Port-Royal (Acadia)

Historic settlement in modern-day Nova Scotia, Canada

This article is about the settlement of Port Royal in the French, Scottish and English period from 1605 to 1713. For its successor settlement in the British and Canadian period after 1713, see Annapolis Royal. For other uses of the term, see Port Royal (disambiguation).

Port-Royal

Fort at Port-Royal (1702)

Location| Annapolis Basin
Coordinates| 44°44′N 65°32′W﻿ / ﻿44.733°N 65.533°W﻿ / 44.733; -65.533

Location of Port-Royal in Nova Scotia

Port Royal (1605–1713) was a historic settlement based around the upper Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia, Canada,[1] and the predecessor of the modern town of Annapolis Royal. It was the first successful attempt by Europeans to establish a permanent settlement in what is today known as Canada.[2] Port Royal was a key step in the development of New France and was the first permanent base of operations of the explorer Samuel de Champlain, who would later found Quebec in 1608, and the farmer Louis Hébert, who would resettle at Quebec in 1617. For most of its existence, it was the capital of the New France colony of Acadia.

From 1605 to 1613 the settlement was centred around the habitation on the north side of the Annapolis Basin, while from 1629 onwards it was centred around Fort Anne on the south side, at the confluence of the Annapolis River and Allains Creek. The settlement was established by France, but control would pass between France, Scotland, England and Great Britain over the next 108 years until it was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1713 due to the Treaty of Utrecht. The settlement continued, but was named Annapolis Royal.

## Toponymy[edit]

"Port Royal" principally refers to the Annapolis Basin and was named by cartographer Samuel de Champlain in 1604, writing, "we entered a harbour which is two leagues in length and one in breadth, which I have named 'Port Royal'."[3] Through the entire period to 1713, "Port Royal" never referred to a specific area around the Annapolis Basin. In the censuses of Acadia from 1671 to 1707, all inhabitants living around the Annapolis Basin were listed under "Port Royal," with no sub-distinctions.[4] Futher, the term "ville" (ie town or city) was never used to describe the settlment at "Port Royal" or any part of it. However, "Port Royal" was used to describe the seigneury, one of the largest in New France.[5]

It is unclear when the toponym "Annapolis Royal" was first used to describe only the dwellings near the fort, but it was after 1710.

## Original settlement of Port Royal (1605–13)[edit]

Port Royal was founded by the French nobleman Pierre Du Gua de Mons, who spent a disastrous winter in Île-Saint-Croix.[6] He was accompanied by Samuel de Champlain,[7] Louis Hébert (this is disputed in the French archives which indicate Hébert did not sail until 1606) and Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just. They decided to move their settlement to the north shore of the present-day Annapolis Basin, a sheltered bay on the south shore of the Bay of Fundy that had been recorded by Champlain earlier in the spring of 1605 during a coastal reconnaissance.[6] Champlain noted in his journals that the bay was of impressive size; he believed it would be an adequate anchorage for several hundred ships of the French Royal Fleet, if ever necessary. As such, he named the basin "Port Royal", the Royal Port;[7] this was, for many years, the name of both the body of water and of the subsequent French settlements in that region.[1] Poutrincourt asked King Henri IV to become the owner of the seigneurie that encompassed the settlement.

Nestled against the North Mountain range, they set about constructing a log stockade fortification called a "habitation." With assistance from members of the Mi'kmaq Nation and a local chief named Membertou, coupled with the more temperate climate of the fertile Annapolis Valley, the settlement prospered.

Mindful of the disastrous winter of 1604–05 at the Île-Saint-Croix settlement, Champlain established l'Ordre de Bon Temps (the Order of Good Cheer) as a social club ostensibly to promote better nutrition and to get settlers through the winter of 1606–07. Supper every few days became a feast with a festive air supplemented by performances and alcohol and was primarily attended by the prominent men of the colony and their Mi'kmaq neighbours while the Mi'kmaq women, children, and poorer settlers looked on and were offered scraps. Marc Lescarbot's "The Theatre of Neptune in New France", the first work of theater written and performed in North America, was performed on November 14, 1606. It was arguably the catalyst for the Order of Good Cheer.

In 1607, Dugua had his fur trade monopoly revoked by the Government of France, forcing settlers to return to France that fall.[6] The Habitation was left in the care of Membertou and the local Mi'kmaq until 1610 when Sieur de Poutrincourt, another French nobleman, returned with a small expedition to Port-Royal.[1] Poutrincourt converted Membertou and local Mi'kmaq to Catholicism, hoping to gain financial assistance from the government. As a result, Jesuits became financial partners with Poutrincourt, although this caused division within the community.

In May, 1613 the Jesuits moved on to the Penobscot River valley and in July, the settlement was attacked by Samuel Argall of Virginia. Argall returned in November that same year and burned the Habitation to the ground while settlers were away nearby.[7] Poutrincourt returned from France in spring 1614 to find Port-Royal in ruins and settlers living with the Mi'kmaq. Poutrincourt then gave his holdings to his son and returned to France. Poutrincourt's son bequeathed the settlement to Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour upon his own death in 1623.

Port-Royal was the capital of Acadia from 1605 to 1713. The centre of the settlement at Port-Royal was located on the north shore of the Annapolis Basin, which is the site of the replica reconstruction of the original Habitation at Port-Royal. After its destruction by raiders from Virginia in 1613, Port-Royal was re-established on the south bank of the river 8 km (5.0 mi) upstream.[7] The British named Port-Royal at this new location,Annapolis Royal, following their conquest of Acadia in 1710.[7]

Port-Royal was founded by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain in 1605.[7] The settlement was the first permanent European settlement north of St. Augustine, Florida. (Two years later, the English made their first permanent settlement in Jamestown, Virginia.) Approximately seventy-five years after Port-Royal was founded, Acadians spread out from the capital to found the other major Acadian settlements established before the Expulsion of the Acadians: Grand-Pré, Chignecto, Cobequid and Pisiguit.

In the 150 years prior to the founding of Halifax in 1749, Port-Royal/Annapolis Royal was the capital of Acadia and later Nova Scotia for most decades.[a] During that time the British made six attempts to conquer Acadia by attacking the capital at Port-Royal (present day Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. They finally defeated the French in 1710 following the Siege of Port-Royal. Over the following fifty years, the French and their allies made six unsuccessful military attempts to regain the capital. Including a raid by Americans in the American Revolution, Port-Royal (at present-day Annapolis Royal) faced a total of thirteen attacks, more than any other place in North America.[9]

Portrait of Captain Samuel Argall

Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts built the Habitation at Port-Royal in 1605 as a replacement for his initial attempt at colonizing Saint Croix Island in the Saint Croix River on the boundary between present-day Maine and New Brunswick.[b] The trading monopoly of de Monts was cancelled in 1607, and most of the French settlers returned to France, although some remained with the natives. Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just led a second expedition to Port-Royal in 1610.[10]

Port-Royal was the site of a number of North American firsts: the first resident surgeon; first continuing church services; first social club (named the "Order of Good Cheer"); creation of the first library; first French theatrical performance (titled Neptune); first apothecary; and first weekly Bible class.[11] The author of Neptune, Marc Lescarbot, wrote a popular history of his time in New France, entitled Histoire de la Nouvelle-France (1609).[12]

### Battle of Port Royal (1613)[edit]

Almost ten years later, the Admiral of Virginia Samuel Argall led an English invasion force from Virginia to attack Acadia. He began with the Saint-Saveur mission (Mount Desert Island, Maine) and then St. Croix Island. In October 1613, Argall surprised the settlers at Port-Royal and sacked every building.[13] The battle destroyed the Habitation but it did not wipe out the colony.

## Informal period (1613 - 1629)[edit]

Biencourt and his men remained in the area of Port-Royal. A mill upstream at present day Lequille, Nova Scotia remained, along with settlers who went into hiding during the battle.[14] Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour was one of the men who stayed behind. La Tour eventually left Port-Royal and settled by 1620, at Cape Negro \- Cape Sable[15] although some settlers remained.

## Scottish colony (1629 - 1632)[edit]

William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling

In 1621 King James I of England granted to Sir William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling all of Nova Scotia, which then included New Brunswick. During the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), under Charles I of England, by 1629 the Kirkes took Quebec City and Lord Ochiltree (Sir James Stewart of Killeith) started a colony on Cape Breton Island at Baleine.

On July 28, 1629, Sir William sent a ship, his son William Alexander (the younger), and seventy Scottish settlers who established the first incarnation of "New Scotland" which they named Charles Fort, at present-day Annapolis Royal on the site of the future Fort Anne (see Charles Fort - National Site). During this time there were few French inhabitants in the colony. This set of British triumphs, leaving Cape Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia) as the only major French holding in North America, was not destined to last.[16]

In 1631, under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye, the colonists were ordered to abandon the fort to the French, who soon renamed it Port-Royal, the same name as their previous colony. The official handover did not take place until late in 1632 and this gave Captain Andrew Forrester, commander of the then Scottish community the opportunity to cross the Bay of Fundy with twenty-five armed men and raid Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour's Fort Sainte-Marie at Saint John, New Brunswick.[c]

In 1633, protecting the boundary of Acadia, Charles de la Tour, the French commander of Acadia, made a descent upon Machias, Maine from his seat at Port-Royal, killing two of its six defenders, and carrying the others away with their merchandise.[17] The French then established Fort Sainte-Marie-de-Grâce was the capital on the LaHave River before re-establishing Port-Royal.

## French colony (1632 - 1654)[edit]

In 1635, Governor of Acadia Charles de Menou d'Aulnay de Charnisay moved settlers from present-day LaHave, Nova Scotia to Port-Royal (present day Annapolis Royal), and the Acadian people began to establish their roots. Under D'Aulnay, the Acadians built the first dykes in North America and cultivated the reclaimed salt marshes.[18]

During this time, Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war; the two main centres were Port-Royal (present day Annapolis Royal), where d'Aulnay was stationed, and present-day Saint John, New Brunswick, where Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour was stationed.[19]

### Acadian Civil War[edit]

Main article: Acadian Civil War

#### Battle of Port Royal (1640)[edit]

Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour arrived from present day Saint John, New Brunswick and attacked Port-Royal (Annapolis Royal) with two armed ships. D'Aulnay's captain was killed, while La Tour and his men were forced to surrender.[20] In response to the attack, D'Aulay sailed out of Port-Royal to establish a blockade of La Tour's fort at present day Saint John, New Brunswick.

#### Battle of Port Royal (1643)[edit]

Siege of St. John (1645) – d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia

In 1643, La Tour tried to capture Port-Royal again. La Tour arrived at Saint John from Boston with a fleet of five armed vessels and 270 men and broke the blockade. La Tour then chased d'Aulnay's vessels back across the Bay of Fundy to Port-Royal (Annapolis Royal). D'Aulnay resisted the attack, and seven of his men were wounded and three killed. La Tour did not attack the fort, which was defended by twenty soldiers. La Tour burned the mill, killed the livestock and seized furs, gunpowder and other supplies.[21]

d'Aulnay ultimately won the war against La Tour with the 1645 siege of present-day Saint John, New Brunswick. After the siege, La Tour went to live in Quebec. After defeating La Tour at Saint John, from the capital Port-Royal (Annapolis Royal), d'Aulnay administered posts at LaHave, Nova Scotia; Pentagouet (Castine, Maine); Canso, Nova Scotia; Cap Sable (Port La Tour, Nova Scotia); the Saint John River (Bay of Fundy) and Miscou Island.[22]

After d'Aulnay died (1650), La Tour re-established himself in Acadia.

## English colony (1654 - 1667)[edit]

### Battle of Port Royal (1654)[edit]

In 1654, Colonel Robert Sedgwick led a force to capture Port-Royal made up of one hundred New England volunteers and two hundred professional soldiers sent to New England by Oliver Cromwell, the first professional English soldiers sent to North America. Prior to the Battle, Sedgwick captured and plundered present day Castine, Maine and La Tour's fort at present day Saint John, New Brunswick. Sedgwick also took La Tour prisoner. The defenders of Port-Royal numbered only about 130. After resisting the English landings and defending the fort during a short siege, the outnumbered Acadians surrendered after negotiating terms that allowed French inhabitants who wished to remain to keep their property and religion.[23] Soldiers and officials were given transport to France while the majority of Port-Royal residents remained unharmed. However, in violation of the surrender terms, Sedgwick's men rampaged through the Port-Royal monastery, smashing windows, doors, paneling and even the floor boards before burning the monastery and the newly constructed Port Royal church. The English occupied Acadia for the next 16 years with a small garrison, leaving the Acadian residents mostly undisturbed.[24]

## French colony (1667 - 1713)[edit]

In 1667, Port-Royal (present day Annapolis Royal) was returned to France with the Treaty of Breda (1667). In a census taken in 1671 there were 361 Acadians in the Port-Royal area. During King Philip's War, Jacques de Chambly was Governor of Acadia. Another census in the late 1680s shows 450 Acadians in the entire area of Port-Royal.[25]

### King William's War[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Nine Years' War:
North America

Hudson Bay

* Hudson Bay (1686)
* 1st Fort Albany
* 2nd Fort Albany
* York Factory
* Hudson Bay (1697)

Quebec and New York

* Lachine
* Schenectady
* Quebec
* La Prairie
* Mohawk Valley
* Wilton

New England, Acadia and Newfoundland

* Dover
* 1st Pemaquid
* Salmon Falls
* Port Royal
* Falmouth
* Chedabucto
* 1st St. John
* York
* Wells
* Placentia
* Oyster River
* Groton
* 2nd St. John
* 2nd Pemaquid
* Chignecto
* Fort Nashwaak
* Newfoundland
* Haverhill

#### Battle of Port Royal (1690)[edit]

Main article: Battle of Port Royal (1690)

During King William's War, Port-Royal (present day Annapolis Royal) served as a safe harbor for French cruisers and supply point for Wabanaki Confederacy to attack the New England colonies encroaching on the Acadian border in southern Maine.

The Battle of Port Royal (1690) began on May 9.[26] Sir William Phips of New England arrived with 736 men in seven English ships. Governor de Meneval fought for two days and then capitulated. The garrison was imprisoned in the church and Governor de Meneval was confined to his house. The New Englanders levelled what was begun of the new fort.[27] The residents of Port-Royal were imprisoned in the church and administered an oath of allegiance to the King.[28]

Phips left, but warships from New York City arrived in June which resulted in more destruction.[26] The seamen burned and looted the settlement, including the parish church.[29]

#### Raid on Port Royal (1693)[edit]

In response to assisting Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste, English frigates attacked Port-Royal (Annapolis Royal). The New Englanders burned almost a dozen houses and three barns full of grain.[30] Port Royal was again made the capital in 1699.[31]

### Queen Anne's War[edit]

* v
* t
* e

War of the
Spanish Succession
Queen Anne's War

Quebec and Newfoundland

* Newfoundland
* 1st St. John's
* 2nd St. John's
* Fort Albany
* Quebec

Acadia and New England

* 1st Northeast Coast
* Falmouth
* Deerfield
* Grand Pré
* 1st Port Royal
* Haverhill
* 2nd Port Royal
* Bloody Creek
* 2nd Northeast Coast

Carolina and Florida

* Flint River
* St. Augustine
* Apalachee
* Charles Town
* Pensacola

During Queen Anne's War, there was a New England blockade of Port Royal and then three attempts to lay siege to the capital. The last siege ultimately resulted in the British conquest of Acadia and Nova Scotia. Despite the blockade, Port Royal was occasionally used as a home port by French privateers and pirates such as Captain Crapo.[32]

#### Blockade of Port Royal (1704)[edit]

In 1704, in retaliation for the Raid on Deerfield, Major Benjamin Church created a blockade of Port-Royal. Church was instructed not to attack the capital because the action was not authorized from London. Before daylight, on July 2, two English warships and seven smaller vessels entered the Port Royal basin. They captured the guard station opposite Goat Island as well as four Acadians. Landing at Pointe aux Chesnes on the north shore, they took a family prisoner. A woman from the family was sent to the fort to demand its surrender. The blockade lasted seventeen days; those in the fort awaited an attack. Church had moved on to conduct the real purpose of his expedition: the Raid on Grand Pré, Raid on Pisiguit, and Raid on Chignecto. He returned to Port Royal and then with a brief exchange of gunfire, returned to Boston.[33]

#### Siege of Port Royal (June 1707)[edit]

Daniel d'Auger de Subercase

Main article: Siege of Port Royal (1707)

Two major British efforts to besiege the town in 1707 met with failure. The first siege during the war happened on June 17 and lasted eleven days. Colonel John March, the most senior officer in all of Massachusetts was sent to defeat the capital. Acadian governor Daniel d'Auger de Subercase successfully defended the capital.[34]

#### Siege of Port Royal (August 1707)[edit]

Main article: Siege of Port Royal (1707)

Colonel Francis Wainwright led the second siege on August 20. It lasted eleven days. Subercase and his troops killed sixteen New Englanders and lost three soldiers. Again the British retreated.[35]

#### Siege of Port Royal (1710)[edit]

Main article: Siege of Port Royal (1710)

Evacuation Of Port Royal 1710 by CW Jefferys

On September 24, 1710, the British returned with 36 ships and 2000 men, and again laid siege to the capital in what would be the final Conquest of Acadia. Subercase and the French held out until October 2 when the approximately 300 defenders of the fort surrendered, ending French rule in Acadia. The following year, after the Acadian and Indian success at the nearby Battle of Bloody Creek (1711), the Acadians and Indians unsuccessfully attempted to lay siege to the capital.

## British colony (After 1713)[edit]

Main article: Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia

After the transfer of Port Royal to Great Britain due to the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the British changed the name from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal.

## See also[edit]

* Annapolis Royal
* Port-Royal National Historic Site
* Military history of Nova Scotia

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ For the 144 years prior to the founding of Halifax (1749), Port-Royal (1605–13) and Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia (1613 onward) was the capital of Acadia for 112 of those years (78% of the time). The other locations that served as the Capital of Acadia are: present day LaHave, Nova Scotia (1632–36 ); present day Castine, Maine (1670–74); present day Sackville, New Brunswick / Amherst, Nova Scotia known as Beaubassin (1678–84); present day Jemseg, New Brunswick(1690–91); present day Fredericton, New Brunswick (1691–98), and present day Saint John, New Brunswick (1698–99).[8]
2. ^ Located on an island in the Saint Croix River between present-day Maine and New Brunswick, the Saint Croix settlement failed because the surrounding river became impassable in the winter. It cut off the settlers from necessary supplies of fresh food, water, and fuel wood.
3. ^ There is a monument to Sir William Alexander in Victoria Park, Halifax – see Sir Alexander Monument. The name and flag of Nova Scotia were also established at this time.

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c Riendeau, Roger E (2007). A brief history of Canada. Facts on File, cop. p. 36\. ISBN 978-0-8160-6335-2. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
2. ^ "Port-Royal National Historic Site". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
3. ^ Calnek, Wiliam Arthur (1897). History of the County of Annapolis, Including Old Port Royal and Acadia. William Briggs. p. 4.
4. ^ "1708 Acadian Census 1708:Acadian Ancestral Home". www.acadian-home.org. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
5. ^ Poirier, Marc (2020-10-09). "Marie de Saint-Étienne de La Tour, seigneuresse de Port-Royal". Acadie Nouvelle (in French). Retrieved 2023-12-11.
6. ^ a b c Vaugeois, Denis; Raymonde Litalien; Käthe Roth (2004). Champlain: The Birth of French America. Translated by Käthe Roth. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 146, 242. ISBN 0-7735-2850-4. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
7. ^ a b c d e f Harris, Carolyn (Aug 2017). "The Queen's land". Canada's History. 97 (4): 34–43. ISSN 1920-9894.
8. ^ Dunn (2004). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
9. ^ Dunn (2004), p. viii. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
10. ^ Griffiths, N.E.S. (1994). "1600-1650. Fish, Fur and Folk". In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 56\. ISBN 978-1-4875-1676-5. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm.9.
11. ^ Harry Bruce, An Illustrated History of Nova Scotia, Nimbus Publishing. 1997.pp.38-34
12. ^ An 1866 English translation is accessible at Internet Archive
13. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 8. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
14. ^ Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 24\. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.
15. ^ M. A. MacDonald. Fortune and La Tour. Methuen Press. 1983.p.14).
16. ^ Sarty, Roger; Knight, Doug (2003). Saint John Fortifications, 1630-1956. Goose Lane Editions. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-86492-373-8.
17. ^ MacDonald, Marjorie Anne (1983). Fortune & La Tour: The Civil War in Acadia. Methuen. p. 82\. ISBN 978-0-458-95800-9.
18. ^ Dunn (2004), p. ix. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
19. ^ MacDonald 1983.
20. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 19. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
21. ^ Faragher, John Mack (2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland. W.W Norton & Company. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-393-05135-3.
22. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 20. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
23. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 23. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
24. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 24. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
25. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 32. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
26. ^ a b Reid, John G. (1994). "1686–1720: Imperial Intrusions". In Phillip Buckner; John G. Reid (eds.). The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 82\. ISBN 978-1-4875-1676-5. JSTOR j.ctt15jjfrm.
27. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 38. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
28. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 39. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
29. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 40. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
30. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 43. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
31. ^ Dunn (2004), p. 45. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
32. ^ Nelson, William (1894). Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey. Paterson NJ: The Press Printing and Publishing Co. pp. 26–27. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
33. ^ Dunn (2004), pp. 61–62. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDunn2004 (help)
34. ^ Faragher (2005), pp. 114–115.
35. ^ Faragher (2005), pp. 115–116.

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