Pope Urban VII

Head of the Catholic Church in 1590

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Pope

Urban VII

Bishop of Rome

Portrait by Jacopino del Conte
(c. 1590, Vatican Museums)

Church| Catholic Church
Papacy began| 15 September 1590
Papacy ended| 27 September 1590
Predecessor| Sixtus V
Successor| Gregory XIV
Previous post(s)|

* Archbishop of Rossano (1553)
* Governor of Fano (1555–1559)
* Governor of Perugia and Umbria (1559–1560)
* Apostolic Nuncio to Spain (1565–1572)
* Apostolic Nuncio to Venice (1573–1577)
* Governor of Bologna (1576–1577)
* Papal Legate to Flanders and Cologne (1578–1580)
* Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello (1584–1590)

Orders
Ordination| 30 March 1553
by Filippo Archinto
Consecration| 4 April 1553
by Girolamo Verallo
Created cardinal| 12 December 1583
by Gregory XIII
Personal details
Born|

Giovanni Battista Castagna

4 August 1521

Rome, Papal States

Died| 27 September 1590(1590-09-27) (aged 69)
Rome, Papal States
Signature|
Coat of arms|
Other popes named Urban
Papal styles of
Pope Urban VII

Reference style| His Holiness
Spoken style| Your Holiness
Religious style| Holy Father
Posthumous style| None

Pope Urban VII (Latin: Urbanus VII; Italian: Urbano VII; 4 August 1521 – 27 September 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was head of the Catholic Church, and ruler of the Papal States from 15 to 27 September 1590. His papacy was the shortest recognized in history.

Castagna, born in Rome in 1521, was a highly educated man who held various positions within the Catholic Church and the structures of the Papal States of his day. He served as Governor of Fano, Perugia, and Umbria and, as the Archbishop of Rossano, participated in the Council of Trent. Later, he was appointed as the Apostolic Nuncio to Spain and Venice and served as the Papal legate to Flanders and to Cologne. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1583 by Pope Gregory XIII.

Upon the death of Pope Sixtus V, Castagna was elected as pope on 15 September 1590, taking the name Urban VII. He was known for his charity, public works projects, and strict opposition to nepotism. His papacy was short-lived as he died of malaria on 27 September 1590, after just 12 days in office. Urban VII is remembered for instituting the world's first known public smoking ban, threatening excommunication for those using tobacco in or near a church.

## Biography

[edit]

Giovanni Battista Castagna was born in Rome in 1521 to a noble family as the son of Cosimo Castagna of Genoa and his wife Costanza Ricci-Giacobazzi of Rome.[1]

Castagna studied at universities in Italy. Shortly after finishing his studies at the University of Bologna with the award of a doctorate in civil and canon law, he became an auditor to his uncle, Cardinal Girolamo Verallo, whom he accompanied as datary on a papal legation to France.[1]

Serving as a constitutional lawyer, Castagna entered the Roman Curia during the pontificate of Pope Julius III as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura. Though still a layman, on 1 March 1553 he was chosen to be the new Archbishop of Rossano. He quickly received all the minor and major orders, culminating in his ordination to the priesthood on 30 March 1553 in Rome. He then received episcopal consecration a month after, at the home of his uncle Cardinal Verallo.

He served as the governor of Fano from 1555 to 1559, and as the governor of Perugia and Umbria from 1559 to 1560. During the reign of Pius IV, he settled satisfactorily a long-standing boundary dispute between the inhabitants of Terni and Spoleto.[1] Castagna participated in the Council of Trent from 1562 to 1563 and served as the president of several conciliar congregations. In 1565 came an appointment as the Apostolic Nuncio to Spain and served there until 1572,[2] resigning his post from his archdiocese in 1573.

Among other positions, Castagna was the Apostolic Nuncio to Venice from 1573 to 1577, governor of Bologna from 1576 to 1577. Apostolic Nuncio to Venice, Papal Legate to Flanders from 1573 to 1577 and to Cologne from 1578 to 1580.

On 12 December 1583 Pope Gregory XIII made Castagna a cardinalate and he became Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello al Corso.[citation needed]

## Papacy

[edit]

### Election

[edit]

Main article: September 1590 papal conclave

After the death of Pope Sixtus V, a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany had been appointed a cardinal at the age of fourteen but was never ordained to the priesthood. At the age of thirty-eight, he resigned from the cardinalate upon the death of his older brother, Francesco in 1587, to succeed to the title. There were suspicions that Francesco and his wife died of arsenic poisoning after having dined at Ferdinando's Villa Medici, although one story has Ferdinando as the intended target of his sister-in-law. Ferdinando's foreign policy attempted to free Tuscany from Spanish domination.

He was consequently opposed to the election of any candidate supported by Spain. He persuaded Cardinal Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, grand-nephew of Sixtus V, to switch his support from Cardinal Marco Antonio Colonna, which brought the support of the younger cardinals who had been appointed by the Sixtus.[3]

Castagna, a seasoned diplomat, moderate and of proven rectitude, was elected as pope on 15 September 1590 and selected the pontifical name of "Urban VII".[3]

### Activities

[edit]

Urban VII was known for his charity to the poor. He subsidized Roman bakers so they could sell bread below cost, and restricted the spending on luxury items for members of his court. He subsidized public works projects throughout the Papal States. Urban VII was strictly against nepotism and he forbade it within the Roman Curia.[4]

His short reign gave rise to the world's first known public smoking ban, as he threatened to excommunicate anyone who "took tobacco in the porchway of or inside a church, whether it be by chewing it, smoking it with a pipe or sniffing it in powdered form through the nose".[5]

## Death

[edit]

Urban VII died in Rome on 27 September 1590[6] of malaria.[7] He had reigned for 13 days[8] and died before he could be crowned.[7] He was buried at St. Peter's Basilica. His remains were transferred to the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva on 21 September 1606.[9]

His estate, valued at 30,000[10] to 32,000 scudi,[9] was bequeathed to the Confraternity of the Annunziata alla Minerva[10][11] for use as dowries for poor young girls.[9]

The reverse of a 1590 coin in honor of Urban VII, with a menorah and the legend
SIC•LUCEAT•LUX•VESTRA
(Let your light so shine – Matt. 5:16)

## See also

[edit]

* List of popes

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ott, Michael (1912). "Pope Urban VII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15\. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2. ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Urban VII". Encyclopedia Britannica
3. ^ a b Pirie, Valérie Pirie. The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves, London. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1935.
4. ^ "Pope Urban VII". Saints SQPN. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
5. ^ "Public smoking ban: Europe on the move" (PDF). European Society of Cardiology. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2011.
6. ^ "Urban VII", The Holy See, vatican.va. Accessed 25 February 2024.
7. ^ a b Walsh, Michael J. (2003). The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections. Lanham, Md.: Sheed & Ward. p. 124\. ISBN 9781580511353.
8. ^ Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 32\. ISBN 9780195178340.
9. ^ a b c Reardon, Wendy (2004). The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. p. 198\. ISBN 9780786415274.
10. ^ a b Black, Christopher F. (1989). Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 128\. ISBN 9780521364874.
11. ^ Esposito, Anna (Spring 1994). "Ad dotandum puellas virgines, pauperes et honestas: Social Needs and Confratemal Charity in Rome in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme. 18 (2): 5, 7. JSTOR 43444896.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Urbanus VII at Wikimedia Commons

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Sixtus V

|  Pope
15–27 September 1590  | Succeeded by

Gregory XIV

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