Portugal and the International Monetary Fund

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Portugal is located on the West coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

Portugal joined International Monetary Fund (IMF) on March 29, 1961. They joined by submitting 100 percent of their quota, which is 2,060.10 SDR. Currently, Portugal is using 187.5 percent of their quota, which is 3,862.69 SDR.[1] Portugal has not had an IMF disbursement since 2014.[2] Portugal has just .44 percent of voting power in the IMF.[3]

## Constituency

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Portugal is part of a constituency with Albania, Greece, Italy, Malta, and San Marino. Their representative on the Executive Board of the IMF is Domenico G. Fanizza of Italy. Portugal has 22,066 votes, which makes them have the third most votes in their constituency, preceded by Greece, then Italy. This constituency has 4.13 percent of the total voting power within the IMF.[4]

## Surveillance

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As Portugal is a member of the IMF, they receive surveillance reports from the IMF which details any red flags in their economy, as well as give suggestions for the future health of their economy.[5] Before the 2007 financial crisis, they IMF conducted several surveillance reports on Portugal that if heeded, could have lessened the effect of the crisis. Some of the issues that were highlighted were the increase in small scale economic asymmetries, lessening growth, lack of monetary consolidation, a lack of competition, ignorance of their capital flow issues, and issues with private sector borrowing.[6]

## Financial crisis

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In 2007, when the world was swept with financial crisis, Portugal's economy suffered in several areas. Portugal was plagued with low real GDP growth and borrowing costs, significant deficits, low investment, and high national debt. Additionally, the quick stop of capital flows in Portugal was made easier because of this increasing amount of debt that was being accrued. By 2009, it seemed like Portugal would start to recover, but the Euro Crisis quickly took the Portuguese economy back down with it.[6]

## Agreement

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By 2011, the crisis was so bad, Portugal requested a three year long bailout with the IMF.[7] The same year, Portugal received a disbursement of 11,503,000 SDR as their first of this deal.[2] The agreement that Portugal and the IMF made focused on both monetary contraction and reforms on economic structure. The IMF reforms for Portugal included changes to labor and product markets, taxes, pensions and the public and the financial sector.[6]

## Conditions

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There were several conditions placed on Portugal in exchange for this bailout. These conditions included structural benchmarks and prior actions predominately in Portugal's fiscal sector.[7]

## Results

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Portuguese national debt skyrocketed during the 2010-2014 Financial Crisis, but is slowly trending down.

There were mixed results of this IMF program. On one hand, Portugal recovered their access to Capital markets, which was a main goal of the program and the largest contributor to their crisis. On the other hand, the Portuguese government still has significant debt and unstable foreign liabilities.[6]

## Current Economic Status

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As a member of the IMF, Portugal also receives Article IV reports from the IMF. In the latest report, that was published in September 2018 the IMF details a report on the current Portuguese economy. This report details that although investments and exports have spurred growth and low inflation throughout 2017, there is persisting unemployment in Portugal. Structural balance is also said to be improving as deficits and debt are steadily decreasing. Banks are improving as well, though credit is growing much slower and is holding back further improvement. Overall, the economy is steady, but Portugal is still susceptible to downturns and needs more tenable growth.[8]

## References

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1. ^ "Financial Position in the Fund for Portugal as of October 31, 2018". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
2. ^ a b "Transactions with the Fund, Portugal". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
3. ^ "IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and IMF Board of Governors". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
4. ^ "IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
5. ^ "IMF Surveillance". IMF. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
6. ^ a b c d "The Portuguese Crisis and the IMF" (PDF). www.ieo-imf.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
7. ^ a b "Portugal: Request for a Three-Year Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility" (PDF). www.imf.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
8. ^ "Portugal : 2018 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Portugal". International Monetary Fund. 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2018-12-04.

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