Post-romanticism

Cultural movement

Major eras of
Western classical music

Early music
|  Medieval|  c. 500–1400

|

Transition to Renaissance|
Renaissance|  c. 1400–1600
Transition to Baroque|
Common practice period
|  Baroque|  c. 1600–1750

|

Transition to Classical|
Classical|  c. 1730–1820
Transition to Romantic|
Romantic|  c. 1800–1910
Transition to Modernism|
New music
|  Modernism|  from c. 1890

|

Contemporary|  from c. 1945
• 20th-century
• 21st-century|

* v
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* e

Post-romanticism or Postromanticism refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of Romanticism.

## In literature

[edit]

The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the mid-to-late nineteenth century,[1] but includes the much earlier poetry of Letitia Elizabeth Landon[2] and Tennyson.[3]

### Notable post-romantic writers

[edit]

* Herman Melville[4]
* Thomas Carlyle[4]
* Gustave Flaubert[5]

## In music

[edit]

Post-romanticism in music refers to composers who wrote classical symphonies, operas, and songs in transitional style that constituted a blend of late romantic and early modernist musical languages. Arthur Berger described the mysticism of La Jeune France as post-Romanticism rather than neo-Romanticism.[6]

Post-romantic composers created music that used traditional forms combined with advanced harmony. Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji created post-romantic nocturnes that used unconventional harmonic language and Béla Bartók, for example, "in such Strauss-influenced works as Duke Bluebeard's Castle", may be described as having still used "dissonance ['such intervals as fourths and sevenths'] in traditional forms of music for purposes of post-romantic expression, not simply always as an appeal to the primal art of sound".[7]

## Other notable post-romantic composers

[edit]

* Richard Wagner[8]
* Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky[8]
* Anton Bruckner[8]
* Giacomo Puccini[8]
* Richard Strauss[8]
* Gustav Mahler[8]
* Jean Sibelius[8]
* Alexander Scriabin[8]
* Sergei Rachmaninoff[8]
* Modest Mussorgsky[8]
* Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji[8]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Faith Lagay (August 2006). "Hawthorne's 'Birthmark': Is There a Post-Romantic Lesson for the 'Men of Science'?". Virtual Mentor. 8 (8): 541–544. doi:10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.8.mhum1-0608.
2. ^ Sybille Baumbach, Birgit Neumann [de], Ansgar Nünning [de] (eds). A History of British Poetry, Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier 2015. ISBN 978-3-86821-578-6. Section 19: "Poetic Genres in the Victorian Age I: Letitia Elizabeth Landon's and Alfred Lord Tennyson's Post-Romantic Verse Narratives" by Anne-Julia Zwierlein [de].
3. ^ Richard Bradford, A Linguistic History of English Poetry, New York: Routledge, 1993, p. 134\. ISBN 0-415-07057-0.
4. ^ a b Robert Milder, Exiled Royalties: Melville and the Life We Imagine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 41\. ISBN 0-19-514232-2
5. ^ Stephen Heath, Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 13\. ISBN 0-521-31483-6.
6. ^ Virgil Thomson. Virgil Thomson: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984, edited by Richard Kostelanetz, New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 268\. ISBN 0-415-93795-7.
7. ^ Daniel Albright. Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp. 243–244. ISBN 0-226-01267-0.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Period: Late– Post-Romantic", Nolan Gasser, Classical Archives

## Further reading

[edit]

* Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Jay Grout, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 7th ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
* Pappas, Sara (Spring–Summer 2008). "Review of Claudia Moscovici, Romanticism and Postromanticism (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2007)". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 36 (3 & 4). University of Nebraska Press: 335–337. doi:10.1353/ncf.0.0035.
* Tilby, Michael. Review of Claudia Moscovici, Romanticism and Postromanticism. French Studies: A Quarterly Review, vol. 62, no. 4, October 2008, pp. 486–487.

## See also

[edit]

* Aestheticism
* Arts and Crafts movement
* Decadent movement
* Düsseldorf School
* Modernism
* Musical nationalism
* Neoclassicism
* Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
* Symbolist Movement
* Vegetarianism and Romanticism

* Victorian literature
* Marxist-Leninist views on Romanticism
* Underground culture

* v
* t
* e

Modernist music

List of modernist composers

Composers|

| Europe|

* Austria
* Berg
* Krenek
* Mahler
* Schoenberg
* Webern
* Belgium
* Pousseur
* Czechia
* Hába
* Finland
* Bergman
* France
* Henry
* Jolivet
* Koechlin
* Messiaen
* Milhaud
* Varèse
* Germany
* Reger
* Strauss
* Greece
* Skalkottas
* Hungary
* Bartók
* Poland
* Szymanowski
* Russia
* Prokofiev
* Scriabin
* Stravinsky

|

Americas|

* United States
* Antheil
* Carter
* Cowell
* Ives

Genres and
techniques

* Atonality
* Experimental
* Expressionism
* Futurism
* Microtonal
* Modes of limited transposition
* Neotonality
* New Complexity
* New Objectivity
* Noise
* Pandiatonicism
* Polyrhythms
* Polytonality
* Post-romanticism
* Process
* Quartal and quintal harmony
* Serialism
* Sound mass
* Spectral
* Stochastic
* Surrealism
* Tone cluster
* Twelve-tone technique

Schools of composition|

* Second Viennese School
* Darmstadt School

← Romantic music

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Romantic music

List of Romantic composers

Composers and
musicians|

* Adam
* Alkan
* Arensky
* Atterberg
* Auber
* Balakirev
* Bazzini
* Beach
* Beethoven
* Bellini
* Bennett
* Bériot
* Berlioz
* Bertin
* Berwald
* Bizet
* Borodin
* Bortkiewicz
* Brahms
* Bruch
* Bruckner
* Busoni
* Chadwick
* Chaminade
* Chausson
* Cherubini
* Chopin
* Crusell
* Cui
* Czerny
* Félicien David
* Ferdinand David
* Delibes
* Delius
* Denza
* d'Indy
* Donizetti
* Dvořák
* Elgar
* Farrenc
* Fauré
* Field
* Foote
* Foster
* Franck
* Franz
* Giuliani
* Glazunov
* Glinka
* Gomes
* J. Gomis
* Gounod
* Gretchaninov
* Grieg
* Halévy
* Herbert
* Hérold
* Holst
* Hummel
* Joachim
* Joplin
* Kalivoda
* Kalkbrenner
* Kreisler
* Kuhlau
* Kuula
* Lachner
* Lalo
* Leoncavallo
* Liszt
* Loewe
* Lumbye
* Lysenko
* MacDowell
* Madetoja
* Mahler
* Marschner
* Masarnau
* Massenet
* Medtner
* Méhul
* Fanny Mendelssohn
* Felix Mendelssohn
* Mercadante
* Méreaux
* Meyerbeer
* Moniuszko
* Moscheles
* Moszkowski
* Mussorgsky
* Niedermeyer
* Nielsen
* Offenbach
* Onslow
* Pacini
* Paderewski
* Paganini
* Paine
* Popper
* Prudent
* Puccini
* Rachmaninoff
* Raff
* Reicha
* Reinecke
* Respighi
* Ries
* Rimsky-Korsakov
* Rode
* Rossini
* Rubinstein
* Saint-Saëns
* Sarasate
* Schubert
* C. Schumann
* R. Schumann
* Scriabin
* Sibelius
* Smetana
* Sor
* Sousa
* Spohr
* Spontini
* J. Strauss I
* J. Strauss II
* R. Strauss
* Taneyev
* Tárrega
* Tchaikovsky
* Thalberg
* Tobias
* Verdi
* Vieuxtemps
* Voříšek
* Wagner
* Weber
* Wieniawski
* Vaughan Williams
* Wolf
* Ysaÿe

Instrumentation|

* Romantic guitar
* Romantic orchestra

Genres|

* Ballade
* Character piece
* Chorale prelude
* Intermezzo
* Lied
* Mazurka
* Orchestral song
* Romantic ballet
* Romantic opera
* Symphonic poem
* Symphony

Other topics|

* Indianist movement
* Musical nationalism
* Neue Zeitschrift für Musik
* New German School
* Post-romanticism
* Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle
* Tchaikovsky and The Five
* "War of the Romantics"

Background|

* Common practice period
* Romanticism
* Chess
* Gothic Revival architecture
* Poetry
* Science
* Musical nationalism
* Romantic nationalism

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Modernist music →

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