Populism in Canada

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Literature

* Canada and the Canadian Question (1891)
* Lament for a Nation (1965)
* Who Killed Canadian History? (1998)
* Maps of Meaning (1999)
* The Black Book of English Canada (Series; 2001–2003)
* The Uniqueness of Western Civilization (2011)
* Harperism (2014)
* "The Case for Colonialism" (2017)
* 12 Rules for Life (2018)
* Whiteshift (2018)

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Federal

* Christian Heritage Party of Canada
* Conservative Party of Canada
* Libertarian Party of Canada
* People's Party of Canada

Provincial

* BC United
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* Conservative Party of British Columbia
* Conservative Party of Quebec
* Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba
* Progressive Conservative Party of NB
* Progressive Conservative Party of NL
* Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia
* Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
* Progressive Conservative Party of PEI
* Progressive Conservative Party of Sask.
* Saskatchewan Party
* Social Credit Party of Canada
* United Conservative Party
* Yukon Party

Defunct parties

Federal

* Canadian Alliance
* Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)
* Liberal-Conservative Party
* Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
* Reform Party of Canada
* Social Credit Party of Canada
* Unionist Party

Provincial

* Action démocratique du Québec
* British Columbia Social Credit Party
* Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)
* Parti bleu
* Progressive Conservative Assoc. of Alberta
* Union Nationale
* Upper Canada Tories
* Wildrose Party

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Populism in Canada has been part of the country's political culture through its history and across the political spectrum. Populist parties and movements have included the Canadian social credit movement which achieved electoral strengths in Western Canada and to some extent in Quebec in the early to mid 20th century, and the Reform Party of Canada which became the largest conservative party in Parliament from a base in Western Canada in the 1990s.

According to Laycock, Quebecois populism is largely intertwined in Quebec nationalism and thus has to be examined with its own ideological and linguistic dynamics taken into consideration.[1]

## Overview

[edit]

In his 1981 Studies in Political Economy journal article, "Populism: A qualified defence", John Richards, a public policy professor at Simon Fraser University, said that there were elements of populism in the Liberal Party under Mackenzie (leader from 1873 to 1880) and Laurier (leader from 1887 to 1919); Pattulo's British Columbia Liberal Party during the 1930s; Liberal Party of Ontario under Mitchell Hepburn (leader from 1930 to 1942); the many socialist and labour parties leading up to the 1932 founding of the CCF; the Manitoba Liberal-Progressive Party; the Union Nationale in Quebec under Maurice Duplessis (leader from 1935 to 1959); the early Diefenbaker Tory party; the federal NDP under Tommy Douglas (leader from 1961 to 1971); and, to some extent, the Liberal Party of P. E. Trudeau (leader from 1968 to 1984).[2][3] Richards identified four "types of populist experience"—agrarian protest populist movements in the United States and Canada; the 19th century traditional, communal values, peasant populism admired by Russian intellectuals; authoritarian populism of regimes such Peronism in Argentina; and contemporary populism adopted by political leaders and parties to appeal to the "shared interests of the people" in contrast to those of the "powerfully organized 'vested interests' and traditional 'old-line' politicians."[4] Richards traced a shift in the populist movement to the mid-1980s.[5][6][7][8] He said that left-wing activists in North America shifted away from New Left politics in the 1970s. In Canada, some became active in unions, the New Democrat Party, and the Parti Québécois.[8] The 1986 book Citizen Action said that in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States, American conservatism became "imbued with right-wing populism".[7][8]

## 19th century

[edit]

Anti-establishment populist politics became an important political force in 19th century Ontario amongst rural and working class political activists who were influenced by American populist radicals.[1] Populism also became an important political force in Western Canada by the 1880s and 1890s.[1] Populism was particularly strong in the form of farmer-labour coalition politics in the late 19th century.[9]

## 20th century

[edit]

Multiple important populist political movements were formed throughout Canada in the 20th century. Western Canada and the Canadian Prairies in particular were the birthplace of a number of Canada's populist movements in the 20th century. Quebec would also see its fair share of populists movements especially at a provincial level.

### United Farmers movement

[edit]

In 1921, both Liberals and Conservatives lost to the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) in the 1921 provincial election.[10] The United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) and United Farmers of Saskatchewan (UFS) were formed by Prairie farmers that rejected party-dominated parliamentary representation advocated a quasi-syndicalist system of functional representation in a delegate democracy.[11] The UFA governed the province of Alberta from 1921 to 1935.[11]

### Union Nationale

[edit]

Union Nationale was founded in the aftermath of the 1935 Quebec general election, when the newly founded Action libérale nationale under former Quebec liberal Paul Gouin and Conservative Party of Quebec under Maurice Duplessis failed to diminish the majority government of the Liberal Party of Quebec under Louis-Alexandre Taschereau. Gouin and Duplessis formally merged their parties on 20 June 1936 to form Union Nationale (national union) with Duplessis as their leader. Duplessis built Union Nationale as a nationalist, right-wing populist party with stanch opposition to communism and strict adherence to Clerico-nationalism, economic liberalism and Quebec nationalism.

Under Duplessis' leadership Union Nationale won their first term in 1936 after Taschereau resigned in scandal and was replaced by Adélard Godbout. Despite losing in a rematch to Godbout's liberals in 1939, Duplessis would go on to regain a full majority from Godbout in 1944 and continue to serve his second run a premier of Quebec until he died in office on September 7, 1959. Union Nationale would be defeated in the subsequent the 1960 Quebec general election which saw the liberals regain power under Jean Lesage and bring the Quiet Revolution into full swing. Despite regaining a majority in the 1966 Quebec general election under Daniel Johnson Sr., the quickly changing Quebec under the Quiet Revolution soon saw the decline of Union Nationale which lost the 1970 Quebec general election after Johnson died of a heart attack in office. Union Nationale would continue their electoral decline and formally dissolved on 19 June 1989.

### Social Credit (Socred)

[edit]

The Social Credit populist political parties won provincial elections in two provinces—the 1935 Alberta general election under William Aberhart and the 1952 British Columbia general election under W.A.C. Bennett [12] At the federal level Social Credit and its breakaway Quebec wing (Ralliement des créditistes du Canada) were represented in Parliament until 1980.[12]

In 1933, William Aberhart, also known as Bible Bill, formed the Social Credit Party of Alberta (nicknamed the Socreds).[13][14] Social Credit governed the province continuously from 1935 until the 1971 election, when the party lost to Peter Lougheed's Progressive Conservatives.[10] The party initially promoted the principles of social credit economics alongside a right-wing populist agenda and the party governed Alberta from 1935 to 1971.[15] By the late 1930s with social credit financial reforms being unable to be carried out at the provincial level, Aberhart refocused the Alberta Social Credit party to attacking social welfare programs and state socialism.[16] Ernest Manning took over the Alberta Social Credit party and office of Premier of Alberta from Aberhart and led the Alberta Social Credit party along a right-wing populist agenda that criticized both the social welfare programs and centralizing tendencies of the federal government of Canada.[16]

### Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

[edit]

In 1932, in response to the hardships of the Great Depression, a coalition of labour, socialists, and progressives in Calgary, Alberta founded the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF).[13] Tommy Douglas, who became a social activist at the onset of the Depression, joined the new CCF and was elected as MP in the 1935 federal election.[17]

In his 1978 Canadian Journal of Political Science journal article, "Populism in the United States, Russia, and Canada: Explaining the Roots of Canada's Third Parties", John Conway said that CCF and Alberta's Social Credit were, to some extent, "populist formations."[18] Conway said that the CCF is an example of a populist party that transitioned successfully into a democratic party—the New Democratic Party. He said that the NDP, which was formed in 1961, was modelled on European social democratic parties and Britain's and Australia's Labour parties.[18]

In 1961, the CCF was succeeded by the New Democratic Party (NDP).

### Ralliement créditiste

[edit]

Ralliement créditiste was a series of Quebec based Social Credit parties both provincial and federal. First founded under the name Union des électeurs by Louis Even and Gilberte Côté-Mercier, the party failed to secure any seats federally or provincially in any formal election. Réal Caouette managed to secure a seat for the party in the house of commons in a 1946 by-election but lost the seat in the 1949 Canadian federal election. Caouette would eventually leave the party to found Ralliement des créditistes du Canada to serve as the Quebec branch of the Social Credit Party of Canada which went on to win 26 seats for the party in the 1962 Canadian federal election and 20 seats the following year. Having lost a leadership bid for the Social Credit Party of Canada to Robert N. Thompson in 1961 and growing increasingly disenfranchised by the party's move away from social credit theory under the influence of Ernest Manning, Caouette lead the Ralliement des créditistes to split from the social credit party and stand as their own federal party in 1963. The parties would remain split until their unification at the 1971 Social Credit convention in which Caouette would be elected leader of the newly united Social Credit Party of Canada. Caouette's politics were described as a combination of Quebec nationalism, social conservatism and social credit monetary theory.

In the time during the split, a provincial branch of the Ralliement créditiste was founded under the name Ralliement créditiste du Québec with Camil Samson as their leader. Much like its federal counterpart, the party was a conservative populist party that looked to implement social credit theory at a provincial level. Despite initial success during the 1970 Quebec general election which saw a 12 seat gain and a siphoning of support from declining Union Nationale (including the defection of MLA Gaston Tremblay), Ralliement créditiste du Québec was unable to replicate the same success in subsequent elections and dissolved on November 12, 1978. Preston Manning would cite Ralliement créditiste du Québec as an example of a populist third party in his 1992 book The New Canada.

### Reform Party of Canada

[edit]

The Reform Party of Canada was a right-wing populist party that existed from 1987 to 2000.[19] It was formed and led by Preston Manning, the son of former Social Credit Alberta Premier Ernest Manning.[19] It was originally a Western Canadian protest party that captured the support of right-wing Western Canadians who were disillusioned with the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and in particular its preference for resolving the grievances of Quebec over the West.[19] It also drew support of right-wing conservative Canadians who were dismayed by the Progressive Conservatives' inability to deliver their promised tax cuts and spending cuts.[19] In 1993, the Reform Party made a political breakthrough in electing large numbers of members of parliament.[19]

The Reform Party opposed LGBT rights, and advocated for more restrictions on immigration.

In 2000, the party re-branded as the Canadian Alliance Party before merged with the Progressive Conservative Party in 2003 to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada.

### Action démocratique du Québec

[edit]

## 21st century

[edit]

This section needs expansion with: examples and additional citations. You can help by adding to it. (November 2018)

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### People's Party of Canada

[edit]

Maxime Bernier in 2017

The People's Party of Canada has self-described as populist,[20] and been described as populist by many journalists.[21][22] Its leader, Maxime Bernier, refers to it as "smart populism", which is based on principles of freedom, responsibility, fairness, and respect, that speak for "all Canadians" and which do not appease special interest groups.[20]

### Conservative Party of Canada

[edit]

Pierre Poilievre, who has been described as populist by some journalists,[23][24] won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became the leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Ted Cruz,[24] while other journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, and pro-immigration positions, along with support for same-sex marriage.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

### People's Alliance of New Brunswick

[edit]

### Coalition Avenir Québec

[edit]

### Conservative Party of British Columbia

[edit]

## See also

[edit]

* Far-right politics in Canada
* Socialism in Canada

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Laycock 2005, p. 174.
2. ^ Conway 1984.
3. ^ Richards 1981.
4. ^ Richards 1989, p. 263-267.
5. ^ Foss & Larkin 1986. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFossLarkin1986 (help)
6. ^ Boyte & Riessman 1986. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoyteRiessman1986 (help)
7. ^ a b Boyte, Booth & Max 1986. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoyteBoothMax1986 (help)
8. ^ a b c Richards 1989, p. 264.
9. ^ Laycock 2005, p. 175.
10. ^ a b Walz 1971.
11. ^ a b Laycock 2005, p. 176.
12. ^ a b Canadian Encyclopedia 2006a.
13. ^ a b Canadian Encyclopedia 2006.
14. ^ Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica 2004.
15. ^ Laycock 2005, pp. 176–177.
16. ^ a b Laycock 2005, p. 177.
17. ^ Tommy Douglas CV 2011.
18. ^ a b Conway 1978, p. 99.
19. ^ a b c d e Laycock 2005, p. 178.
20. ^ a b Maxime Bernier says his new party offers 'smart populism'. YouTube. Canadian Press. 11 October 2018. Event occurs at 1:56. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
21. ^ Aiello, Rachel (14 September 2018). "Maxime Bernier launches People's Party of Canada". CTVNews. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
22. ^ "Maxime Bernier on next steps for The People's Party of Canada". Le Devoir (Interview) (in French). 15 September 2018.
23. ^ Blatchford, Andy (25 May 2022). "Conservative frontrunner deploys populist strike on Ottawa's elites". Politico. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
24. ^ a b "Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau". CBS News. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
25. ^ "NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre". National Post. 5 August 2022. "Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking.""
26. ^ Forrest, Maura (12 September 2022). "The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader". Politico. "He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration — his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant — and now calls himself pro-choice."
27. ^ "Is there room for centrists in the current Conservative Party?: Tasha Kheiriddin on the right path forward for Conservatives in Canada". The Hub. 9 August 2022. "And second, what parts of his program—which, to be fair to him, he is pro-immigration, pro-same-sex marriage, and pro-choice—do you take exception to?"
28. ^ McConkey, David (23 October 2022). "Pierre Poilievre, populist politician?". The Brandon Sun. "In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration."
29. ^ Campbell, Clark (16 September 2022). "The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer". The Globe and Mail. "But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally."
30. ^ "Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader". The Economist. 15 September 2022. "His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration."
31. ^ Moore, Samuel (4 November 2022). "Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister?". Cherwell. "Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping"."
32. ^ Oliver, Joe (7 September 2022). "Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave". Financial Post. "The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration."

## References

[edit]

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: inconsistent citation format. Please help improve this section if you can. (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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* Morley, J.t. (6 February 2006). "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
* Morley, J.t. (7 February 2006a). "Social Credit". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
* Conway, John F. (1978). "Populism in the United States, Russia, and Canada: Explaining the Roots of Canada's Third Parties". Canadian Journal of Political Science Via Wikipedia Library. 11 (1): 99–124\. doi:10.1017/S0008423900038774. ISSN 0008-4239. JSTOR 3230521. S2CID 154859046.
* Conway, John F. (1984). "The Nature of Populism: A Clarification". Studies in Political Economy. VI. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
* The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2004). "Social Credit Party (Socred)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
* Laycock, David (2005). "Populism and the New Right in English Canada". In Panizza, Francisco (ed.). Populism and the Mirror of Democracy. New York: Verso. pp. 172–201\. ISBN 978-1-85984-489-2.
* McHenry, Dean Eugene (1950). The Third Force in Canada: The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, 1932–1948. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
* Richards, John (1 January 1981). "Populism: A Qualified Defence". Studies in Political Economy. 5 (1): 5–27\. doi:10.1080/19187033.1981.11675707. ISSN 0707-8552.
* Richards, J. (1989). "The New Populism" (PDF). Labour/Le Travail. 23. Canadian Committee on Labour History: 263–267\. doi:10.2307/25143147. ISSN 1911-4842. JSTOR 25143147. S2CID 56032690.
* * "Parliamentarian file: DOUGLAS, Thomas Clement (Tommy), C.C., B.A., M.A., LL.D.(Hon.)". Parliament of Canada. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
* Walz, Jay (10 September 1971) [August 31, 1971]. "Tories Rout Alberta's Regime of 36 Years". The New York Times. Ottawa, Ontario. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 October 2022.

* v
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Populism

Variants|

* Black
* Judicial
* Left-wing
* Macroeconomic
* Market
* Penal
* Right-wing
* Techno
* Valence

Ideologies|

* Berlusconism
* Bonapartism
* Chavismo
* Dutertism
* Erdoğanism
* Fascism
* Neo
* Fortuynism
* Gaullism
* Hansonism
* Hindutva
* Jacksonian democracy
* Janismo
* Jeffersonian democracy
* Kemalism
* Kirchnerism
* Relato K
* Lulism
* Nasserism
* Peronism
* Poporanism
* Qasimism
* Trumpism

Concepts|

* Agrarianism
* Anti-corruption
* Anti-globalization
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-politics
* Backlash
* Common people
* Continuismo
* Criticism of multiculturalism
* Demagogy
* Direct democracy
* Economic nationalism
* Egalitarianism
* Elitism
* The Establishment
* Anti-establishment
* General will
* Grassroots democracy
* Identity politics
* Law and order
* Localism
* Mob rule
* Nativism
* Natural aristocracy
* Pluralism
* Popular democracy
* Popular sovereignty
* Post-politics
* Protectionism
* Social justice
* Wedge issue
* Welfare chauvinism

Politicians|

* Ahmadinejad
* Atatürk
* Bannon
* Berlusconi
* Bernier
* Billing
* Bolsonaro
* Bonaparte
* Boulanger
* Bryan
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* Castillo
* Chávez
* Corbyn
* Correa
* Dean
* Duterte
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* Farage
* Fortuyn
* Gaddafi
* de Gaulle
* Hawley
* Han
* Hébert
* Hitler
* Humala
* Iglesias
* Jackson
* Janša
* Johnson
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* Kirchner (Cristina)
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* Ko
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* Zuma

History|

* Anti-Administration party
* Ukrainian national revival
* Hromada
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* Farmers' Alliance
* Chłopomania
* Völkisch movement
* Gilded Age
* Sămănătorul
* Radiosomaggismo
* Great Depression
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* Share Our Wealth
* Radical right
* United States
* Europe
* Revolutions of 1989
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* Conservative wave
* Brexit
* Election of Donald Trump
* Yellow vests protests

By region|

* Canada
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Related topics|

* Alt-right
* Authoritarianism
* Chauvinism
* Classical radicalism
* Communism
* Democratic backsliding
* Georgism
* Nationalism
* Neo
* New Left
* New Right
* Paleoconservatism
* Putinism
* Radical centrism
* Socialism
* Third Position

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