Post-romanticism

Cultural movement

Major eras of
Western classical music

Early music
|  Medieval|  c. 500–1400

|

Transition to Renaissance|
Renaissance|  c. 1400–1600
Transition to Baroque|
Common practice period
|  Baroque|  c. 1600–1750

|

Transition to Classical|
Classical|  c. 1730–1820
Transition to Romantic|
Romantic|  c. 1800–1910
Transition to Modernism|
New music
|  Modernism|  from c. 1890

|

Contemporary|  from c. 1945
• 20th-century
• 21st-century|

* v
* t
* e

Post-romanticism or Postromanticism refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism.

## In literature

[edit]

The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the mid-to-late nineteenth century,[1] but includes the much earlier poetry of Letitia Elizabeth Landon[2] and Tennyson.[3]

### Notable post-romantic writers

[edit]

* Herman Melville[4]
* Thomas Carlyle[4]
* Gustave Flaubert[5]

## In music

[edit]

Post-romanticism in music refers to composers who wrote classical symphonies, operas, and songs in transitional style that constituted a blend of late romantic and early modernist musical languages. Arthur Berger described the mysticism of La Jeune France as post-Romanticism rather than neo-Romanticism.[6]

Post-romantic composers created music that used traditional forms combined with advanced harmony. Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji created post-romantic nocturnes that used unconventional harmonic language and Béla Bartók, for example, "in such Strauss-influenced works as Duke Bluebeard's Castle", may be described as having still used "dissonance ['such intervals as fourths and sevenths'] in traditional forms of music for purposes of post-romantic expression, not simply always as an appeal to the primal art of sound".[7]

## Other notable post-romantic composers

[edit]

* Richard Wagner[8]
* Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky[8]
* Anton Bruckner[8]
* Giacomo Puccini[8]
* Richard Strauss[8]
* Gustav Mahler[8]
* Jean Sibelius[8]
* Alexander Scriabin[8]
* Sergei Rachmaninoff[8]
* Modest Mussorgsky[8]
* Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji[8]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Faith Lagay (August 2006). "Hawthorne's 'Birthmark': Is There a Post-Romantic Lesson for the 'Men of Science'?". Virtual Mentor. 8 (8): 541–544\. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.8.mhum1-0608.
2. ^ Zwierlein, Anne-Julia (2015). "Poetic Genres in the Victorian Age I: Letitia Elizabeth Landon's and Alfred Lord Tennyson's Post-Romantic Verse Narratives". In Baumbach, Sibylle; Neumann, Birgit; Nünning, Ansgar (eds.). A history of British poetry: Genres, developments, interpretations. Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. pp. 243–256\. ISBN 978-3-86821-578-6. OCLC 904798501.
3. ^ Richard Bradford, A Linguistic History of English Poetry, New York: Routledge, 1993, p. 134\. ISBN 0-415-07057-0.
4. ^ a b Robert Milder, Exiled Royalties: Melville and the Life We Imagine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 41\. ISBN 0-19-514232-2
5. ^ Stephen Heath, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 13\. ISBN 0-521-31483-6.
6. ^ Virgil Thomson. Virgil Thomson: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984, edited by Richard Kostelanetz, New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 268\. ISBN 0-415-93795-7.
7. ^ Daniel Albright. Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 243–244. ISBN 0-226-01267-0.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Period: Late– Post-Romantic", Nolan Gasser, Classical Archives

## Further reading

[edit]

* Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 7th ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
* Pappas, Sara (Spring–Summer 2008). "Review of Claudia Moscovici, Romanticism and Postromanticism (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2007)". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 36 (3 & 4). University of Nebraska Press: 335–337\. doi:10.1353/ncf.0.0035.
* Tilby, Michael. Review of Claudia Moscovici, Romanticism and Postromanticism. French Studies: A Quarterly Review, vol. 62, no. 4, October 2008, pp. 486–487.

## See also

[edit]

* Post-Romantic Classical Radio
* Aestheticism
* Arts and Crafts movement
* Decadent movement
* Düsseldorf School
* Modernism
* Musical nationalism
* Neoclassicism
* Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
* Symbolist Movement
* Vegetarianism and Romanticism

* Victorian literature
* Marxist-Leninist views on Romanticism
* Underground culture

* v
* t
* e

Premodern, Modern and Contemporary art movements

List of art movements/periods

Premodern
(Western)|

| Ancient|

* Thracian
* Dacian
* Nuragic
* Aegean
* Cycladic
* Minoan
* Minyan ware
* Mycenaean
* Greek
* Sub-Mycenaean
* Protogeometric
* Geometric
* Orientalizing
* Archaic
* Black-figure
* Red-figure
* Severe style
* Classical
* Kerch style
* Hellenistic
* "Baroque"
* Indo-Greek
* Greco-Buddhist
* Neo-Attic
* Etruscan
* Scythian
* Iberian
* Gaulish
* Roman
* Republican
* Gallo-Roman
* Julio-Claudian
* Pompeian Styles
* Trajanic
* Severan

|

Medieval|

* Late antique
* Early Christian
* Coptic
* Ethiopian
* Migration Period
* Anglo-Saxon
* Hunnic
* Insular
* Lombard
* Visigothic
* Donor portrait
* Pictish
* Mozarabic
* Repoblación
* Viking
* Byzantine
* Iconoclast
* Macedonian
* Palaeologan
* Italo-Byzantine
* Frankish
* Merovingian
* Carolingian
* Pre-Romanesque
* Ottonian
* Romanesque
* Mosan
* Spanish
* Norman
* Norman-Sicilian
* Opus Anglicanum
* Gothic
* Gothic art in Milan
* International Gothic
* International Gothic art in Italy
* Lucchese school
* Crusades
* Moscow school
* Novgorod school
* Vladimir-Suzdal school
* Duecento
* Sienese school
* Mudéjar
* Medieval cartography
* Italian school
* Majorcan school
* Mappa mundi

Renaissance|

* Italian Renaissance
* Trecento
* Proto-Renaissance
* Florentine school
* Pittura infamante
* Quattrocento
* Ferrarese school
* Forlivese school
* Venetian school
* Cinquecento
* High Renaissance
* Bolognese school
* Mannerism
* Counter-Maniera
* Northern Renaissance
* Early Netherlandish
* World landscape
* Ghent–Bruges school
* Northern Mannerism
* German Renaissance
* Cologne school
* Danube school
* Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
* Antwerp Mannerism
* Romanism
* Still life
* English Renaissance
* Tudor court
* Cretan school
* Turquerie
* Fontainebleau school
* Art of the late 16th century in Milan

17th century|

* Baroque
* Baroque in Milan
* Flemish Baroque
* Caravaggisti
* in Utrecht
* Tenebrism
* Louis XIII style
* Lutheran Baroque
* Stroganov school
* Animal painting
* Guild of Romanists
* Dutch Golden Age
* Delft school
* Capriccio
* Heptanese school
* Classicism
* Louis XIV style
* Poussinists and Rubenists

18th century|

* Rococo
* Rocaille
* Louis XV style
* Frederician
* Chinoiserie
* Fête galante
* Neoclassicism
* Goût grec
* Louis XVI style
* Adam style
* Directoire style
* Neoclassical architecture in Milan
* Picturesque

Colonial art|

* Art of the African diaspora
* African-American
* Caribbean
* Haitian
* Colonial Asian art
* Arts in the Philippines
* Letras y figuras
* Tipos del País
* Colonial Asian Baroque
* Company style
* Latin American art
* Casta painting
* Indochristian art
* Chilote school
* Cuzco school
* Quito school
* Latin American Baroque

Art borrowing
Western elements|

* Islamic
* Moorish
* Manichaean
* Mughal
* Qajar
* Qing handicrafts
* Western influence in Japan
* Akita ranga
* Uki-e

Transition
to modern
(c. 1770 – 1862)|

* Romanticism
* Fairy painting
* Danish Golden Age
* Troubadour style
* Nazarene movement
* Purismo
* Shoreham Ancients
* Düsseldorf school
* Pre-Raphaelites
* Hudson River School
* American luminism
* Orientalism
* Norwich school
* Empire style
* Historicism
* Revivalism
* Biedermeier
* Realism
* Barbizon school
* Costumbrismo
* Verismo
* Macchiaioli
* Academic art
* Munich school
* in Greece
* Neo-Grec
* Etching revival

Modern
(1863–1944)|

| 1863–1899|

* Neo-romanticism
* National romanticism
* Yōga
* Nihonga
* Japonisme
* Anglo-Japanese style
* Beuron school
* Hague school
* Peredvizhniki
* Impressionism
* American
* Hoosier Group
* Boston school
* Amsterdam
* Canadian
* Heidelberg school
* Aestheticism
* Arts and Crafts
* Art pottery
* Tonalism
* Decadent movement
* Symbolism
* Romanian
* Russian
* Volcano school
* Incoherents
* Post-Impressionism
* Neo-Impressionism
* Luminism
* Divisionism
* Pointillism
* Pont-Aven School
* Cloisonnism
* Synthetism
* Les Nabis
* American Barbizon school
* California tonalism
* Costumbrismo

|

1900–1914|

* Art Nouveau
* Art Nouveau in Milan
* Primitivism
* California Impressionism
* Secessionism
* School of Paris
* Munich Secession
* Vienna Secession
* Berlin Secession
* Sonderbund
* Pennsylvania Impressionism
* Mir iskusstva
* Ten American Painters
* Fauvism
* Expressionism
* Die Brücke
* Der Blaue Reiter
* Noucentisme
* Deutscher Werkbund
* American Realism
* Ashcan school
* Cubism
* Proto-Cubism
* Orphism
* A Nyolcak
* Neue Künstlervereinigung München
* Futurism
* Cubo-Futurism
* Art Deco
* Metaphysical
* Rayonism
* Productivism
* Synchromism
* Vorticism

1915–1944|

* Sosaku-hanga
* Suprematism
* School of Paris
* Crystal Cubism
* Constructivism
* Latin American
* Universal Constructivism
* Dada
* Shin-hanga
* Neoplasticism
* De Stijl
* Purism
* Return to order
* Novecento Italiano
* Figurative Constructivism
* Stupid
* Cologne Progressives
* Arbeitsrat für Kunst
* November Group
* Australian tonalism
* Dresden Secession
* Social realism
* Functionalism
* Bauhaus
* Kinetic art
* Anthropophagy
* Mingei
* Group of Seven
* New Objectivity
* Grosvenor school
* Neues Sehen
* Surrealism
* Iranian
* Latin American
* Mexican muralism
* Neo-Fauvism
* Precisionism
* Aeropittura
* Asso
* Scuola Romana
* Cercle et Carré
* The Group
* Harlem Renaissance
* Kapists
* Regionalism
* California Scene Painting
* Heroic realism
* Socialist realism
* Nazi art
* Streamline Moderne
* Concrete art
* Abstraction-Création
* Tiki
* The Ten
* Dimensionism
* Boston Expressionism
* Leningrad school

Contemporary
and Postmodern
(1945–present)|

| 1945–1959|

* International Typographic Style
* Abstract expressionism
* Washington Color School
* Visionary art
* Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
* Spatialism
* Color field
* Lyrical abstraction
* Tachisme
* Arte Informale
* COBRA
* Nuagisme
* Generación de la Ruptura
* Jikken Kōbō
* Metcalf Chateau
* Mono-ha
* Nanyang Style
* Action painting
* American Figurative Expressionism
* in New York
* New media art
* New York school
* Hard-edge painting
* Bay Area Figurative Movement
* Les Plasticiens
* Gutai Art Association
* Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
* Pop art
* Situationist International
* Soviet Nonconformist
* Ukrainian underground
* Lettrism
* Letterist International
* Ultra-Lettrist
* Florida Highwaymen
* Cybernetic art
* Antipodeans

|

1960–1969|

* Otra Figuración
* Afrofuturism
* Nueva Presencia
* ZERO
* Happening
* Neo-Dada
* Neo-Dada Organizers
* Op art
* Nouveau réalisme
* Nouvelle tendance
* Capitalist realism
* Art & Language
* Arte Povera
* Black Arts Movement
* The Caribbean Artists Movement
* Chicano art movement
* Conceptual art
* Land art
* Systems art
* Video art
* Minimalism
* Fluxus
* Generative art
* Post-painterly abstraction
* Intermedia
* Psychedelic art
* Nut Art
* Photorealism
* Environmental art
* Performance art
* Process art
* Institutional critique
* Light and Space
* Street art
* Feminist art movement
* in the US
* Saqqakhaneh movement
* The Stars Art Group
* Tropicália
* Yoru no Kai
* Artificial intelligence visual art

1970–1999|

* Post-conceptual art
* Installation art
* Artscene
* Postminimalism
* Endurance art
* Sots Art
* Moscow Conceptualists
* Pattern and Decoration
* Pliontanism
* Punk art
* Neo-expressionism
* Transavantgarde
* Saint Soleil school
* Guerrilla art
* Lowbrow art
* Telematic art
* Appropriation art
* Neo-conceptual art
* New European Painting
* Tunisian collaborative painting
* Memphis Group
* Cyberdelic
* Neue Slowenische Kunst
* Scratch video
* Transgressive
* Retrofuturism
* Young British Artists
* Superfiction
* Taring Padi
* Superflat
* New Leipzig school
* Artist-run initiative
* Artivism
* The Designers Republic
* Grunge design
* Verdadism
* Chinese Apartment Art

2000–
present|

* Amazonian pop art
* Altermodern
* Art for art
* Art game
* Art intervention
* Brandalism
* Classical Realism
* Contemporary African art
* Africanfuturism
* Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
* Crypto art
* Cyborg art
* Excessivism
* Fictive art
* Flat design
* Corporate Memphis
* Hypermodernism
* Hyperrealism
* Idea art
* Internet art
* Post-Internet
* iPhone art
* Kitsch movement
* Lightpainting
* Massurrealism
* Modern European ink painting
* Neo-futurism
* Neomodern
* Neosymbolism
* Passionism
* Post-YBAs
* Relational art
* Skeuomorphism
* Software art
* Sound art
* Stuckism
* Superflat
* SoFlo Superflat
* Superstroke
* Toyism
* Unilalianism
* Vaporwave
* Walking Artists Network

Related topics|

* History of art
* Abstract art
* Asemic writing
* Anti-art
* Avant-garde
* Ballets Russes
* Christian art
* Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
* Catholic art
* Icon
* Lutheran art
* Digital art
* Fantastic art
* Folk art
* Hierarchy of genres
* Genre painting
* History painting
* Illuminated manuscript
* Illustration
* Interactive art
* Jewish art
* Kitsch
* Landscape painting
* Modernism
* Modern sculpture
* Late modernism
* Naïve art
* Outsider art
* Portrait
* Prehistoric European art
* Queer art
* Realism
* Shock art
* Trompe-l'œil
* Western painting

* Category

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Modernist music

List of modernist composers

Composers|

| Europe|

* Austria
* Berg
* Krenek
* Mahler
* Schoenberg
* Webern
* Belgium
* Pousseur
* Czechia
* Hába
* France
* Debussy
* Henry
* Jolivet
* Koechlin
* Messiaen
* Milhaud
* Poulenc
* Varèse
* Germany
* Reger
* Strauss
* Greece
* Skalkottas
* Hungary
* Bartók
* Poland
* Szymanowski
* Russia
* Prokofiev
* Scriabin
* Stravinsky

|

Americas|

* United States
* Antheil
* Babbitt
* Carter
* Cowell
* Ives

Genres and
techniques

* Atonality
* Experimental
* Expressionism
* Futurism
* Microtonal
* Modes of limited transposition
* Neotonality
* New Complexity
* New Objectivity
* Noise
* Pandiatonicism
* Polyrhythms
* Polytonality
* Post-romanticism
* Process
* Quartal and quintal harmony
* Serialism
* Sound mass
* Spectral
* Stochastic
* Surrealism
* Tone cluster
* Twelve-tone technique

Schools of composition|

* Second Viennese School
* Darmstadt School

← Romantic music

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* Portal

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Romantic music

List of Romantic composers

Composers and
musicians|

* Adam
* Alkan
* Arensky
* Atterberg
* Auber
* Balakirev
* Bazzini
* Beach
* Beethoven
* Bellini
* Bennett
* Bériot
* Berlioz
* Bertin
* Berwald
* Bizet
* Borodin
* Bortkiewicz
* Brahms
* Bruch
* Bruckner
* Busoni
* Chadwick
* Chaminade
* Chausson
* Cherubini
* Chopin
* Crusell
* Cui
* Czerny
* Félicien David
* Ferdinand David
* Delibes
* Delius
* Denza
* d'Indy
* Donizetti
* Dvořák
* Elgar
* Farrenc
* Fauré
* Field
* Foote
* Foster
* Franck
* Franz
* Giuliani
* Glazunov
* Glinka
* Gomes
* J. Gomis
* Gounod
* Gretchaninov
* Grieg
* Halévy
* Herbert
* Hérold
* Holst
* Hummel
* Joachim
* Joplin
* Kalivoda
* Kalkbrenner
* Kreisler
* Kuhlau
* Kuula
* Lachner
* Lalo
* Leoncavallo
* Liszt
* Loewe
* Lumbye
* Lysenko
* MacDowell
* Madetoja
* Mahler
* Marschner
* Masarnau
* Massenet
* Medtner
* Méhul
* Fanny Mendelssohn
* Felix Mendelssohn
* Mercadante
* Méreaux
* Meyerbeer
* Moniuszko
* Moscheles
* Moszkowski
* Mussorgsky
* Niedermeyer
* Nielsen
* Offenbach
* Onslow
* Pacini
* Paderewski
* Paganini
* Paine
* Popper
* Prudent
* Puccini
* Rachmaninoff
* Raff
* Reicha
* Reinecke
* Respighi
* Ries
* Rimsky-Korsakov
* Rode
* Rossini
* Rubinstein
* Saint-Saëns
* Sarasate
* Schubert
* C. Schumann
* R. Schumann
* Scriabin
* Sibelius
* Smetana
* Sor
* Sousa
* Spohr
* Spontini
* J. Strauss I
* J. Strauss II
* R. Strauss
* Taneyev
* Tárrega
* Tchaikovsky
* Thalberg
* Tobias
* Verdi
* Vieuxtemps
* Voříšek
* Wagner
* Weber
* Wieniawski
* Vaughan Williams
* Wolf
* Ysaÿe

Instrumentation|

* Romantic guitar
* Romantic orchestra

Genres|

* Ballade
* Character piece
* Chorale prelude
* Intermezzo
* Lied
* Mazurka
* Orchestral song
* Romantic ballet
* Romantic opera
* Symphonic poem
* Symphony

Other topics|

* Indianist movement
* Musical nationalism
* Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
* New German School
* Post-romanticism
* Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle
* Tchaikovsky and The Five
* "War of the Romantics"

Background|

* Common practice period
* Romanticism
* Chess
* Gothic Revival architecture
* Poetry
* Science
* Musical nationalism
* Romantic nationalism

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Modernist music →

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