Portuguese settlement in Chittagong

16th Portuguese trading port in Bangladesh

Portuguese settlement in Chittagong

Porto Grande de Bengala (Portuguese)
পোর্তো গ্রাঞ্জি জি বেঙ্গালা (Bengali)

1528–1666

Flag

Coat of arms

The Chittagong district in modern-day Bangladesh

Status| Trading post
Capital| Firingi Bunder
Common languages| Portuguese, Bengali
King of Portugal|

• 1528-1557

| John III (first)

• 1656-1666

| Afonso VI (last)
Historical era| Imperialism

• Permission from the Bengal Sultanate

| 1528

• Mughal annexation of Chittagong

| 1666

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Bengal Sultanate

|

| Kingdom of Mrauk U
| Mughal Empire |

|

Chittagong, the second largest city and main port of Bangladesh, was home to a thriving trading post of the Portuguese Empire in the East in the 16th and 17th centuries.[1] The Portuguese first arrived in Chittagong around 1528[2] and left in 1666[3] after the Mughal conquest.[4] It was the first European colonial enclave in the historic region of Bengal.[5]

## Etymology

[edit]

Chittagong was the largest seaport in the Sultanate of Bengal, which was termed as the "Shahi Bangalah" (Imperial Bengal) in Persian and Bengali. The Portuguese referred to the port city as Porto Grande de Bengala, which meant "the Grand Harbor of Bengal". The term was often simplified as Porto Grande.[6]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Chittagong

### Arrival of the Portuguese

[edit]

Further information: Portuguese India

Early Dutch map of Bengal The first court building of Chittagong known as Darul Adalat located in Government Hazi Mohammad Mohshin College is a testimony of the Portuguese settlement.

On 9 May 1512, a fleet of four ships commanded by João da Silveira from the Estado da India arrived in Chittagong from Goa.[7] They were followed by several embassies from the Kingdom of Portugal to the Sultanate of Bengal, then reputed as the wealthiest region in the Indian subcontinent. He set up the first Portuguese factory in Bengal at Chittagong in 1517.[8] Traders from Portuguese Malacca, Bombay and Ceylon also frequented the region.[7]

Some sources indicate that Joao Coelho had arrived in Chittagong before João da Silveira. Many Malaccan Portuguese had come to the Bengal before Silveira in Moorish ships as traders.[9] Moreover, some of the Portuguese settled in Pipli (present day Orissa) in 1514 and had visited Western Bengal.

### Established trading base

[edit]

In 1528, the Sultan of Bengal permitted the Portuguese to establish factories and customs houses in the Port of Chittagong.[7] A fort and naval base was established in Firingi Bandar. The settlement grew into the most prominent Eurasian port on the Bay of Bengal during the Age of Discovery.[10] The cartaz system was introduced and required all ships in the area to purchase naval trading licenses from the Portuguese.[11][12] In 1590, the Portuguese conquered the nearby islands of Sandwip under the leadership of António de Sousa Godinho.[13] In 1602, the Sandwip island of Chittagong was conquered by the Portuguese from Kedar Rai of Sripur.[14]

Portuguese pirates, named Gonçalves and Carvalho, ruled the island of Sandwip for several years. Each year about 300 salt loaded ships sailed for Liverpool from Sandwip. Sandwip was very famous for its ship-building and salt industries at that time. In 1616, after the arrival of Delwar Khan, a high-ranking Mughal naval officer, the Portuguese pirates were driven away from Sandwip and Delwar Khan ruled the island independently for about 50 years.[15]

The harbour of Chittagong became the most important port to the Portuguese because of its location, navigational facilities and safe anchorage. The port is very close to the mouth of the Meghna which was the principal route to the Royal capital of Gouda.[16]

Evidently the Portuguese found Chittagong a congenial place to live. By the end of the sixteenth century, the Chittagong port had emerged as a thriving port, which attracted both unofficial Portuguese trade and settlement. According to a 1567 note of Caesar Federeci, every year thirty or thirty five ships, great and small, anchored in Chittagong port.[17] In 1598 there lived about 2,500 Portuguese and Eurasians in Chittagong and Arakan.[18][10]

The increased commercial presence included bureaucrats, merchants, missionaries, soldiers, adventurers, sailors and pirates. The enclave had a highly laissez-faire administration led by traders. Slave trade and piracy flourished.[7] Major traded products included fine silk, cotton muslin textiles, bullion, spices, rice, timber, salt and gunpowder.

A painting indicating the battle between the Arakanese and the Mughals in Karnaphuli River in 1666 in which, the Mughal received help from the Portuguese.

The Roman Catholic Church was established in Bengal during Portuguese rule in Chittagong. The port city was the seat of the first Vicar Apostolic of Bengal.[19] The Portuguese also encouraged intermarriage with the local population.[20]

In 1615, the Portuguese Navy defeated an Arakanese-Dutch VOC fleet near the port city.[10]

### Piracy

[edit]

The Portuguese presence in Chittagong was ultimately ephemeral. The fall of the Bengal Sultanate and the rise of the Arakanese Kingdom of Mrauk U changed the geopolitical landscape. Chittagong became a major bone of contention between the Mughal Empire, the Kingdom of Mrauk U, the Burmese Empire and the Kingdom of Tripura.[7] The King of Mrauk U massacred 600 members of the Portuguese community in Dianga in 1607.[10][21] Subsequently, the Portuguese allied with Arakan. Portuguese-Arakanese piracy increased against Mughal Bengal in the 17th century.[22] In response, the Portuguese ravaged the Arakan coast and carried off the booty to the king of Barisal.[21]

### Slavery

[edit]

The Portuguese took over the eastern portion of the Arab slave trade networks and sold their slaves in Tamluk and Balasore, and in Deccan ports. Slaves were sold at Dianga and Pipli, and transported by ship. The Portuguese built a fort at Pipli in 1599 for prisoners brought by the Arakanese.[23] In 1629 the Portuguese under the command of Diego Da Sa raided Dhaka and took many prisoners including a Syed woman, the wife of a Mughal military officer and carried her off in chains to Dianga. The prisoners were converted to Christianity.[24]

### End of settlement

[edit]

In 1632, the Mughal army expelled the Portuguese from the Satgaon (Hooghly), owing to Portuguese association with the slave trade, kidnapping and refusal to support Shah Jahan.[25][26] In 1666, the Mughal viceroy Shaista Khan retook control of Chittagong after defeating the Arakanese in a naval war.[27] The Mughal conquest of Chittagong brought an end to the Portuguese dominance of more than 130 years in the port city.[28] The conquest of the port of Chittagong was similarly aimed mainly at driving Arakanese slave raiders out of Bengal.[26]

The Mughals attacked the Arakanese from the jungle with a 6500-man army supported by 288 ships of war bound for the seizure of Chittagong harbour. After three days of battle, the Arakanese surrendered. Chittagong promptly became the capital of the new Government.[3]

This battle involved movement across both land and water. To combat the pirates' skill over water, the Mughals called for the support of Dutch ships from Batavia. Before the Dutch ships reached the coast of Chittagong, the battle had already ended. To carry soldiers, Shaista Khan constructed several large ships and a large number of galleys.[29] After the Mughals took Chittagong, the Portuguese moved to the Ferengi Bazaar in Dhaka. Descendants of the Portuguese still reside in these places.[18]

### Other settlements

[edit]

From Chittagong, the Portuguese proceeded to establish settlements in other Bengali ports and cities, notably Satgaon, Bandel and Dhaka. Satgaon became known as Porto Pequeno (Little Haven). Portogola in Old Dhaka hosted the city's Portuguese community.[10]

## Spreading of Christianity

[edit]

Christianity spread across Bengal by the Portuguese traders along with the Christian missionaries. Although Christianity had already reached Ancient India with Thomas the Apostle in 52 CE, the Portuguese set up the first Christian churches in Chittagong.[30] In 1498, Christian explorer Vasco de Gama travelled Bengal.[31]

## Legacy

[edit]

The descendants of the Portuguese traders in Chittagong are known as Firingis. They live in the areas of Patharghata and Firingi Bazar in Old Chittagong.[32] There are numerous Portuguese loanwords in the Bengali language, including many common household terms, particularly in Chittagonian language.[33] The Portuguese brought many exotic fruits, flowers and plants, especially from their Latin American Brazilian colony. They introduced chillies, delonix regia, guavas, pineapples, papayas and Alfonso mangoes to Bengal.[7]

A Portuguese missionary in British Kolkata published the first book on Bengali grammar.[33] The oldest churches in Bangladesh and West Bengal trace their origins to Portuguese missionary missions which arrived in Chittagong in the 16th century. Most Bangladeshi Christians have Portuguese surnames.[33]

After the independence of Bangladesh, Portugal recognised it on 20 December 1974 following the Carnation Revolution, when it established relations with many decolonised nations.[34] The Portuguese have had a great influence on trade, culture, character and language of the people of Chittagong.[30]

## Portuguese attractions

[edit]

Very few physical vestiges of the Portuguese presence are found at present in Chittagong and Bengal, generally. Darul Adalat, the first court building of Chittagong is located in the Government Hazi Mohammad Mohshin College campus, is a structure built by the Portuguese. The structure is locally known as Portuguese Fort. Initiative has been taken by the Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh to preserve the vestige.[35]

There are few churches and ruins. Some geographical place names remain, like Dom Manik Islands, Point Palmyras on the Orissa coast, Firingi Bazar in Dhaka and Chittagong.[36]

## See also

[edit]

* Dutch settlement in Rajshahi
* Armenian community of Dhaka
* History of Bombay under Portuguese rule (1534-1661)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Rahman 2010, p. 24.
2. ^ Bhaduri 2013, p. 22.
3. ^ a b Trudy & Salkin 1994, p. 188.
4. ^ Eaton 1996, p. 235.
5. ^ Dasgupta 2005, p. 258.
6. ^ Mendiratta & Rossa 2015.
7. ^ a b c d e f Ray 2012.
8. ^ Dasgupta 2005, p. 259.
9. ^ Wallcousins 1993, p. 169.
10. ^ a b c d e Ramerini.
11. ^ Gin 2004, p. 870.
12. ^ Pearson 2006, p. 78.
13. ^ Bhaduri 2013, p. 23.
14. ^ Mandal 2003, p. 44.
15. ^ The Guardian Editorial 2013.
16. ^ Lahore University 2007.
17. ^ Roy 2007, p. 12.
18. ^ a b Hasan 2012, p. 125.
19. ^ Catholic Diocese.
20. ^ Agnihotri 2010, p. B-276.
21. ^ a b Rizvi, S.N.H. (1965). "East Pakistan District Gazetteers" (PDF). Government of East Pakistan Services and General Administration Department (1): 74–76. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
22. ^ Konstam 2008, p. 250.
23. ^ Dasgupta 2005, p. 267.
24. ^ Rizvi, S.N.H. (1965). "East Pakistan District Gazetteers" (PDF). Government of East Pakistan Services and General Administration Department (1): 84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
25. ^ Roy 2007, p. 13.
26. ^ a b Chatterjee and Eaton 2006, p. 13.
27. ^ Tavernier 2012, p. 129.
28. ^ Johnston 2008, p. 442.
29. ^ Dasgupta 2005, p. 264.
30. ^ a b Meggitt 2012, p. 223.
31. ^ R. Islam.
32. ^ Bangladesh Channel.
33. ^ a b c A.K. Rahim.
34. ^ Portuguese in Bangladesh.
35. ^ Uddin, Minhaj (23 May 2014). "Centuries-old Darul Adalat's existence hangs in balance". The Daily Star. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
36. ^ Hosking 2009, p. 290.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Agnihotri, V.K. (2010). Indian History (Twenty Sixth ed.). Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-8184245684. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
* Bhaduri, Saugata (2013). "Indo-Canadian Diaspora: The Iberian Connection". In Navarro-Tejero, Antonia; Gupta, Taniya (eds.). India in Canada, Canada in India. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-4826-8.
* Dasgupta, Biplab (2005). European trade and colonial conquest (1. publ. ed.). London: Anthem Press. ISBN 1843310295.
* Eaton, Richard M. (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204 – 1760 (First paperback ed.). Berkeley [u.a.]: Univ California Pr. p. 235\. ISBN 0520205073. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
* Gin, Ooi Keat, ed. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]: ABC Clio. ISBN 1576077705. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
* Johnston, Douglas M. (2008). "Chapter 7". The historical foundations of world order : the tower and the arena. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-9004161672. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
* Konstam, Angus (2008). "The Pirate Round". Piracy : the complete history. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1846032400. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
* Mandal, Asim Kumar (2003). The Sundarbans of India : a development analysis. New Delhi: Indus Publ. Co. ISBN 8173871434. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
* Mendiratta, Sidh Losa; Rossa, Walter (2015). "Porto Grande de Bengala:Historical Background and Urbanism". Heritage of Portuguese Influence. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
* Pearson, M.N. (2006). The Portuguese in India (Digitally print. 1. pbk. version. ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521028507. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
* Rahman, Syedur (2010). "Arakan". Historical dictionary of Bangladesh (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810874534. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
* Ramerini, Marco. "The Portuguese on the Bay of Bengal". Colonial Voyage. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
* Ray, Aniruddha (2012). "Portuguese, The". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
* Tavernier, Jean Baptiste; [translated by V.Ball] (2012). Travels in India. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108046022. Retrieved 22 June 2015.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Trudy, Ring; Salkin, Robert M., eds. (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 5\. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-884964-04-4. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
* "The Early Years of the Church in Chittagong Diocese". Catholic Diocese. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
* Rahim, AK (25 January 2014). "Você fala Bangla?". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
* Islam, Reema (18 December 2014). "The Christian community". The Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
* "Bangladesh Portugal Bilateral Relations". Honorary Consulate of Portugal. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
* Wallcousins, Harry Johnston ; with eight coloured illustrations (1993). Pioneers in India (Nouvelle édition. ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120608437. Retrieved 11 July 2015.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Bangladesh Channel Services. "Explore the wonders of Chittagong in Bangladesh". Retrieved 11 July 2015.
* Meggitt, Mikey Leung, Belinda (2012). Bangladesh : the Bradt travel guide (2nd ed.). Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1841624099. Retrieved 11 July 2015.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Hosking, Richard, ed. (2010). Food and language : proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2009. Totnes: Prospect Books. ISBN 978-1903018798. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
* "Sandwipees should respond to the call of Master Shahjahan for development of Sandwip". The Guardian (Editorial). Retrieved 12 July 2015.
* Lahore University, Department of Geography. "Pakistan geographical review". Journal of University of the Punjab. 62 (2). ISSN 0030-9788. OCLC 655502543. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
* Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007). Aspects of India's International relations, 1700 to 2000 : South Asia and the World. New Delhi: Pearson Longman, an imprint of Pearson Education. ISBN 978-8131708347.
* Indrani, Chatterjee; Richard, M. Eaton, eds. (2006). Slavery and South Asian History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253116716. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
* Samiul Hasan, ed. (2012). The Muslim world in the 21st century : space, power, and human development. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-9400726321. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

* v
* t
* e

Chittagong related topics

History|

* History of Chittagong
* History of Bangladesh
* History of Bengal
* Maritime silk route
* Southeastern Silk Road
* Indian Ocean trade
* Samatata
* Harikela
* Kamarupa
* Sena dynasty
* Bengal Sultanate
* Kingdom of Mrauk U
* Mughal Empire
* Portuguese settlement in Chittagong
* British Raj
* Chittagong armoury raid
* East Bengal
* Partition of India
* East Pakistan
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict
* 1997 Chittagong earthquake
* 2004 arms and ammunition haul in Chittagong

Government
and localities|

* Chattogram City Corporation
* Chittagong Development Authority
* Chattogram Metropolitan Police
* Agrabad
* Pahartali
* Halishahar|
* Panchlaish
* Kotwali
* Changaon
* Bandar
* Double Mooring
* Bhujpur
* Akbarshah
* Sadarghat
* Khulshi
* Bakoliya
* Bayazid
* Karnaphuli
* EPZ
* Chawkbazar
* Strand Road
* Sheikh Mujib Road
* O R Nizam Road

Attractions|

* Jamiatul Falah Mosque
* Batali Hill
* Cheragi Pahar
* War Cemetery
* Ethnological Museum
* Foy's Lake
* Patenga beach
* Wali Khan Mosque
* Cox's Bazar
* Chittagong Hill Tracts
* Shrine of Bayazid Bostami
* Chatteshwari Temple
* Shah Amanat Bridge
* Botanical Garden and Eco-Park, Sitakunda

Economy
and transport|

* Economy of Chittagong
* Chittagong Stock Exchange
* Port of Chittagong
* Chittagong Export Processing Zone
* Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone
* Chittagong Tea Auction
* Karnaphuli Paper Mills
* World Trade Center Chittagong
* Chittagong Circular Railway
* Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard
* Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation
* Bangladesh Railway
* Pragoti Industries
* Biman Bangladesh Airlines
* Rupali Bank Limited
* Bangladesh Bank
* Auto rickshaw
* Cycle rickshaw

Education|

* Bangladesh Military Academy
* Bangladesh Marine Academy
* Bangladesh Marine Fisheries Academy
* University of Chittagong
* Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology
* Premier University
* Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education
* Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
* University of Science and Technology Chittagong
* International Islamic University Chittagong
* Chittagong Medical College
* Asian University for Women
* East Delta University
* Southern University, Bangladesh
* Port City International University

Culture and sports|

* Boli Khela
* Eid al-Fitr
* Eid al-Adha
* Durga Puja
* Independence Day
* Mezban
* Pohela Boishakh
* Victory Day
* Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium
* Abahani Limited
* Chattogram Challengers
* Chittagong Division cricket team
* M. A. Aziz Stadium
* Mohammedan SC

Other topics|

* Banshkhali power plant movement
* List of cities and towns in Bangladesh
* List of colleges in Chittagong

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Portuguese Empire

North Africa

15th century

|  1415–1640|  Ceuta

|

1458–1550|  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550|  Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662|  Tangier
1485–1550|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century|  Ouadane
1488–1541|  Safim (Safi)
1489|  Graciosa

16th century

|  1505–1541|  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)

|

1506–1525|  Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525|  Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541|  Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541|  São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589|  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century

|  1455–1633|  Arguim

|

1462–1975|  Cape Verde
1470–1975|  São Tomé1
1471–1975|  Príncipe1
1474–1778|  Annobón
1478–1778|  Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637|  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642|  Portuguese Gold Coast
1498–1540|  Mascarene Islands

16th century

|  1500–1630|  Malindi

|

1501–1975|  Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659|  Saint Helena
1503–1698|  Zanzibar
1505–1512|  Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511|  Socotra
1508–15472|  Madagascar3
1557–1578|  Accra
1575–1975|  Portuguese Angola
1588–1974|  Cacheu4
1593–1698|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century

|  1645–1888|  Ziguinchor

|

1680–1961|  São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1687–1974|  Bissau4

18th century

1728–1729|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

|

1753–1975|  Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century

1879–1974|  Portuguese Guinea

|

1885–1974|  Portuguese Congo5

* 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
* 2 Or 1600.
* 3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
* 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
* 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century

|  1506–1615|  Gamru (Bandar Abbas)

|

1507–1643|  Sohar
1515–1622|  Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648|  Quriyat
1515–?|  Qalhat
1515–1650|  Muscat
1515?–?|  Barka
1515–1633?|  Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602|  Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529?|  Qatif
1521?–1551?|  Tarut Island
1550–1551|  Qatif
1588–1648|  Matrah

17th century

|  1620–?|  Khor Fakkan

|

1621?–?|  As Sib
1621–1622|  Qeshm
1623–?|  Khasab
1623–?|  Libedia
1624–?|  Kalba
1624–?|  Madha
1624–1648|  Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–?|  Bandar-e Kong

South Asia

15th century

|  1498–1545|

Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

|

16th century
Portuguese India

• 1500–1663|  Cochim (Kochi)

|

• 1501–1663|  Cannanore (Kannur)

• 1502–1658
1659–1661

Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam)

• 1502–1661|  Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657|  Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961|  Goa

• 1512–1525
1750

Calicut
(Kozhikode)

• 1518–1619|  Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740|  Chaul
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1523–1662|  Mylapore
• 1528–1666|

Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala)

• 1531–1571|  Chaul
• 1531–1571|  Chalé
• 1534–1601|  Salsette Island
• 1534–1661|  Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535|  Ponnani
• 1535–1739|  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662|  Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612|  Surat
• 1548–1658|  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961|  Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659|  Mangalore
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1579–1632| Hugli
• 1598–1610| Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521|  Maldives

|

1518–1658|  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573|  Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India

• 1687–1749|  Mylapore

|

18th century
Portuguese India

• 1779–1954|  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

|

East Asia and Oceania

16th century

|  1511–1641|  Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]

|

1512–1621|  Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575|  Ternate
• 1576–1605|  Ambon
• 1578–1650|  Tidore
1512–1665|  Makassar [Indonesia]
1515–1859|  Larantuka [Indonesia]
1557–1999|  Macau [China]
1580–1586|  Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century

1642–1975|  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1

|

19th century
Portuguese Macau

|  • 1864–1999|  Coloane

|

• 1851–1999|  Taipa
• 1890–1999|  Ilha Verde

20th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1938–1941|  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

|

* 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America and North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands]

|  1420|  Madeira

|

1432|  Azores

16th century [Canada]

|  1500–1579?|  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

|

1500–1579?|  Labrador
1516–1579?|  Nova Scotia

South America and Caribbean

16th century

|  1500–1822|  Brazil

|

• 1534–1549|  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572|  Brazil
• 1572–1578|  Bahia
• 1572–1578|  Rio de Janeiro
• 1578–1607|  Brazil
• 1621–1815|  Brazil
1536–1620|  Barbados

17th century

|  1621–1751|  Maranhão

|

1680–1777|  Nova Colónia do Sacramento

18th century

1751–1772|  Grão-Pará and Maranhão

|

1772–1775|  Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775|  Maranhão and Piauí

19th century

|  1808–1822|  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

|

1809–1817|  Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822|  Upper Peru (Bolivia)

* Armorial of Portuguese colonies
* Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
* Portuguese colonial architecture
* Portuguese colonization of the Americas
* Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
* Portuguese India
* Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

* v
* t
* e

Bangladesh articles

History|

* Timeline
* Outline
* Topics:
* Bengal
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* Literature
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| Ancient|

* Vedic period
* Anga
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* Pundra
* Suhma Kingdom
* Magadha
* Pradyota
* Shaishunaga
* Nanda
* Gangaridai
* Maurya Empire
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|

Classical and Medieval|

* Founding Kingdom:
* Gauda Kingdom
* Classical Empires:
* Pala
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* Sultanates:
* Islamic rulers
* Delhi Sultanate
* Khalji dynasty
* Bengal Sultanate
* Sur Empire
* Baro-Bhuyan
* Mughal period:
* Bengal Subah
* Nawabs of Bengal
* Battle of Plassey

Colonial and Pakistan era|

* Portuguese Bengala
* British Bengal:
* Famine of 1770
* Sepoy Rebellion
* Bengal Renaissance
* Partition of Bengal (1905)
* Prime Minister of Bengal
* Lahore Resolution
* Famine of 1943
* Direct Action Day
* Partition of Bengal (1947)
* East Pakistan:
* Language Movement
* Legislative election in 1954
* Six point movement
* 1969 Uprising
* General election in 1970
* Proclamation of Independence
* Bangladesh Liberation War:
* Provisional Government
* Genocide
* Rape
* Timeline

Republic of Bangladesh|

* Famine of 1974
* Military coups
* 1975
* 1981
* 1982
* 1990 Uprising
* Political crisis in 2006–08
* Bangladesh Rifles revolt
* Battle of Begums
* Protests in 2013

Regional|

* Chittagong
* Dhaka
* Jessore
* Noakhali
* Rangpur
* Sylhet

Geography|

* Administrative:
* Divisions
* Districts
* Sub-districts
* Cities and towns
* Borders
* Nature:
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* National parks
* Rivers
* Places:
* Bay of Bengal
* Bengal Fan
* Chittagong Hill Tracts
* Cox's Bazar
* Ganges Basin
* Ganges Delta
* Hatirjheel
* Sundarbans
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

| Government|

* Executive:
* President
* List
* Prime Minister
* List
* Cabinet
* Elections:
* Election Commission
* General elections
* Presidential elections
* Political parties
* Foreign relations
* Foreign policies
* Jatiya Sangsad (parliament):
* Constituencies
* Speaker
* Local government:
* City corporations
* Municipalities
* Upazila Parishads
* Union councils
* Law:
* Constitution
* Supreme Court
* High Court Division
* International Crimes Tribunal
* Chief Justice
* Attorney General
* Human rights:
* Forced disappearance
* Freedom of religion
* LGBT rights
* Women

|

Military and enforcement|

* Armed Forces:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Paramilitary:
* Border Guard
* Coast Guard
* Ansar
* Village Defence Party
* President Guard Regiment
* Special Security Force

* Intelligence:
* NSI
* DGFI
* CTIB
* Special Branch
* Police:
* APBn
* CID
* CTTC
* PBI
* RAB
* SPBn

Economy|

* Bangladesh Planning Commission
* Industries:
* Automotive
* Ceramics
* Electronics
* Food
* Pharmaceutical
* Textile
* Shipbuilding
* Steel
* Tea production
* Finance sectors:
* Banking
* Bangladesh Bank (central bank)
* Bangladeshi taka (currency)
* Financial system
* Stock Exchange:
* Chittagong
* Dhaka
* 2011 scam
* Energy and resources:
* Energy policy
* Electricity
* Natural gas and petroleum
* Nuclear energy
* Renewable energy
* Export Processing Zones
* Agriculture:
* Rice
* Poultry
* Fishing
* Forestry
* Tourism
* Poverty
* Infrastructure:
* Post
* Telecommunications
* Real estate
* Water supply and sanitation
* Transport:
* Airports
* Airlines
* Railway
* Roads
* Ports

Society|

| Demographics|

* Ethnic groups
* Bangladeshis
* Bengalis
* Names
* Crime
* Corruption
* Human trafficking
* Terrorism
* Education
* Schools
* Universities
* Health
* Hunger
* Religion
* Society

|

Culture|

* Architecture
* Bangaliana
* Baul
* Bangladeshi nationalism
* Bengalization
* Calendars
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Language
* Bengal studies
* Literature
* Music
* Public holidays
* Sports
* Theatre
* Radio stations
* Sexuality
* Marriage

Symbols|

* Amar Shonar Bangla
* Bangamata
* Bengal fire
* Bengal tiger
* Bungalow
* Flag
* Government Seal
* Ilish
* Jackfruit
* Kabaddi
* Bengal cat
* Mango tree
* National Emblem
* National Martyrs' Memorial
* Notuner Gaan
* Oriental magpie-robin
* Water lily
* Inventions and discoveries

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Indian independence movement

History|

* Colonisation
* Porto Grande de Bengala
* Dutch Bengal
* East India Company
* British Raj
* French India
* Portuguese India
* Battle of Plassey
* Battle of Buxar
* Anglo-Mysore Wars
* First
* Second
* Third
* Fourth
* Anglo-Maratha Wars
* First
* Second
* Third
* Gwalior
* Polygar Wars
* Vellore Mutiny
* First Anglo-Sikh War
* Second Anglo-Sikh War
* Sannyasi rebellion
* Rebellion of 1857
* Radcliffe Line
* more

Philosophies
and ideologies|

* Ambedkarism
* Gandhism
* Hindu nationalism
* Indian nationalism
* Khilafat Movement
* Muslim nationalism in South Asia
* Satyagraha
* Socialism
* Swadeshi movement
* Swaraj

Events and
movements|

* Partition of Bengal (1905)
* Partition of Bengal (1947)
* Revolutionaries
* Direct Action Day
* Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy
* The Indian Sociologist
* Singapore Mutiny
* Hindu–German Conspiracy
* Champaran Satyagraha
* Kheda Satyagraha
* Rowlatt Committee
* Rowlatt Bills
* Jallianwala Bagh massacre
* Noakhali riots
* Non-cooperation movement
* Christmas Day Plot
* Coolie-Begar movement
* Chauri Chaura incident, 1922
* Kakori conspiracy
* Qissa Khwani massacre
* Flag Satyagraha
* Bardoli
* 1928 Protests
* Nehru Report
* Fourteen Points of Jinnah
* Purna Swaraj
* Salt March
* Dharasana Satyagraha
* Vedaranyam March
* Chittagong armoury raid
* Gandhi–Irwin Pact
* Round table conferences
* Act of 1935
* Aundh Experiment
* Indian Legion
* Cripps Mission
* Quit India
* Bombay Mutiny
* Royal Air Force strikes
* Coup d'état of Yanaon
* Provisional Government of India
* Independence Day
* Praja Mandala movement
* Lucknow Pact

Organisations|

* All India Kisan Sabha
* All-India Muslim League
* Anushilan Samiti
* Arya Samaj
* Azad Hind
* Berlin Committee
* Ghadar Movement
* Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
* Indian National Congress
* India House
* Indian Home Rule movement
* Indian Independence League
* Indian National Army
* Jugantar
* Khaksar movement
* Khudai Khidmatgar
* Swaraj Party
* more

Social
reformers|

* A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
* Ayya Vaikundar
* Ayyankali
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Baba Amte
* Bal Gangadhar Tilak
* Dayananda Saraswati
* Dhondo Keshav Karve
* G. Subramania Iyer
* Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
* Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
* Gopal Hari Deshmukh
* Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
* Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
* J. B. Kripalani
* Jyotirao Phule
* Kandukuri Veeresalingam
* Mahadev Govind Ranade
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Muthulakshmi Reddy
* Narayana Guru
* Niralamba Swami
* Pandita Ramabai
* Periyar
* Ram Mohan Roy
* Rettamalai Srinivasan
* Sahajanand Saraswati
* Savitribai Phule
* Shahu
* Sister Nivedita
* Sri Aurobindo
* Syed Ahmad Khan
* Vakkom Moulavi
* Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
* Vinoba Bhave
* Vitthal Ramji Shinde
* Vivekananda

Independence
activists|

* Abul Kalam Azad
* Accamma Cherian
* Achyut Patwardhan
* A. K. Fazlul Huq
* Alluri Sitarama Raju
* Annapurna Maharana
* Annie Besant
* Ashfaqulla Khan
* Babu Kunwar Singh
* Bagha Jatin
* Bahadur Shah II
* Bakht Khan
* Bal Gangadhar Tilak
* Basawon Singh
* Begum Hazrat Mahal
* Bhagat Singh
* Bharathidasan
* Bhavabhushan Mitra
* Bhikaiji Cama
* Bhupendra Kumar Datta
* Bidhan Chandra Roy
* Bipin Chandra Pal
* C. Rajagopalachari
* Chandra Shekhar Azad
* Chetram Jatav
* Chittaranjan Das
* Dadabhai Naoroji
* Dayananda Saraswati
* Dhan Singh
* Dukkipati Nageswara Rao
* Gopal Krishna Gokhale
* Govind Ballabh Pant
* Har Dayal
* Hemu Kalani
* Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi
* Jatindra Mohan Sengupta
* Jatindra Nath Das
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* K. Kamaraj
* Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
* Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
* Khudiram Bose
* Shri Krishna Singh
* Lala Lajpat Rai
* M. Bhaktavatsalam
* M. N. Roy
* Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi
* Mahadaji Shinde
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Mangal Pandey
* Mir Qasim
* Mithuben Petit‎
* Mohammad Ali Jauhar
* Muhammad Ali Jinnah
* Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari
* Nagnath Naikwadi
* Nana Fadnavis
* Nana Saheb
* P. Kakkan
* Prafulla Chaki
* Pritilata Waddedar
* Purushottam Das Tandon
* R. Venkataraman
* Rahul Sankrityayan
* Rajendra Prasad
* Ram Prasad Bismil
* Rani Lakshmibai
* Rash Behari Bose
* Sahajanand Saraswati
* Sangolli Rayanna
* Sarojini Naidu
* Satyapal Dang
* Shuja-ud-Daula
* Shyamji Krishna Varma
* Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
* Siraj ud-Daulah
* Subhas Chandra Bose
* Subramania Bharati
* Subramaniya Siva
* Surya Sen
* Syama Prasad Mukherjee
* Tara Rani Srivastava
* Tarak Nath Das
* Tatya Tope
* Tiruppur Kumaran
* Ubaidullah Sindhi
* V. O. Chidamabaram
* V. K. Krishna Menon
* Vallabhbhai Patel
* Vanchinathan
* Veeran Sundaralingam
* Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
* Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
* Yashwantrao Holkar
* Yogendra Shukla
* more

British leaders|

* Wavell
* Canning
* Cornwallis
* Irwin
* Chelmsford
* Curzon
* Ripon
* Minto
* Dalhousie
* Bentinck
* Mountbatten
* Wellesley
* Lytton
* Clive
* Outram
* Cripps
* Linlithgow
* Hastings

Independence|

* Cabinet Mission
* Constitution
* Republic of India
* Indian annexation of Goa
* Indian Independence Act
* Partition of India
* Political integration
* Simla Conference

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