontificate of John Paul II.[75][105] He spoke frequently about the Catholic Church's relationship with the Jewish faith.[75]

#### Animism

[edit]

In his book-length interview Crossing the Threshold of Hope with the Italian journalist Vittorio Messori published in 1995, John Paul II draws parallels between animism and Christianity. He wrote:

> "... it would be helpful to recall ... the animist religions which stress ancestor worship. It seems that those who practise them are particularly close to Christianity, and among them, the Church's missionaries also find it easier to speak a common language. Is there, perhaps, in this veneration of ancestors a kind of preparation for the Christian faith in the Communion of Saints, in which all believers—whether living or dead—form a single community, a single body? ... There is nothing strange, then, that the African and Asian animists would become believers in Christ more easily than followers of the great religions of the Far East."[158]

In 1985, the Pope visited the African country of Togo, where 60 per cent of the population espouses animist beliefs. To honour the Pope, animist religious leaders met him at a Catholic Marian shrine in the forest, much to the pontiff's delight. John Paul II proceeded to call for the need for religious tolerance, praised nature, and emphasised common elements between animism and Christianity, saying:

> "Nature, exuberant and splendid in this area of forests and lakes, impregnates spirits and hearts with its mystery and orients them spontaneously toward the mystery of He who is the author of life. It is this religious sentiment that animates you and one can say that animates all of your compatriots."[159]

During the investiture of President Thomas Boni Yayi of Benin as a titled Yoruba chieftain on 20 December 2008, the reigning Ooni of Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Olubuse II, referred to John Paul II as a previous recipient of the same royal honour.[160]

#### Buddhism

[edit]

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, visited John Paul II eight times. The two men held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations affected by Communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies.[161][162] As Archbishop of Kraków, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-famous figure, Wojtyła held special Masses to pray for the Tibetan people's non-violent struggle for freedom from Maoist China.[163] In 1987, he welcomed participants of the East-West Spiritual Exchanges, an initiative by the Monastic Interreligious Dialogue (DIMMID) and the Institute for Zen Studies in which Buddhist and Christian monks or nuns take turns residing for one month in each other's monasteries.[164][165] During his 1995 visit to Sri Lanka, a country where a majority of the population adheres to Theravada Buddhism, John Paul II expressed his admiration for Buddhism. He said:

> "In particular I express my highest regard for the followers of Buddhism, the majority religion in Sri Lanka, with its ... four great values of … loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity; with its ten transcendental virtues and the joys of the Sangha expressed so beautifully in the Theragathas. I ardently hope that my visit will serve to strengthen the goodwill between us, and that it will reassure everyone of the Catholic Church's desire for interreligious dialogue and cooperation in building a more just and fraternal world. To everyone I extend the hand of friendship, recalling the splendid words of the Dhammapada: 'Better than a thousand useless words is one single word that gives peace' ... ."[166]

#### Islam

[edit]

John Paul II was the first Pope to enter and pray in a mosque, visiting the tomb of John the Baptist at Umayyad Mosque, Damascus.

John Paul II made considerable efforts to improve relations between Catholicism and Islam.[167]

He officially supported the project of the Mosque of Rome and participated in the inauguration in 1995.

On 14 May 1999, at a meeting with Muslim leaders in Syria, he was gifted and then promptly kissed a Qur'an, an act that was controversial with some Catholics.[168][169]

On 6 May 2001, he became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in a mosque, namely the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria. Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the former Byzantine-era Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist, who is also revered as a prophet of Islam. He gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness."[103]

In 2004, John Paul II hosted the "Papal Concert of Reconciliation", which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Kraków Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the London Philharmonic Choir from the United Kingdom, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from the United States, and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey.[170][171][172][173] The event was conceived and conducted by Gilbert Levine, KCSG and was broadcast throughout the world.[170][171][172][173]

John Paul II oversaw the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which makes a special provision for Muslims; therein, it is written, "together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."[174]

#### Jainism

[edit]

In 1995, John Paul II held a meeting with 21 Jains, organised by the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. He praised Mohandas Gandhi for his "unshakeable faith in God", assured the Jains that the Catholic Church will continue to engage in dialogue with their religion and spoke of the common need to aid the poor. The Jain leaders were impressed with the Pope's "transparency and simplicity", and the meeting received much attention in the Gujarat state in western India, home to many Jains.[175]

##  Assassination attempts and plots

[edit]

Main articles: Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II, Juan María Fernández y Krohn, and Bojinka Plot

As he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience on 13 May 1981,[176] John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca,[19][93][177] an expert Turkish gunman who was a member of the militant fascist group Grey Wolves.[178] The assassin used a Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol,[179] shooting the Pope in the abdomen and perforating his colon and small intestine multiple times.[89] John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the Gemelli Hospital. On the way to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Even though the two bullets missed his superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta, he lost nearly three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his wounds.[180] Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal.[180] When he briefly regained consciousness before being operated on, he instructed the doctors not to remove his Brown Scapular during the operation.[181] One of the few people allowed in to see him at the Gemelli Clinic was one of his closest friends, philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, who arrived on Saturday 16 May and kept him company while he recovered from emergency surgery.[80] The Pope later stated that the Blessed Virgin Mary helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.[93][177][182] He said:

> "Could I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Fátima, Portugal? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet."[183]

Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days after Christmas in 1983, John Paul II visited Ağca in prison. John Paul II and Ağca spoke privately for about twenty minutes.[93][177] John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust."[184]

Numerous theories were advanced to explain the assassination attempt, some of them controversial. One such theory, advanced by Michael Ledeen and heavily pushed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the time of the assassination but never substantiated by evidence, was that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life in retaliation for the Pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement.[178][185] This theory was supported by the 2006 Mitrokhin Commission, set up by Silvio Berlusconi and headed by Forza Italia senator Paolo Guzzanti, which alleged that Communist Bulgarian security departments were used to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered, and concluded that Soviet military intelligence (Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije), not the KGB, were responsible.[185] Russian Foreign Intelligence Service spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation "absurd".[185] The Pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that the country's Soviet-bloc-era leadership had nothing to do with the assassination attempt.[178][185] However, his secretary, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, alleged in his book A Life with Karol, that the Pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack.[186] It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign-government attachments;[187] Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the Pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection.[185]

A second assassination attempt was made on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in Fátima, Portugal, when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a bayonet.[188][189][190] He was stopped by security guards. Stanisław Dziwisz later said that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life-threatening wound.[188][189][190] The assailant, a traditionalist Catholic Spanish priest named Juan María Fernández y Krohn,[188] had been ordained as a priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of St. Pius X and was opposed to the changes made by the Second Vatican Council, saying that the Pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist Eastern Bloc.[191] Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence.[189][190][191] The ex-priest was treated for mental illness and then expelled from Portugal to become a solicitor in Belgium.[191]

The Al-Qaeda-funded Bojinka plot planned to kill John Paul II during a visit to the Philippines during World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. On 15 January 1995 a suicide bomber was planning to dress as a priest and detonate a bomb when the Pope passed in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in Makati. The assassination was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the Pope's visit, and confessed to the plot.[192]

In 2009 Jack Koehler, a journalist and former army intelligence officer, published Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church.[193] Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler claimed the assassination attempts were "KGB-backed".[194]

## Apologies

[edit]

Main article: Apologies by Pope John Paul II

John Paul II apologised to many groups that had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years.[75][195] Before becoming pope he had been a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives such as the Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops from 1965. As pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 wrongdoings, including:[196][197][198][199]

* The legal process on the Italian scientist and philosopher Galileo Galilei, himself a devout Catholic, around 1633 (31 October 1992).[200][201]
* The involvement of Catholics in the Atlantic slave trade (9 August 1993).
* The church hierarchy's role in burnings at the stake and the religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation (20 May 1995, in the Czech Republic).
* The injustices committed against women, the violation of women's rights and the historical denigration of women (10 July 1995, in a letter to "every woman").
* The inactivity and silence of many Catholics during the Holocaust (see the article Religion in Nazi Germany) (16 March 1998).

The Great Jubilee of the year 2000 included a day of Prayer for Forgiveness of the Sins of the Church on 12 March 2000.

On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the Catholic sex abuse cases, the church-backed Stolen Generations of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in colonial times.[202]

## Health

[edit]

Main article: Pope John Paul II's health

An ailing John Paul II riding in the Popemobile in September 2004 in St. Peter's Square

When he became pope in 1978 at the age of 58, John Paul II was an avid sportsman. He remained extremely healthy and active especially in his first years of papacy, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football, skiing and swimming. The media contrasted the new pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), who was an avid mountaineer, conquering summits like Monte Rosa, Mont Blanc (the highest of the Alps) and Matterhorn.[203][204] Media occasionally referred to John Paul II's fitness regimen: for example, an Irish Independent article in the 1980s labelled him the keep-fit pope, and an Italian newspaper called him l'atleta di Dio ("God's athlete") in 2005.[205]

However, after over 26 years as pope, two assassination attempts, one of which injured him severely, and a number of cancer scares, John Paul's physical health declined. In 2001 he was diagnosed as suffering from Parkinson's disease.[206] International observers had suspected this for some time, but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. Despite difficulty speaking more than a few sentences at a time, trouble hearing, and severe osteoarthrosis, he continued to tour the world although rarely walking in public.

## Death and funeral

[edit]

Main article: Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II

### Final months

[edit]

John Paul II was hospitalised with breathing problems caused by a bout of influenza on 1 February 2005.[207] He left the hospital on 10 February, but was subsequently hospitalised again with breathing problems two weeks later and underwent a tracheotomy.[208]

### Final illness and death

[edit]

The body of Pope John Paul II lying in state

On 31 March 2005, following a urinary tract infection,[209] he developed septic shock, a form of infection with a high fever and low blood pressure, but was not hospitalised. Instead, he was monitored by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication by the Pope, and those close to him, that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican.[209] Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. The day before his death, one of his closest personal friends, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, visited him at his bedside.[78][210] During the final days of the Pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace. Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: "I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you."[211]

On Saturday, 2 April 2005, at approximately 15:30 CEST, John Paul II spoke his final words in Polish, "Pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca" ("Allow me to depart to the house of the Father"), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.[211][212] The Mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter commemorating the canonisation of Faustina Kowalska on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, presided over by Dziwisz and two Polish associates. Present at the bedside was Cardinal Lubomyr Husar from Ukraine, who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with Polish nuns of the Congregation of the Sisters, Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, who ran the papal household. John Paul II died in his private apartment at 21:37 CEST (19:37 UTC) of heart failure from profound hypotension and complete circulatory collapse from septic shock.[212][213][214] His death was verified when an electrocardiogram that ran for 20 minutes showed a flatline.[215]

He had no close family by the time of his death; his feelings are reflected in his words written in 2000 at the end of his Last Will and Testament.[216] Dziwisz later said he had not burned the pontiff's personal notes despite the request being part of the will.[217]

(l-r) George W. Bush, Laura Bush, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Condoleezza Rice, and Andrew Card, US dignitaries paying respects to John Paul II on 6 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

### Aftermath

[edit]

The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 April 2005 to 7 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica. John Paul II's testament, published on 7 April 2005,[218] revealed that he contemplated being buried in his native Poland but left the final decision to the College of Cardinals, which in passing, preferred burial beneath St. Peter's Basilica, honouring the pontiff's request to be placed "in bare earth".

The Requiem Mass held on 8 April 2005 was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of heads of state present at a funeral.[200][219][220][221] (See: List of Dignitaries.) It was the single largest gathering of heads of state up to that time, surpassing the funerals of Winston Churchill (1965) and Josip Broz Tito (1980). Four kings, five queens, at least 70 presidents and prime ministers, and more than 14 leaders of other religions attended.[219] An estimated four million mourners gathered in and around Vatican City.[200][220][221][222] Between 250,000 and 300,000 watched the event from within the Vatican's walls.[221] In a historical rarity, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox leaders, as well as representatives and heads from Judaism, Islam, Druze[223] and Buddhism, offered their own memorials and prayers as a way of sympathising with the grief of Catholics.

The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, conducted the ceremony. John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of John XXIII. The alcove had been empty since John XXIII's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification. The remains of John Paul II were moved to the Chapel of St. Sebastian within the main basilica upon his own beatification in 2011.[224]

## Posthumous recognition

[edit]

See also: Pope John Paul II in popular culture

### Title "the Great"

[edit]

Old tomb of John Paul II in the Vatican Grottoes before his beatification

Upon the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen[89][200][225] began referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great" –in theory only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed.[89][225][226][227] Cardinal Angelo Sodano specifically referred to John Paul as "the Great" in his published written homily for the Pope's funeral Mass of Repose.[228][229] The South African Catholic newspaper The Southern Cross has referred to him in print as "John Paul II the Great".[230] Some Catholic educational institutions in the US have additionally changed their names to incorporate "the Great", including John Paul the Great Catholic University and schools called some variant of John Paul the Great High School.

The tomb of John Paul II in the Vatican Chapel of Saint Sebastian within St. Peter's Basilica where it has been since 2011

Scholars of canon law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage,[200][231][232] as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as Alexander the Great). The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858–867, who consolidated the Catholic Church in the Western world in the Middle Ages.[225]

John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, did not use the term directly in public speeches, but made oblique references to "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address from the loggia of St. Peter's Basilica, at the 20th World Youth Day 2005 in Germany when he said in Polish: "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: Keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people";[233] and in May 2006 during a visit to Poland where he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".[234]

The tomb of the parents of John Paul II at Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków, Poland

### Institutions named after John Paul II

[edit]

* Pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee)
* John Paul II High School (Plano, Texas)
* John Paul the Great Catholic University
* John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Indiana)
* John Paul II Catholic Secondary School (London, Ontario, Canada)
* John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
* Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Virginia)
* John Paul II High School, Greymouth
* Karol Wojtyla College, Lima, Peru[235]
* Scoil Eoin Phóil, Leixlip, Ireland
* John Paul II Gymnasium, Kaunas, Lithuania
* Pope John Paul II High School in Olympia, Washington[236]
* Universidad Privada Juan Pablo II, Lima, Peru[237]
* Karol Wojtyła building at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia in Jakarta, Indonesia[238]
* St. John Paul II Chapel and Museum at Pakuwon Mall in Surabaya, Indonesia
* St. John Paul II Minor Seminary, Minor Seminary in Antipolo City, Philippines
* St. John Paul II Parish Community (Lake View, NY)
* St. John Paul II High School (Massachusetts)
* Saint John Paul II Academy Boca Raton, FL
* St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Alabama)
* St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Arizona)
* St. John Paul II Seminary (Washington, DC)[239]
* Pope Saint John Paul II Major Seminary Awka (Nigeria)[240]
* St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
* Pope John Paul II High School, Royersford Pennsylvania, USA

### Beatification

[edit]

Main article: Beatification of Pope John Paul II

Some 1.5 million St. Peter's Square attendees witness the beatification of John Paul II on 1 May 2011 in Vatican City.[241]

Inspired by calls of "Santo Subito!" ("[Make him a] Saint Immediately!") from the crowds gathered during the funeral Mass that he celebrated,[242][243][244][245] Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process.[243][244][246][247] In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome, who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances", which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.[20][200][248] This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.[249]

In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun and member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, confined to her bed by Parkinson's disease,[244][250] was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".[138][200][242][244][251][252] As of May 2008[update], Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, then 46,[242][244] was working again at a maternity hospital run by her religious institute.[247][250][253][254]

"I was sick and now I am cured," she told reporter Gerry Shaw. "I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not."[250][253]

On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his homily, he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future".[250][255]

Statue of John Paul II outside the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Tepeyac, Mexico City

In January 2007, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz announced that the interview phase of the beatification process, in Italy and Poland, was nearing completion.[200][250][256] In February 2007, second class relics of John Paul II—pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear—were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.[257][258] On 8 March 2007, the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007—the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death—the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to conduct a separate investigation.[243][250][256] On the fourth anniversary of John Paul II's death, 2 April 2009, Cardinal Dziwisz, told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.[253][259][260] A nine-year-old Polish boy from Gdańsk, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk," and began walking normally.[259][260][261] On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that John Paul II had lived a life of heroic virtue.[262][263] On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life.[262][263] The second vote and the second signed decree certified the authenticity of the first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. Once the second decree is signed, the position (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete.[263] He can then be beatified.[262][263] Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder said, this course would have been possible if the second decree were signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle directly attributable to his intercession had occurred, completing the positio.

Candles around monument to John Paul II in Zaspa, Gdańsk, at the time of his death

The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy.[264] 1 May is commemorated in former Communist countries, such as Poland, and some Western European countries as May Day, and John Paul II was well known for his contributions to Communism's relatively peaceful demise.[89][110] In March 2011 the Polish mint issued a gold 1,000 Polish złoty coin (equivalent to US$350), with the Pope's image to commemorate his beatification.[265]

On 29 April 2011, John Paul II's coffin was disinterred from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral.[266][267] John Paul II's remains, which were not exposed, were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification Mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May 2011. On 3 May 2011 his remains were interred in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari Chapel of St. Sebastian, where Pope Innocent XI was buried. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pietà, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial. John Paul II's body is located near the bodies of Pope Pius X and Pope John XXIII, whose bodies were reinterred in the Basilica after their own beatifications and together are three of the five popes beatified in the last century. The two popes who were not exhumed and reinterred after becoming a blessed in the last century were Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul I, who both remain entombed in the papal grottos.[268][269]

In July 2012, a Colombian man, Marco Fidel Rojas, the former mayor of Huila, Colombia, testified that he was "miraculously cured" of Parkinson's disease after a trip to Rome where he met John Paul II and prayed with him. Antonio Schlesinger Piedrahita, a renowned neurologist in Colombia, certified Fidel's healing. The documentation was then sent to the Vatican office for sainthood causes.[270]

In September 2020, Poland unveiled a sculpture of him, designed by Jerzy Kalina [pl] and installed outside the National Museum, Warsaw, holding up a meteorite.[271] In the same month, a relic containing his blood was stolen from the Spoleto Cathedral in Italy.[272]

### Canonisation

[edit]

Main article: Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II

The canonisation of John Paul II and John XXIII

To be eligible for canonisation (being declared a saint) by the Catholic Church, two miracles must be attributed to a candidate.

The first miracle attributed to John Paul was the above mentioned healing of a nun's Parkinson's disease, which was recognised during the beatification process. According to an article on the Catholic News Service (CNS) dated 23 April 2013, a Vatican commission of doctors concluded that a healing had no natural (medical) explanation, which is the first requirement for a claimed miracle to be officially documented.[273][274][275]

The second miracle was deemed to have taken place shortly after the late pope's beatification on 1 May 2011; it was reported to be the healing of Costa Rican woman Floribeth Mora of an otherwise terminal brain aneurysm.[276] A Vatican panel of expert theologians examined the evidence, determined that it was directly attributable to the intercession of John Paul II, and recognised it as miraculous.[274][275] The next stage was for Cardinals who compose the membership of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to give their opinion to Pope Francis to decide whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonisation.[274][275][277]

On 4 July 2013, Pope Francis confirmed his approval of John Paul II's canonisation, formally recognising the second miracle attributed to his intercession. He was canonised together with John XXIII.[13][278] The date of the canonisation was on 27 April 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday.[279][280]

The canonisation Mass for Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII, was celebrated by Pope Francis (with Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI), on 27 April 2014 in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican (John Paul II had died on vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday in 2005). About 150 cardinals and 700 bishops concelebrated the Mass, and at least 500,000 people attended the Mass, with an estimated 300,000 others watching from video screens placed around Rome.[281]

John Paul II's remains, considered to be holy relics, were exhumed from their place in the basilica's grotto,[282] and a new tomb was established at the altar of St. Sebastian.[283] His feast is celebrated annually on October 22, the day of his papal inauguration, as the anniversary of his death usually falls during Lent and often during Holy Week.

### Beatification of the Pope's parents

[edit]

On 10 October 2019, the Archdiocese of Kraków and the Polish Episcopal Conference approved nihil obstat the opening of the beatification cause of the parents of its patron saint John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła Sr. and Emilia Kaczorowska. It gained approval from the Holy See to open the diocesan phase of the cause on 7 May 2020.[284]

## Sexual abuse scandals

[edit]

Main article: Catholic sex abuse cases

John Paul II was criticised by representatives of the victims of clergy sexual abuse for failing to respond quickly enough to the Catholic sex abuse crisis.[285] After decades of inaction, the scandal came to a head when Sinéad O'Connor infamously tore up a photo of John Paul II on a 3 October 1992 episode of Saturday Night Live while performing an a cappella rendition of Bob Marley's "War".[286]

In response to mounting criticism over the next decade, John Paul II stated in 2002 that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[287] The Catholic Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for church employees[288] and, because a significant majority of victims were boys, disallowing ordination of men with "deep-seated homosexual tendencies".[289][290] They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.[288][291] In 2008, the church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent'", or 5,000, of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.[292][293]

In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson's disease, summoned all the American cardinals to the Vatican to discuss possible solutions to the issue of sexual abuse in the American Church. He asked them to "diligently investigate accusations". John Paul II suggested that American bishops be more open and transparent in dealing with such scandals and emphasised the role of seminary training to prevent sexual deviance among future priests. In what The New York Times called "unusually direct language", John Paul condemned the arrogance of priests that led to the scandals:

> "Priests and candidates for the priesthood often live at a level both materially and educationally superior to that of their families and the members of their own age group. It is therefore very easy for them to succumb to the temptation of thinking of themselves as better than others. When this happens, the ideal of priestly service and self-giving dedication can fade, leaving the priest dissatisfied and disheartened."[294]

The Pope read a statement intended for the American cardinals, calling the sex abuse "an appalling sin" and said the priesthood had no room for such men.[295]

In 2002, Archbishop Juliusz Paetz, the Catholic Archbishop of Poznań, was accused of molesting seminarians.[296] John Paul II accepted his resignation, and placed sanctions on him, prohibiting Paetz from exercising his ministry as bishop.[297] It was reported that these restrictions were lifted, though Vatican spokesperson Federico Lombardi strenuously denied this saying "his rehabilitation was without foundation".

In 2003, John Paul II reiterated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[287] In April 2003, a three-day conference was held, titled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican dicasteries' representatives. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. One expert called such policies a "case of overkill" since they do not permit flexibility to allow for differences among individual cases.[298]

In 2004, John Paul II recalled Bernard Francis Law to be Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Law had previously resigned as Archbishop of Boston in 2002 in response to the Catholic Church sexual abuse cases after church documents were revealed that suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.[299] Law resigned from this position in November 2011.[295]

John Paul II was a firm supporter of the Legion of Christ, and in 1998 discontinued investigations into sexual misconduct by its leader Marcial Maciel, who in 2005 resigned his leadership and was later requested by the Vatican to withdraw from his ministry. However, Maciel's trial began in 2004 during the pontificate of John Paul II, but the Pope died before it ended and the conclusions were known.[300] In an interview with L'Osservatore Romano, Pope Francis said: "I am grateful to Pope Benedict, who dared to say this publicly (when more facts began to come to light after Degollado's death in 2008, Pope Benedict XVI in 2010 launched another investigation and on 1 May 2010 announced a declaration about the crimes of the founder of the Legionaries), and to Pope John Paul II, who dared to give the green light to the Legionaries' case".[301]

On 10 November 2020, the Vatican published a report which found that John Paul II learned of allegations of sexual impropriety against former cardinal Theodore McCarrick, who at the time was serving as Archbishop of Newark, through a 1999 letter from Cardinal John O'Connor warning him that appointing McCarrick to be Archbishop of Washington D.C., a position which had recently been opened, would be a mistake. John Paul II ordered an investigation, which stalled when three of the four bishops tasked with investigating claims allegedly brought back "inaccurate or incomplete information". John Paul II planned on not giving McCarrick the appointment anyway, but relented and gave him the appointment after McCarrick wrote a letter of denial. He created McCarrick a cardinal in 2001. McCarrick would eventually be laicized after allegations surfaced that he abused minors.[302][303] George Weigel, a biographer of John Paul II, defended the Pope's actions as follows: "Theodore McCarrick fooled a lot of people ... and he deceived John Paul II in a way that is laid out in almost biblical fashion in [the Vatican's] report".[304]

In a 2019 interview with Mexican television, Pope Francis defended John Paul II's legacy on protecting minors against clerical sexual abuse. He said that John Paul II was "often misled", as in the case of Hans Hermann Groër. Francis said that with respect to the case of Marcial Maciel:

> "Ratzinger was courageous, and so was John Paul II. ... With respect to John Paul II, we have to understand certain attitudes because he came from a closed world, from behind the Iron Curtain, where communism was still in force. There was a defensive mentality. We have to understand this well, and no one can doubt the saintliness of this great man and his good will. He was great, he was great."[305][306]

On March 6, 2023, an investigative report by the Polish television station TVN24 concluded that "there [is now] no doubt" that John Paul II "knew about sexual abuse of children by priests under his authority and sought to conceal it when he was an archbishop in his native Poland". The Dutch journalist Ekke Overbeek released a book on John Paul II with similar claims the following week. In response to the claims, Pope Francis stated: "You have to put things in the context of the era[...] At that time everything was covered up. [...] It was only when the Boston scandal broke that the church began to look at the problem." The Polish Episcopal Conference stated that "'further archival research' would be needed to arrive at a just evaluation of the decisions and actions" of Wojtyła.[307] Furthermore, other journalists have criticised the report, including the sources and their interpretation. One of the sources used in the report was controversial archbishop and opponent of the pontiff Rembert Weakland.[15][16] Another point of contention is the use of materials from the communist secret police in the report.[17]

## Other criticism and controversy

[edit]

Main articles: Criticism of Pope John Paul II and Criticism of the Catholic Church

John Paul II was widely criticised for a variety of his views. He was a target of criticism from progressives for his opposition to the ordination of women and use of contraception,[19][308] and from traditional Catholics for his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the liturgy. John Paul II's response to child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church has also come under heavy censure.

### Opus Dei controversies

[edit]

Main article: Controversies about Opus Dei

John Paul II was criticised for his support of the Opus Dei prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá, whom he called "the saint of ordinary life".[309][310] Other movements and religious organisations of the church went decidedly under his wing Legion of Christ, the Neocatechumenal Way, Schoenstatt, the Charismatic Movement, etc. And he was accused repeatedly of taking a soft hand with them, especially in the case of Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legionaries of Christ.[311]

In 1984 John Paul II appointed Joaquín Navarro-Valls, a member of Opus Dei, as Director of the Vatican Press Office. An Opus Dei spokesman said that "the influence of Opus Dei in the Vatican has been exaggerated".[312] Of the nearly 200 cardinals in the Catholic Church, only two are known to be members of Opus Dei.[313]

Pope John Paul II was said to engage in Self-flagellation, a practice of whipping oneself which is often used within Opus Dei.[314][315][316]

### Banco Ambrosiano scandal

[edit]

Main article: Banco Ambrosiano

John Paul II was alleged to have links with Banco Ambrosiano, an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982.[138] At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi, and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). The Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of John Paul I in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal.[139]

Calvi, often referred to as "God's Banker", was also involved with the Vatican Bank, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. It has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank provided money for Solidarity in Poland.[138][139]

Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to arrange massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Bank of Italy produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster.[139] On 5 June 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi had written a letter of warning to John Paul II, stating that such a forthcoming event would "provoke a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will suffer the gravest damage".[317] On 18 June 1982 Calvi's body was found hanging from scaffolding beneath Blackfriars Bridge in the financial district of London. Calvi's clothing was stuffed with bricks, and contained cash valued at US$14,000, in three different currencies.[318]

### Problems with traditionalists

[edit]

John Paul II was criticised by some traditionalist Catholics, in addition to those demanding modernisation. Points of contention with traditionalists included demanding a return to the Tridentine Mass,[319] as well as the repudiation of reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin-language Roman Rite, ecumenism, and the principle of religious liberty.[320] In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of Saint Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which Cardinal Ratzinger called a "schismatic act".[321]

The World Day of Prayer for Peace,[322] with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the pope prayed only with the Christians,[323] was criticised for giving the impression that syncretism and indifferentism were openly embraced by the Papal Magisterium. When a second Day of Prayer for Peace in the World was held in 2002,[324] it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to false religions. Likewise criticised was his kissing of the Qur'an in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001.[325][unreliable source?] His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops like Antônio de Castro Mayer promoted religious tolerance but at the same time rejected the Vatican II principle of religious liberty as being liberalist and already condemned by Pope Pius IX in his Syllabus errorum (1864) and at the First Vatican Council.[326]

### Religion and AIDS

[edit]

Main article: Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS

John Paul II continued the tradition of advocating for the culture of life. In solidarity with Pope Paul VI's Humanae vitae, he rejected artificial birth control, even in the use of condoms to prevent the spread of AIDS.[308] Critics have said that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate Third World poverty and problems, such as street children in South America. John Paul II argued that the proper way to prevent the spread of AIDS was not condoms but rather "correct practice of sexuality, which presupposes chastity and fidelity".[308]

### Social programmes

[edit]

There was strong criticism of the Pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programmes as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism.[327][328] The Pope created an uproar in the Indian subcontinent when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium.[329]

### Argentine military regime

[edit]

John Paul II endorsed Cardinal Pio Laghi, who critics say supported the Dirty War in Argentina and was on friendly terms with the Argentine generals of the military dictatorship, playing regular tennis matches with the Navy's representative in the junta, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera.[330][331][332][333]

### Ian Paisley

[edit]

In 1988, when John Paul II was delivering a speech to the European Parliament, Ian Paisley, the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, shouted "I denounce you as the Antichrist!"[334][335] He held up a red banner reading "Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST". Otto von Habsburg (the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary), a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Germany, snatched Paisley's banner, tore it up, and along with other MEPs helped eject him from the chamber.[334][336][337][338][339] The Pope continued with his address after Paisley had been ejected.[336][340][341]

### Međugorje apparitions

[edit]

See also: Our Lady of Međugorje

A number of quotes about the apparitions of Međugorje, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have been attributed to John Paul II.[342] In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements that were supposedly made by the Pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: "The only thing I can say regarding statements on Međugorje ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are [frei erfunden] complete invention".[343] Similar claims were also rebuked by the Vatican's Secretariate of State.[344]

### Beatification controversy

[edit]

Some Catholic theologians disagreed with the call for the beatification of John Paul II. Eleven dissident theologians, including Jesuit professor José María Castillo and Italian theologian Giovanni Franzoni, said that his stance against contraception and the ordination of women as well as the church scandals during his pontificate presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification".[345] Some traditionalist Catholics opposed his beatification and canonisation for his views on liturgy and participation in prayer with enemies of the church, heretics and non-Christians.[346]

After the 2020 report about the handling of the sexual misconduct complaints against Theodore McCarrick, some called for John Paul II's sainthood to be revoked.[347]

## Personal life

[edit]

Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka maintained a thirty-year friendship with Pope John Paul II. External videos

Presentation by Carl Bernstein on His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of Our Time, September 24, 1996, C-SPAN

Wojtyła was a Cracovia football team supporter, and the club retired number 1 in his honour.[348] Having played the game himself as a goalkeeper, Wojtyla was a fan of English football team Liverpool F.C., where his compatriot Jerzy Dudek played in the same position.[349]

In 1973, while still the archbishop of Kraków, Wojtyła befriended a Polish-born, later American philosopher, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka. The thirty-two-year friendship (and occasional academic collaboration) lasted until his death.[78][79][80] She served as his host when he visited New England in 1976, and photos show them together on skiing and camping trips.[80] Letters that he wrote to her were part of a collection of documents sold by Tymieniecka's estate in 2008 to the National Library of Poland.[80] According to the BBC the library had initially kept the letters from public view, partly because of John Paul's path to sainthood, but a library official announced in February 2016 the letters would be made public.[80][350] In February 2016, the BBC documentary program Panorama reported that John Paul II had apparently had a close relationship with the Polish-born philosopher.[80][81] The pair exchanged personal letters over 30 years, and Stourton believes that Tymieniecka had confessed her love for Wojtyła.[78][351] The Vatican described the documentary as "more smoke than fire", and Tymieniecka denied being involved with John Paul II.[352][353]

Writers Carl Bernstein, the veteran investigative journalist of the Watergate scandal, and Vatican expert Marco Politi, were the first journalists to talk to Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in the 1990s about her importance in John Paul's life. They interviewed her and dedicated 20 pages to her in their 1996 book His Holiness.[78][210][354] Bernstein and Politi even asked her if she had ever developed any romantic relationship with John Paul II, "however one-sided it might have been". She responded, "No, I never fell in love with the cardinal. How could I fall in love with a middle-aged clergyman? Besides, I'm a married woman."[78][210]

## See also

[edit]

* Biography portal
* Christianity portal
* History portal
* Judaism portal
* Poland portal
* Vatican City portal

* Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
* Bolesław Taborski
* Cardinals created by John Paul II
* Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church
* Jerzy Kluger
* List of longest-reigning popes
* List of peace activists
* List of places named after Pope John Paul II
* List of popes
* List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II
* Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszynski
* Papal travel
* Peter Le Jacq

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The luminous mysteries seem to have their origin (although in a slightly different form) in the writings of Saint George Preca
2. ^ Latin: Ioannes Paulus II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II; Polish: Jan Paweł II
3. ^ Polish pronunciation: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv‿vɔjˈtɨwa]; in isolation, Józef is pronounced [ˈjuzɛf].
4. ^ In his speech, John Paul deliberately chose to mispronounce the Italian word for 'correct'.

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[edit]

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286. ^ Hess, Amanda (18 May 2021). "Sinead O'Connor Remembers Things Differently". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
287. ^ a b Walsh (2003). John Paul II: A Light for the World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 62. ISBN 9781580511421.
288. ^ a b United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (2005). "Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
289. ^ Pope Benedict XVI (2005). "Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders". Vatican. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
290. ^ Filteau, Jerry (2004). "Report says Clergy Sexual Abuse Brought 'Smoke of Satan' into Church". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
291. ^ "Scandals in the church: The Bishops' Decisions; The Bishops' Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People". The New York Times. 15 June 2002. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
292. ^ Owen, Richard (7 January 2008). "Pope Calls for Continuous Prayer to Rid Priesthood of Paedophilia". Times Online UK edition. London. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
293. ^ Terry, Karen; et al. (2004). The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priests and Deacons. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from the original on 25 April 2005.
294. ^ Melinda Henneberger (21 April 2002). "Pope Takes on Scandals". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
295. ^ a b Berry, Jason (16 May 2011). "The Shame of John Paul II: How the Sex Abuse Scandal Stained His Papacy". The Nation. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
296. ^ "Europe | Polish archbishop 'molested students'". BBC News. 23 February 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
297. ^ "Watykan: Nie zrehabilitowaliśmy Paetza" [Vatican: no rehabilitation for Paetz]. Fakt (in Polish). 19 June 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
298. ^ Gallagher, Delia. "Vatican Study on Sex Abuse". Zenit. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012.
299. ^ "Abuse in the Catholic Church / Cardinal Law and the laity". The Boston Globe. 2004. ISSN 0743-1791. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
300. ^ Piekara, Marek (2014). "Co Jan Paweł II wiedział o ks. Macielu?". wiara.pl.
301. ^ "Pope John Paul II and Paedophilia". jp2online.pl. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
302. ^ "Vatican admits Pope John Paul II was warned about abusive archbishop Theodore McCarrick, while clearing Francis". CNN. 10 November 2020.
303. ^ "Key findings in Vatican report into ex-Cardinal McCarrick". Associated Press. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
304. ^ Keane, James T. (10 November 2020). "The McCarrick Report and Pope John Paul II: Confronting a saint's tarnished legacy". America. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
305. ^ "En primicia el Papa en Televisa: "El mundo sin la mujer no funciona"". VaticanNews.va. 19 May 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
306. ^ Bronk, Krzysztof T. (30 May 2019). "Pope Francis Explains the "Anecdote" and Clears John Paul II". John Paul II Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
307. ^ Scislowska, Monika (7 March 2023). "Polish TV report: John Paul II knew of abuse as archbishop". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
308. ^ a b c "Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use". Deutsche Welle. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
309. ^ Martin, S.J., James (25 February 1995). "Opus Dei in The United States". America Press Inc. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
310. ^ "St. Josemaría Escriva de Balaguer". Catholic Online. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
311. ^ "Text of the accusation letter directed to John Paul II" (in Spanish). Pepe-rodriguez.com. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
312. ^ "Decoding secret world of Opus Dei". BBC News. 16 September 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
313. ^ Associated Press, "Opus Dei backs new pope", CNN, 19 April 2005.
314. ^ Cite error: The named reference `BBC8375174` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
315. ^ "Antiquated Religious Rituals Live On in 21st Century". Universal Life Church Ministries. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021.
316. ^ Pope John Paul practiced self-mortification
317. ^ Gray, Sadie (6 October 2005). "Plea to Pope from 'God's banker' Revealed as Murder Trial Begins". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 26 March 2007.
318. ^ "BBC on This Day | 1982: 'God's Banker' Found Hanged". BBC News. 19 June 1982. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
319. ^ Hewitt, Hugh (4 June 2005). "Criticizing John Paul II : Yet Another Thing The Mainstream Press Does Not Understand About The Catholic Church". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2009.
320. ^ e.g. Marcel Lefebvre, An Open Letter to Confused Catholics (Herefordshire: Gracewing Publishing, 1986). ISBN 9780852440476.
321. ^ A discussion of the crucial work of Ratzinger (later pope) to attempt reconciliation between Lefebvre and the Holy See, vide John Thavis, The Vatican Diaries: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Power, Personalities, and Politics at the Heart of the Catholic Church (London: Penguin, 2014), 147–49. ISBN 9780143124535
322. ^ "Address to the Representatives of the Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities and of the World Religions". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
323. ^ "Address to the Representatives of the other Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 27 October 1986. Archived from the original on 17 April 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
324. ^ "Day of Prayer for Peace in the World". Vatican archives. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 24 January 2002. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
325. ^ "John Paul II kisses the Koran". Tradition in Action. 14 May 1999. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
326. ^ "Jan Paweł II Live at Vatican 1999". YouTube. 28 August 2011. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
327. ^ Carvalho, Nirmala (8 December 2005). "India: Hindu Extremists Against Grants to Missionaries". AsiaNews. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
328. ^ Shah, Dhiru. "Mother Teresa's Hidden Mission in India: Conversion to Christianity". IndiaStar. Archived from the original on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
329. ^ Allen, John L. Jr. "The Death of the Pope: Analysis of Pope John Paul II's reign". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
330. ^ "Argentine military dictator confirms Catholic Church hierarchy was well aware of the 'disappeared'". MercoPress. 24 July 2012.
331. ^ "Vatican says its ex-envoy is innocent". The Washington Post. 23 May 1997.
332. ^ "Former Argentinian dictator says he told Catholic Church of disappeared". The Irish Times. 24 July 2012.
333. ^ "Pio Laghi, Papal Envoy, Dies at 86". The New York Times. 13 January 2009.
334. ^ a b "Ian Paisley dies: How Paisley made his point". Belfast: BBC Northern Ireland. 1988. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
335. ^ "Ian Paisley and politics of peace". Los Angeles Times. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2012. from 1:45 m into video
336. ^ a b Davenport, Mark (19 January 2004). "Paisley's Exit from Europe". BBC News. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
337. ^ Paisley, Ian R.K. (2012). "Historical Documents Reveal Former Pope's Plans". ianpaisley.org. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
338. ^ "Headliners; Papal Audience". The New York Times. 16 October 1988. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
339. ^ Cloud, David W. (2012). "Free Presbyterian Church—Dr. Ian Paisley". freepres.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
340. ^ MacDonald, Susan (2 October 1988). "Paisley Ejected for Insulting Pope". The Times.
341. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (16 September 2004). "The Return of Dr No". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
342. ^ "Quotes From Pope John Paul II On Međugorje". Medjugorje.org. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
343. ^ Kutleša 2001, p. 283.
344. ^ Kutleša 2001, p. 256.
345. ^ "Dissident theologians participate in the canonization process of Pope John Paul II". Catholic News Agency. CNA. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
346. ^ Michael J. Matt (21 March 2011). "A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II". The Remnant. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
347. ^ "'The Halo Is Hopelessly Tarnished': Why The Sainthood Of John Paul II Should Be Rescinded". 12 November 2020.
348. ^ "Cracovia is about the people – John Paul II". en.cracovia.pl. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
349. ^ "Pope supports Liverpool". BBC Sport. 27 November 2003. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
350. ^ Berendt, Joanna; Chan, Sewell (15 February 2016). "Letters From Pope John Paul II Show Deep Friendship With Woman". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
351. ^ Pope John Paul II letters reveal 32-year relationship with woman by Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Rome, 15 February 2016
352. ^ Vatican dismisses JPII 'letter love-affair' probe: Archived 15 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine 14 February 2016, The Vatican
353. ^ Kelly, John (13 February 2016). "Pope John Paul II 'conducted secret romance with married woman' says documentary". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
354. ^ His Holiness: John Paul II & the History of Our Time—Carl Bernstein, Marco Politi (1996)

### Sources

[edit]

* Kutleša, Dražen (2001). Ogledalo pravde [Mirror of Justice] (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar.
* Bertone, Tarcisio. "The Message of Fátima". The Holy See. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
* "Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: John Paul II". Vicariato di Roma. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
* "'Cured' Pope Returns to Vatican". BBC News. 10 February 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
* Domínguez, Juan (4 April 2005). "Pope John Paul II and Communism". religion-cults.com. Archived from the original on 6 April 2004. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
* Dziwisz, Bishop Stanisław (13 May 2001). "13 May 1981 Conference of Bishop Stanisław Dziwisz For Honorary Doctorate". CatholicCulture.org. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
* Davies, Norman (2004). Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw. London: Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03284-6.
* de Montfort, St. Louis-Marie Grignion (27 March 2007). True Devotion to Mary. Mark L. Jacobson (Translator). San Diego, California: Avetine Press. ISBN 978-1-59330-470-6.
* Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes (Third ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11597-0.
* Hebblethwaite, Peter (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. London: 1995 Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-55612-814-1.
* Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2006) [1997]. Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28608-1.
* Navarro-Valls, Joaquin (2 April 2005). Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato [The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment.] (PDF) (in Italian). The Holy See.
* Pope John Paul II (2005). Memory and Identity—Personal Reflections. London: 2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85075-5.
* Renehan, Edward; Schlesinger, Arthur Meier (INT) (November 2006). Pope John Paul II. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-9227-9. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
* Stanley, George E (January 2007). Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church. Fitzgerald Books. ISBN 978-1-4242-1732-8. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
* Stourton, Edward (2006). John Paul II: Man of History. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-90816-7.
* The Poynter Institute (1 May 2005). Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 \- 2 April 2005 (First ed.). St. Petersburg, Florida: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-5110-3. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
* Weigel, George (2001b). Witness to Hope. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4.
* Wojtyła, Karol (1981). Love and Responsibility. London: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. ISBN 978-0-89870-445-7. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
* "Frail Pope Suffers Heart Failure". BBC News. 1 April 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
* "Half Alive: The Pope Vs. His Doctors". Time magazine. 25 January 1982. Archived from the original on 10 February 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.(subscription required)
* "Pope Back at Vatican by Easter? It's Possible". NBC News. Associated Press. 3 March 2005. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
* "Pope Returns to Vatican after op". BBC News. 13 March 2005. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
* "Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
* "Pope John Paul II's Final Days". St Anthony Messenger Press. AmericanCatholic.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2009.

## Further reading

[edit]

Main article: Pope John Paul II bibliography

## External links

[edit]

* John Paul the Great Catholic University
* The Holy See website – John Paul II
* Papal Transition 2005 Web Archive from the US Library of Congress
* Karol Wojtyła on Culture.pl
* Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Poland, Institute of National Remembrance
* Tomb of John Paul II in St Peter's
* Text of the apostolic constitution Fidei Depositum
* Text of Laetamur magnopere, on the promulgation of the editio typica of the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
* Appearances on C-SPAN
* Liturgical texts for the optional Memorial of St. John Paul II, Pope: Celebration of the Eucharist (English, Latin); Liturgy of the Hours (English, Latin) from The Holy See website.
* Pope John Paul II at IMDb
* Pope John Paul II discography at Discogs

Catholic Church titles

Preceded by

Eugeniusz Baziak

as Apostolic Administrator  |  Archbishop of Kraków
13 January 1964 – 16 October 1978  | Succeeded by

Franciszek Macharski

Preceded by

Francesco Bracci

|  Cardinal-Priest of San Cesareo in Palatio
26 June 1967 – 16 October 1978  | Succeeded by

Andrzej Maria Deskur

Preceded by

John Paul I

|  Pope
16 October 1978 – 2 April 2005  | Succeeded by

Benedict XVI

* v
* t
* e

Pope John Paul II

Born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005

* Archbishop of Kraków (1963–1978)
* Cardinal Priest of San Cesareo de Appia (1967–1978)
* Pope (1978–2005)

| Biography|

* Early life
* Karol Wojtyła (father)
* Beatification and canonization

Coat of arms Pope John Paul II

|
|

Papacy|

* October 1978 papal conclave
* Inauguration
* Apologies
* Cardinals created
* People declared venerable
* Beatifications
* Canonizations
* Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict
* Assassination attempt
* World Youth Day
* World Day of the Sick
* Death and funeral
* dignitaries

Visits (selected)|

* Brazil
* Ireland
* Nicaragua
* United Kingdom
* United States

Relations|

* Eastern Orthodox Church
* Judaism

Other topics|

* Abbà Pater
* Criticism
* Family home (historic house)
* Health
* John Paul II Foundation
* Monuments
* Totus tuus

* Bibliography
* Teachings

| Constitutions|

* Sacrae disciplinae leges
* Pastor bonus
* Ex corde Ecclesiae
* Fidei depositum
* Universi Dominici gregis

|

Exhortations|

* Catechesi tradendae
* Familiaris consortio
* Redemptionis donum
* Reconciliatio et paenitentia
* Christifideles laici
* Redemptoris custos
* Pastores dabo vobis
* Ecclesia in Africa
* Vita consecrata
* Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban
* Ecclesia in America
* Ecclesia in Asia
* Ecclesia in Oceania
* Ecclesia in Europa
* Pastores gregis

Letters|

* Dominicae cenae
* Salvifici doloris
* Mulieris dignitatem
* Ordinatio sacerdotalis
* Tertio millennio adveniente
* Letter to Women
* Ad tuendam fidem
* Novo millennio ineunte
* Misericordia Dei
* Rosarium Virginis Mariae
* The Rapid Development

Encyclicals|

* Redemptor hominis
* Dives in misericordia
* Laborem exercens
* Slavorum Apostoli
* Dominum et vivificantem
* Redemptoris Mater
* Sollicitudo rei socialis
* Redemptoris missio
* Centesimus annus
* Veritatis splendor
* Evangelium vitae
* Ut unum sint
* Fides et ratio
* Ecclesia de Eucharistia

Books|

* Love and Responsibility
* Crossing the Threshold of Hope
* Memory and Identity

Other writings|

* The Jeweler's Shop
* Theology of the Body
* "Roman Triptych"
* Testament

Documents|

* Catechism of the Catholic Church
* Quattuor abhinc annos
* We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah
* Dominus Iesus

Related|

* Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
* Political views
* Scriptural Way of the Cross

* Eponymous places
* In popular culture

| Secondary
schools|

| United States|

* Huntsville, AL
* Boca Raton, FL
* Tallahassee, FL
* Slidell, LA
* Hyannis, MA
* Greenville, NC
* Royersford, PA
* Hendersonville, TN
* Corpus Christi, TX
* Plano, TX
* Schertz, TX
* Dumfries, VA
* Lacey, WA

|

Other countries|

* Australia: Sydney
* Canada: London
* Canada: Toronto
* New Zealand: Greymouth
* New Zealand: Rotorua
* Poland: Tarnów

Colleges and
universities|

* John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
* John Paul II Institute
* John Paul the Great Catholic University
* Pontifical University of John Paul II
* Pope John Paul II College of Education
* St. John Paul II Minor Seminary

Airports|

* Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport
* João Paulo II Airport
* John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice

Bridges|

* El Puente del Papa
* John Paul II Bridge, Puławy
* Juan Pablo II Bridge
* Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge

Other places|

* Saint John Paul II National Shrine
* Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula
* John Paul II Center for the New Evangelization
* John Paul II Center for Interreligious Dialogue
* John Paul II Foundation for Research and Treatment
* Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński
* Museum of John Paul II Collection
* Pope John Paul II Park Reservation

Films|

* Pope John Paul II
* The Papal Chase
* Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II
* The Pope's Toilet
* Nine Days that Changed the World

TV miniseries|

* Pope John Paul II
* Karol: A Man Who Became Pope
* Karol: The Pope, The Man
* In Search of the Pope's Children

Other media|

* The Planet Is Alive...Let It Live!
* Red Rabbit
* The Pope's Children
* Credo: John Paul II

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Popes of the Catholic Church

* List of popes
* graphical
* canonised
* Papal names
* Tombs
* extant
* non-extant
* Antipope
* Pope emeritus
* papal resignation
* Pope-elect
* Apocryphal Pope Donus II

1st–4th centuries|

* Peter
* Linus
* Anacletus
* Clement I
* Evaristus
* Alexander I
* Sixtus I
* Telesphorus
* Hyginus
* Pius I
* Anicetus
* Soter
* Eleutherius
* Victor I
* Zephyrinus
* Callixtus I
* Urban I
* Pontian
* Anterus
* Fabian
* Cornelius
* Lucius I
* Stephen I
* Sixtus II
* Dionysius
* Felix I
* Eutychian
* Caius
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Eusebius
* Miltiades
* Sylvester I
* Mark
* Julius I
* Liberius
* Damasus I
* Siricius
* Anastasius I

5th–8th centuries|

* Innocent I
* Zosimus
* Boniface I
* Celestine I
* Sixtus III
* Leo I
* Hilarius
* Simplicius
* Felix III
* Gelasius I
* Anastasius II
* Symmachus
* Hormisdas
* John I
* Felix IV
* Boniface II
* John II
* Agapetus I
* Silverius
* Vigilius
* Pelagius I
* John III
* Benedict I
* Pelagius II
* Gregory I
* Sabinian
* Boniface III
* Boniface IV
* Adeodatus I
* Boniface V
* Honorius I
* Severinus
* John IV
* Theodore I
* Martin I
* Eugene I
* Vitalian
* Adeodatus II
* Donus
* Agatho
* Leo II
* Benedict II
* John V
* Conon
* Sergius I
* John VI
* John VII
* Sisinnius
* Constantine
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Zachary
* Stephen II
* Paul I
* Stephen III
* Adrian I
* Leo III

9th–12th centuries|

* Stephen IV
* Paschal I
* Eugene II
* Valentine
* Gregory IV
* Sergius II
* Leo IV
* Benedict III
* Nicholas I
* Adrian II
* John VIII
* Marinus I
* Adrian III
* Stephen V
* Formosus
* Boniface VI
* Stephen VI
* Romanus
* Theodore II
* John IX
* Benedict IV
* Leo V
* Sergius III
* Anastasius III
* Lando
* John X
* Leo VI
* Stephen VII
* John XI
* Leo VII
* Stephen VIII
* Marinus II
* Agapetus II
* John XII
* Benedict V
* Leo VIII
* John XIII
* Benedict VI
* Benedict VII
* John XIV
* John XV
* Gregory V
* Sylvester II
* John XVII
* John XVIII
* Sergius IV
* Benedict VIII
* John XIX
* Benedict IX
* Sylvester III
* Gregory VI
* Clement II
* Damasus II
* Leo IX
* Victor II
* Stephen IX
* Nicholas II
* Alexander II
* Gregory VII
* Victor III
* Urban II
* Paschal II
* Gelasius II
* Callixtus II
* Honorius II
* Innocent II
* Celestine II
* Lucius II
* Eugene III
* Anastasius IV
* Adrian IV
* Alexander III
* Lucius III
* Urban III
* Gregory VIII
* Clement III
* Celestine III
* Innocent III

13th–16th centuries|

* Honorius III
* Gregory IX
* Celestine IV
* Innocent IV
* Alexander IV
* Urban IV
* Clement IV
* Gregory X
* Innocent V
* Adrian V
* John XXI
* Nicholas III
* Martin IV
* Honorius IV
* Nicholas IV
* Celestine V
* Boniface VIII
* Benedict XI
* Clement V
* John XXII
* Benedict XII
* Clement VI
* Innocent VI
* Urban V
* Gregory XI
* Urban VI
* Boniface IX
* Innocent VII
* Gregory XII
* Martin V
* Eugene IV
* Nicholas V
* Callixtus III
* Pius II
* Paul II
* Sixtus IV
* Innocent VIII
* Alexander VI
* Pius III
* Julius II
* Leo X
* Adrian VI
* Clement VII
* Paul III
* Julius III
* Marcellus II
* Paul IV
* Pius IV
* Pius V
* Gregory XIII
* Sixtus V
* Urban VII
* Gregory XIV
* Innocent IX
* Clement VIII

17th–21st centuries|

* Leo XI
* Paul V
* Gregory XV
* Urban VIII
* Innocent X
* Alexander VII
* Clement IX
* Clement X
* Innocent XI
* Alexander VIII
* Innocent XII
* Clement XI
* Innocent XIII
* Benedict XIII
* Clement XII
* Benedict XIV
* Clement XIII
* Clement XIV
* Pius VI
* Pius VII
* Leo XII
* Pius VIII
* Gregory XVI
* Pius IX
* Leo XIII
* Pius X
* Benedict XV
* Pius XI
* Pius XII
* John XXIII
* Paul VI
* John Paul I
* John Paul II
* Benedict XVI
* Francis
* Leo XIV

History of the papacy|

| Antiquity and Early
Middle Ages|

* During the Roman Empire (until 493)
* Under Constantine (312–337)
* Ostrogothic Papacy (493–537)
* Byzantine Papacy (537–752)
* Frankish Papacy (756–857)
* Saeculum obscurum (904–964)
* Crescentii era (974–1012)

|

High and Late
Middle Ages|

* Tusculan Papacy (1012–1044 / 1048)
* Conflicts with the HRE (1048–1257)
* Wandering Papacy
* Viterbo, 1257–1281
* Orvieto, 1262–1297
* Perugia, 1228–1304
* Avignon Papacy (1309–1378)
* Western Schism (1378–1417)

Early Modern and
Modern Era|

* Renaissance Papacy (1417–1534)
* Reformation Papacy (1534–1585)
* Baroque Papacy (1585–1689)
* Age of Enlightenment (c. 1640–1740)
* Revolutionary Papacy (1775–1848)
* Roman question (1870–1929)
* Vatican City (1929–present)
* World War II (1939–1945)
* Cold War (1945–1991)

* Category
* Portal

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History of the Catholic Church

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
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Early Church
(30–325/476)|

| Origins and
Apostolic Age (30–100)|

* Jesus
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* New Testament
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* Gospels
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|

Ante-Nicene period (100–325)|

* Persecution
* Church Fathers
* Apostolic Fathers
* Pope Clement I
* Polycarp
* Ignatius
* Irenaeus
* Justin Martyr
* Canon
* Tertullian
* Origen

Late antiquity
(313–476)|

| Great Church
(180–451)
Roman
state church
(380–451)|

* Constantine the Great
* Christianity
* Arian controversy
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* First Council of Nicaea
* Pope Sylvester I
* First Council of Constantinople
* Biblical canon
* Jerome
* Vulgate
* Council of Ephesus
* Council of Chalcedon

|

Early Middle Ages|

* Benedict of Nursia
* Monasticism
* Second Council of Constantinople
* Pope Gregory I
* Gregorian chant
* Third Council of Constantinople
* Saint Boniface
* Byzantine Iconoclasm
* Second Council of Nicaea
* Charlemagne
* Pope Leo III
* Fourth Council of Constantinople
* East–West Schism

High Middle Ages|

* Pope Urban II
* Investiture Controversy
* Clash against the empire
* Crusades
* Universities
* Scholasticism
* First Council of the Lateran
* Second Council of the Lateran
* Third Council of the Lateran
* Pope Innocent III
* Latin Empire
* Francis of Assisi
* Fourth Council of the Lateran
* Inquisition
* First Council of Lyon
* Second Council of Lyon
* Bernard of Clairvaux

Late Middle Ages|

* Thomas Aquinas
* Pope Boniface VIII
* Western Schism
* Avignon Papacy
* Pope Clement V
* Council of Vienne
* Knights Templar
* Catherine of Siena
* Pope Alexander VI
* Age of Discovery

Protestant Reformation
Counter-Reformation

* Protestant Reformation
* Catholic Counter-Reformation
* Exsurge Domine
* Dissolution of the monasteries
* Council of Trent
* Thomas More
* Pope Leo X
* Society of Jesus
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francis Xavier
* Pope Pius V
* Tridentine Mass
* Teresa of Ávila
* John of the Cross
* Peter Canisius
* Philip Neri
* Robert Bellarmine
* European wars of religion
* Thirty Years' War

Baroque period to the
French Revolution

* Pope Innocent XI
* Pope Benedict XIV
* Suppression of the Society of Jesus
* Age of Enlightenment
* Anti-clericalism
* Pope Pius VI
* Shimabara Rebellion
* Edict of Nantes
* Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

19th century|

* Pope Pius VII
* Pope Pius IX
* United States
* Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
* Our Lady of La Salette
* Our Lady of Lourdes
* First Vatican Council
* Papal infallibility
* Pope Leo XIII
* Mary of the Divine Heart
* Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
* Rerum novarum

20th century|

* Pope Pius X
* Our Lady of Fátima
* Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII
* Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
* Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
* Lateran Treaty
* Nazi Germany
* Mit brennender Sorge
* Pope John XXIII
* Pacem in terris
* Second Vatican Council
* Ecumenism
* Judaism
* Pope Paul VI (coronation)
* Pope John Paul I
* Mother Teresa
* USSR
* Pope John Paul II
* HIV/AIDS
* World Youth Day
* 1995

21st century|

* Sexual abuse scandal
* Islam
* World Youth Day
* 2000
* 2002
* 2005
* 2008
* 2011
* 2013
* 2016
* 2019
* 2023
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Pope Francis
* Laudato si'
* Patriarch Kirill
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Pope Leo XIV

* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

History of Catholic theology

Key figures

General|

* History of the Catholic Church
* Timeline
* History of the papacy
* Papal primacy
* Ecumenical councils
* Catholic Bible
* Vulgate
* Biblical canon
* History of Christian theology

Early Church|

* Paul
* Clement of Rome
* First Epistle of Clement
* Didache
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Polycarp
* Epistle of Barnabas
* The Shepherd of Hermas
* Aristides of Athens
* Justin Martyr
* Epistle to Diognetus
* Irenaeus
* Montanism
* Tertullian
* Origen
* Antipope Novatian
* Cyprian

Constantine to
Pope Gregory I

* Eusebius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Arianism
* Pelagianism
* Nestorianism
* Monophysitism
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Ambrose
* John Chrysostom
* Jerome
* Augustine of Hippo
* John Cassian
* Orosius
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Peter Chrysologus
* Pope Leo I
* Boethius
* Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
* Pope Gregory I

Early Middle Ages|

* Isidore of Seville
* John Climacus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Monothelitism
* Ecthesis
* Bede
* John of Damascus
* Iconoclasm
* Transubstantiation dispute
* Predestination disputes
* Paulinus II of Aquileia
* Alcuin
* Benedict of Aniane
* Rabanus Maurus
* Paschasius Radbertus
* John Scotus Eriugena

High Middle Ages|

* Roscellinus
* Gregory of Narek
* Berengar of Tours
* Peter Damian
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Joachim of Fiore
* Peter Abelard
* Decretum Gratiani
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Peter Lombard
* Anselm of Laon
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Hugh of Saint Victor
* Dominic de Guzmán
* Robert Grosseteste
* Francis of Assisi
* Anthony of Padua
* Beatrice of Nazareth
* Bonaventure
* Albertus Magnus
* Boetius of Dacia
* Henry of Ghent
* Thomas Aquinas
* Siger of Brabant
* Thomism
* Roger Bacon

Mysticism and reforms|

* Ramon Llull
* Duns Scotus
* Dante Alighieri
* William of Ockham
* Richard Rolle
* John of Ruusbroec
* Catherine of Siena
* Bridget of Sweden
* Meister Eckhart
* Johannes Tauler
* Walter Hilton
* The Cloud of Unknowing
* Heinrich Seuse
* Geert Groote
* Devotio Moderna
* Julian of Norwich
* Thomas à Kempis
* Nicholas of Cusa
* Marsilio Ficino
* Girolamo Savonarola
* Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Reformation
Counter-Reformation

* Erasmus
* Thomas Cajetan
* Thomas More
* John Fisher
* Johann Eck
* Francisco de Vitoria
* Thomas of Villanova
* Ignatius of Loyola
* Francisco de Osuna
* John of Ávila
* Francis Xavier
* Teresa of Ávila
* Luis de León
* John of the Cross
* Peter Canisius
* Luis de Molina (Molinism)
* Robert Bellarmine
* Francisco Suárez
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Francis de Sales

Baroque period to
French Revolution

* Tommaso Campanella
* Pierre de Bérulle
* Pierre Gassendi
* René Descartes
* Mary of Jesus of Ágreda
* António Vieira
* Jean-Jacques Olier
* Louis Thomassin
* Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
* François Fénelon
* Cornelius Jansen (Jansenism)
* Blaise Pascal
* Nicolas Malebranche
* Giambattista Vico
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Louis de Montfort
* Maria Gaetana Agnesi
* Alfonso Muzzarelli
* Johann Michael Sailer
* Clement Mary Hofbauer
* Bruno Lanteri

19th century|

* Joseph Görres
* Félicité de La Mennais
* Luigi Taparelli
* Antonio Rosmini
* Ignaz von Döllinger
* John Henry Newman
* Henri Lacordaire
* Jaime Balmes
* Gaetano Sanseverino
* Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
* Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
* Giuseppe Pecci
* Joseph Hergenröther
* Tommaso Maria Zigliara
* Matthias Joseph Scheeben
* Émile Boutroux
* Modernism
* Neo-scholasticism
* Léon Bloy
* Désiré-Joseph Mercier
* Friedrich von Hügel
* Vladimir Solovyov
* Marie-Joseph Lagrange
* George Tyrrell
* Maurice Blondel
* Thérèse of Lisieux

20th century|

* G. K. Chesterton
* Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
* Joseph Maréchal
* Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
* Jacques Maritain
* Étienne Gilson
* Ronald Knox
* Georges Bernanos
* Dietrich von Hildebrand
* Gabriel Marcel
* Marie-Dominique Chenu
* Romano Guardini
* Edith Stein
* Fulton Sheen
* Henri de Lubac
* Dorothy Day
* Henri Daniel-Rops
* Jean Guitton
* Josemaría Escrivá
* Nouvelle théologie
* Karl Rahner
* Yves Congar
* Bernard Lonergan
* Emmanuel Mounier
* Jean Daniélou
* Hans Urs von Balthasar
* Marcel Lefebvre
* Frederick Copleston
* Alfred Delp
* Edward Schillebeeckx
* Thomas Merton
* René Girard
* Hans Küng
* Johann Baptist Metz
* Jean Vanier
* Henri Nouwen

21st century|

* Pope John Paul II
* Alice von Hildebrand
* Carlo Maria Martini
* Pope Benedict XVI
* Gustavo Gutiérrez
* Alasdair MacIntyre
* Walter Kasper
* Raniero Cantalamessa
* Michał Heller
* Peter Kreeft
* Jean-Luc Marion
* Tomáš Halík
* Aidan Nichols
* Scott Hahn

* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

Catholic philosophy

Ethics|

* Cardinal virtues
* Divine command
* Just price
* Just war
* Probabilism
* Natural law
* Personalism
* Seven virtues
* Social teaching
* Option for the poor
* Social mortgage
* Theological virtues
* Virtue ethics

Schools|

| Medieval|

* Augustinianism
* Scholasticism
* Thomism
* Scotism
* Occamism

|

Modern|

* Salamanca
* Christian humanism
* Cartesianism
* Molinism
* Neo-scholasticism
* Analytical Thomism

Universals|

* Augustinian realism
* Nominalism
* Conceptualism
* Moderate realism
* Scotistic realism

Other|

* Theological intellectualism
* Theological voluntarism
* Foundationalism

Philosophers|

* Abelard
* Adler
* Albertus
* Alcuin
* Anscombe
* Anselm
* Aquinas
* Augustine
* Bacon
* Boethius
* Bonaventure
* Chateaubriand
* Chesterton
* Clement
* Cusa
* Descartes
* Dionysius
* Erasmus
* Eriugena
* Ficino
* Gassendi
* Isidore
* Krasicki
* Llull
* Lombard
* MacIntyre
* Maistre
* Malebranche
* Maritain
* Montaigne
* More
* Newman
* Occam
* Pascal
* Pico
* Rahner
* Ratzinger
* Scheler
* Scotus
* Stein
* Suárez
* Wojtyła

Concepts|

* Actus Essendi
* Actus primus
* Actus purus
* Aevum
* Augustinian values
* Cardinal virtues
* Cartesian dualism
* Cogito, ergo sum
* Dehellenization
* Differentia
* Disputation
* Divine illumination
* Double truth
* Evil demon
* Formal distinction
* Guardian angel
* Haecceity
* Head of a pin
* Homo unius libri
* Infused righteousness
* Memento mori
* Occam's razor
* Ontological argument
* Pascal's wager
* Peripatetic axiom
* Principle of double effect
* Quiddity
* Quinque viae
* Rota Fortunae
* Seven deadly sins
* Theodicy
* Augustinian
* Irenaean
* Trademark argument
* Univocity
* Utopia

Related|

* Catholic theology
* Platonism
* Aristotelianism
* Neoplatonism
* Islamic philosophy
* Doctor of the Church
* Renaissance
* Rationalism
* Empiricism
* Phenomenology

* Catholicism portal
* Philosophy portal

* v
* t
* e

Saints of the Catholic Church

Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
Stages of canonization: Servant of God →  Venerable →  Blessed →  Saint

Virgin Mary|

* Mother of God (Theotokos)
* Immaculate Conception
* Perpetual virginity
* Assumption
* Marian apparition
* Titles of Mary
* Joseph (husband)

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Barnabas
* Bartholomew
* James of Alphaeus
* James the Great
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Archangels|

* Gabriel
* Michael in the Catholic Church
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Anthony of Kiev
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Homobonus
* John Henry Newman
* Lazarus Zographos
* Louis Bertrand
* Martin de Porres
* Martin of Tours
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Sergius of Radonezh
* Theophanes the Confessor
* Pio of Pietrelcina

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary of Bethany
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors of the Church|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
* Peter Damian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Francis de Sales
* Peter Canisius
* John of the Cross
* Robert Bellarmine
* Albertus Magnus
* Anthony of Padua
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek
* Irenaeus
* John Henry Newman

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
* Cappadocian Fathers
* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
* Desert Fathers
* Desert Mothers
* Dionysius of Alexandria
* Dionysius of Corinth
* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Epiphanius of Salamis
* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Abda and Abdisho
* Boris and Gleb
* Charles de Foucauld
* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Christina of Persia
* Dominguito del Val
* Devasahayam Pillai
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* John Fisher
* Korean Martyrs
* Lorenzo Ruiz
* Martyrs of Lübeck
* Luigi Versiglia
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of Algeria
* Martyrs of Cajonos
* Martyrs of Compiègne
* Martyrs of Drina
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Gorkum
* Martyrs of Japan
* 21 Martyrs of Libya
* Martyrs of La Rioja
* Martyrs of Damascus
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of Prague
* Martyrs of Sandomierz
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Martyrs of Zenta
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Titus Brandsma
* 17 Thomasian Martyrs
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Ulma Family
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia

Missionaries|

* Ansgar
* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Cyril and Methodius
* Damien of Molokai
* Evermode of Ratzeburg
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nino of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius
* Sava of Serbia

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Catherine of Bologna
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine Labouré
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Faustina Kowalska
* Faustina and Liberata of Como
* Genevieve
* Hiltrude of Liessies
* Joan of Arc
* Josephine Bakhita
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* María de las Maravillas de Jesús
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Patricia of Naples
* Rosalia
* Rose of Lima
* Teresa of the Andes
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Trasilla and Emiliana
* Ubaldesca Taccini

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Four Holy Marshals
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Martyr of charity
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Seven Champions
* Venerated couples
* Virtuous pagan

* Catholic Church portal
* Saints portal

* v
* t
* e

World Youth Day events

Pope John Paul II|

* Youth Jubilee 1984
* Rome 1985
* Buenos Aires 1987
* Santiago de Compostela 1989
* Częstochowa 1991
* Denver 1993
* Manila 1995
* Paris 1997
* Rome 2000
* Toronto 2002

Pope Benedict XVI|

* Cologne 2005
* Sydney 2008
* Madrid 2011

Pope Francis|

* Rio de Janeiro 2013
* Kraków 2016
* Panama 2019
* Lisbon 2023

Pope Leo XIV|

Seoul 2027

* Catholic youth work
* Category:World Youth Day
* Catholic Church portal

* v
* t
* e

Recipients of the Charlemagne Prize

1950–1975|

* 1950 Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
* 1951 Hendrik Brugmans
* 1952 Alcide De Gasperi
* 1953 Jean Monnet
* 1954 Konrad Adenauer
* 1955
* 1956 Winston Churchill
* 1957 Paul-Henri Spaak
* 1958 Robert Schuman
* 1959 George C. Marshall
* 1960 Joseph Bech
* 1961 Walter Hallstein
* 1962
* 1963 Edward Heath
* 1964 Antonio Segni
* 1965
* 1966 Jens Otto Krag
* 1967 Joseph Luns
* 1968
* 1969 European Commission
* 1970 François Seydoux de Clausonne
* 1971
* 1972 Roy Jenkins
* 1973 Salvador de Madariaga
* 1974
* 1975

1976–2000|

* 1976 Leo Tindemans
* 1977 Walter Scheel
* 1978 Konstantinos Karamanlis
* 1979 Emilio Colombo
* 1980
* 1981 Simone Veil
* 1982 King Juan Carlos I
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986 People of Luxembourg
* 1987 Henry Kissinger
* 1988 François Mitterrand / Helmut Kohl
* 1989 Brother Roger
* 1990 Gyula Horn
* 1991 Václav Havel
* 1992 Jacques Delors
* 1993 Felipe González
* 1994 Gro Harlem Brundtland
* 1995 Franz Vranitzky
* 1996 Queen Beatrix
* 1997 Roman Herzog
* 1998 Bronisław Geremek
* 1999 Tony Blair
* 2000 Bill Clinton

2001–present|

* 2001 György Konrád
* 2002 Euro
* 2003 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
* 2004 Pat Cox / Pope John Paul II1
* 2005 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
* 2006 Jean-Claude Juncker
* 2007 Javier Solana
* 2008 Angela Merkel
* 2009 Andrea Riccardi
* 2010 Donald Tusk
* 2011 Jean-Claude Trichet
* 2012 Wolfgang Schäuble
* 2013 Dalia Grybauskaitė
* 2014 Herman Van Rompuy
* 2015 Martin Schulz
* 2016 Pope Francis
* 2017 Timothy Garton Ash
* 2018 Emmanuel Macron
* 2019 António Guterres
* 2020 Klaus Iohannis
* 2022 Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Maria Kalesnikava, Veronika Tsepkalo
* 2023 Volodymyr Zelensky, the Ukrainian people
* 2024 Pinchas Goldschmidt and the Jewish communities in Europe
* 2025 Ursula von der Leyen

1 Received extraordinary prize.

* v
* t
* e

Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950|

* Charles Lindbergh (1927)
* Walter Chrysler (1928)
* Owen D. Young (1929)
* Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
* Pierre Laval (1931)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
* Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
* Haile Selassie (1935)
* Wallis Simpson (1936)
* Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
* Adolf Hitler (1938)
* Joseph Stalin (1939)
* Winston Churchill (1940)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
* Joseph Stalin (1942)
* George Marshall (1943)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
* Harry S. Truman (1945)
* James F. Byrnes (1946)
* George Marshall (1947)
* Harry S. Truman (1948)
* Winston Churchill (1949)
* The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975|

* Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
* Elizabeth II  (1952)
* Konrad Adenauer (1953)
* John Foster Dulles (1954)
* Harlow Curtice (1955)
* Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
* Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
* Charles de Gaulle (1958)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
* U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
* John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Pope John XXIII (1962)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
* William Westmoreland (1965)
* The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
* The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
* The Middle Americans (1969)
* Willy Brandt (1970)
* Richard Nixon (1971)
* Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
* John Sirica (1973)
* King Faisal (1974)
* American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000|

* Jimmy Carter (1976)
* Anwar Sadat (1977)
* Deng Xiaoping (1978)
* Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
* Ronald Reagan (1980)
* Lech Wałęsa (1981)
* The Computer (1982)
* Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
* Peter Ueberroth (1984)
* Deng Xiaoping (1985)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
* The Endangered Earth (1988)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
* George H. W. Bush (1990)
* Ted Turner (1991)
* Bill Clinton (1992)
* The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
* Pope John Paul II (1994)
* Newt Gingrich (1995)
* David Ho (1996)
* Andrew Grove (1997)
* Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
* Jeff Bezos (1999)
* George W. Bush (2000)

2001–present|

* Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
* The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
* The American Soldier (2003)
* George W. Bush (2004)
* The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
* You (2006)
* Vladimir Putin (2007)
* Barack Obama (2008)
* Ben Bernanke (2009)
* Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
* The Protester (2011)
* Barack Obama (2012)
* Pope Francis (2013)
* Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
* Angela Merkel (2015)
* Donald Trump (2016)
* The Silence Breakers (2017)
* The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
* Greta Thunberg (2019)
* Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
* Elon Musk (2021)
* Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
* Taylor Swift (2023)
* Donald Trump (2024)

* v
* t
* e

James Smithson Medal recipients

* 1965: Howard Florey
* 1968: Edgar Preston Richardson
* 1976: Elizabeth II
* 1979: Pope John Paul II
* 1986: Warren E. Burger
* 1991: Julie Johnson Kidd
* 1994: Robert McCormick Adams Jr.
* 1999: Ira Michael Heyman
* 2015: G. Wayne Clough
* 2019: Warren Winiarski

Pope John Paul II at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* 2
* 3
* 4
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* 2
* Russia
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* 2
* 3
* Norway
* Taiwan
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Argentina
* 2
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* 2
* Israel
* Finland
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* MusicBrainz
* FID

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC
* Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
* RISM
* Yale LUX

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