Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania

Ethnic groups in Dobruja around 1918. For the following two decades, the Romanian state would apply a policy of colonization in the southern part.

The population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania was a population exchange carried out in 1940 after the transfer of Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria by Romania. It involved 103,711 Romanians, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians living in Southern Dobruja and 62,278 Bulgarians from Northern Dobruja. After this operation, the application of a population exchange in other cases such as Transylvania was considered.

## History[edit]

In 1913, the Kingdom of Romania conquered Southern Dobruja after the Bulgarian defeat in the Second Balkan War. The country had already acquired Northern Dobruja in 1878. This sparked revisionist feelings in Bulgaria. Following the occupation of the Romanian regions of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina by the Soviet Union in June 1940, Romania sought protection among the Axis powers, but it was demanded to first resolve its territorial disputes with its neighbors. Thus, on 30 August, Romania ceded Northern Transylvania to Hungary in the Second Vienna Award, while at the Treaty of Craiova of 7 September, Romania returned Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.[1]

Unlike Northern Transylvania, Southern Dobruja was seen as much less important by Romanian nationalists. Those ethnic Romanians who remained in Northern Transylvania were encouraged to remain there, and some nationalists promised to reconquer the region.[2] On the other hand, in Southern Dobruja, the Romanian authorities insisted on carrying out a population exchange with Bulgaria.[3] A total of 103,711 Romanians living in the region were transferred to Romania, while 62,278 Bulgarians native to Northern Dobruja were evacuated to Bulgaria.[4] The Aromanian settlers, most of whom were native to Greece, were counted as Romanians and therefore left the zone as well.[5] The same thing happened to the Megleno-Romanians from the region. These were settled in the village of Cerna, where they replaced the native Bulgarian population.[6] The population exchange was carried out in compliance with the international laws of the time.[2] Romania also proposed to exchange the rest of their respective minorities still residing outside Dobruja in the two countries, but Bulgaria did not approve this.[4]

After the population exchange, in Romania, out of the 21,897 mostly peasant families that arrived, 11,678 were settled in Northern Dobruja, while the rest were settled in groups all over the country where land was available for them.[2]

## Aftermath[edit]

The population exchange, perceived by some Romanian government figures of the time as a success, gave the idea more popularity in Romania. In fact, some people like Sabin Manuilă planned to carry out another one between Hungary and Romania to solve the Transylvanian dispute, but this never happened.[2][7]

## See also[edit]

* Bulgaria–Romania relations
* Aromanians and Romanians in Bulgaria
* Bulgarians in Romania
* Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

## References[edit]

1. ^ Hitchins, Keith (2014). A concise history of Romania. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–327. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139033954. ISBN 9780521872386.
2. ^ a b c d Solonari, Vladimir (2007). "An important new document on the Romanian policy of ethnic cleansing during World War II". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 21 (2): 268–297. doi:10.1093/hgs/dcm039.
3. ^ Bolovan, Sorina; Bolovan, Ioan. "Inițiative românești privind problema schimbului de populație în primii ani ai celui de'al Doilea Război Mondial (1939–1941)" (PDF) (in Romanian). pp. 90–116.
4. ^ a b Deletant, Dennis (2006). Hitler's forgotten ally: Ion Antonescu and his regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–376. ISBN 9781403993410.
5. ^ Costea, Maria (2009). "Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)". Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române (in Romanian) (12): 267–275.
6. ^ Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). "Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania" (PDF). Memoria Ethnologica. 14 (52–53): 12–29.
7. ^ Achim, Viorel (2001). "The Romanian population exchange project elaborated by Sabin Manuilă in October 1941". Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-germanico in Trento. 27: 593–617.

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Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

Religious|

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Dynamics|

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Related
topics|

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* Xenophobia

* See also: Pillarisation
* Category
* caste
* gender
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* Commons

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Aromanians

Names|

* Aromanians
* Vlachs
* Koutsovlachs
* Macedo-Romanians
* Macedonians
* Tsintsars

History|

* Origin of the Aromanians
* Vlach uprising of 1066
* Great Vlachia
* Ottoman era
* Macedonian Struggle
* Ottoman Aromanians in Romanian foreign policy
* Romanian churches in the Balkans
* Romanian schools in the Balkans
* Armatoles
* Chetas
* Ullah millet
* World War I
* Samarina Republic
* World War II
* Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania
* Roman Legion (1941–1943)
* Principality of the Pindus
* Recommendation 1333 (1997)

Identity|

* Genetic studies on Aromanians
* Aromanian nationalism
* Aromanian studies
* Aromanian territorial self-determination
* Aromanian question
* Grecoman
* Flag of the Aromanians
* Football team
* Aromanian National Day
* Dimãndarea pãrinteascã
* Military history
* Political parties
* Alliance for Equality and European Justice
* Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia
* Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia

Culture|

* Aromanian cuisine
* Aromanian folk dance
* Aromanian language
* alphabet
* dialects
* Bible translations into Aromanian
* Influence on Slavic languages
* Aromanian-language names
* Aromanian literature
* Aromanian Missal
* Codex Dimonie
* Aromanian mass media
* I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian
* Newspapers
* Românul de la Pind
* Radio stations
* Radio Romania International
* Aromanian music
* Aromanian Orthodox Church
* Aromanian traditional clothing
* Avdhela Project
* Giorgakis Olympios Museum of Vlach Folklore
* Subgroups of the Aromanians

Organizations|

* Lunjina Serbian–Aromanian Association
* Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society
* Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs
* Society Farsharotu
* Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians
* Union for Aromanian Language and Culture
* World Vlach Amphictyony

Population|

| Geographical
distribution|

* By country
* Albania
* Bulgaria
* Greece
* North Macedonia
* Romania
* Serbia
* Diaspora

|

Settlements|

* Avdella
* Bitola
* Constanța
* Gramos
* Kruševo
* Malovište
* Metsovo
* Moscopole
* Peshtera
* Samarina

People|

* Nicolae Constantin Batzaria
* Constantin Belimace
* Mihail G. Boiagi
* Alcibiades Diamandi
* Pitu Guli
* Gheorghe Hagi
* Simona Halep
* Manaki brothers
* Nicolaos Matussis
* Gheorghe Constantin Roja
* Nuși Tulliu
* Constantin Ucuta

Related groups|

* Romanians
* Moldovans
* Megleno-Romanians
* Istro-Romanians

* v
* t
* e

Great Union (Marea Unire)

Background|

| Ideology|

* Romanian nationalism
* Romanian irredentism
* Greater Romania

|

Events|

* Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia
* Independence and annexation of Northern Dobruja
* Romanian annexation of Silistra
* Conquest of Southern Dobruja
* Treaty of Bucharest of 1916

Figures|

* Ferdinand I of Romania (King)
* Marie of Romania (Queen)
* Ion I. C. Brătianu (Prime Minister)
* Alexandru Averescu
* Iancu Flondor
* Pan Halippa
* Iuliu Maniu

Accomplishment|

| Romania in
World War I|

* First Romanian war plan
* 1916 Romanian Campaign
* Battle of Transylvania
* The Romanian Debacle
* Battle of Bucharest
* Central Powers occupation of Romania
* 1917 Romanian Campaign
* Battle of Mărăști
* Battle of Mărășești
* Third Battle of Oituz
* Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia
* Second Romanian campaign
* Hungarian–Romanian War
* Romanian occupation of Hungary
* Romanian occupation of Pokuttia

|

Institutions and
documents|

* Sfatul Țării
* General Congress of Bukovina
* Great Romanian National Council
* Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia
* Declaration of Alba Iulia
* Directing Council
* Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
* Treaty of Trianon
* Treaty of Paris (unenforced)

Unifications|

* Union with Bessarabia
* Union with Bukovina
* Union with Transylvania

Disestablishment|

* Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region
* Second Vienna Award
* Treaty of Craiova
* Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania
* Recovery attempt of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Hertsa
* Transnistria Governorate
* Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
* Moscow Protocol of 1948

Aftermath|

* Moldavian SSR
* Republic of Moldova
* Independence
* Transnistria
* Transnistria conflict
* Transnistria War
* Gagauz Republic
* Gagauzia conflict
* Unification with Romania

Commemoration|

* 1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia
* National Museum of the Union

| Holidays|

* Dobruja Day
* Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania
* Bukovina Day
* Great Union Day (Romanian national day)
* Trianon Treaty Day

|

Centenary|

* Centenary of the Great Union Anniversary Medal
* Centenary March
* Union declarations

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