Posthumous birth

Birth after the death of a parent

Not to be confused with Coffin birth.

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A posthumous birth is the birth of a child after the death of a parent.[1] A person born in these circumstances is called a posthumous child or a posthumously born person. Most instances of posthumous birth involve the birth of a child after the death of their father, but the term is also applied to infants delivered shortly after the death of the mother, usually by caesarean section.[2]

## Legal implications

[edit]

Posthumous birth has special implications in law, potentially affecting the child's citizenship and legal rights, inheritance, and order of succession. Legal systems generally include special provisions regarding inheritance by posthumous children and the legal status of such children. For example, Massachusetts law states that a posthumous child is treated as having been living at the death of the parent,[3] meaning that the child receives the same share of the parent's estate as if the child had been born before the parent's death. Most states recognize a posthumous child born within a set time frame, normally 280 to 300 days after the death of the decedent father.[4][5]

Another emerging legal issue in the United States is the control of genetic material after the death of the donor.[6] United States law holds that posthumous children of U.S. citizens who are born outside the United States have the same rights to citizenship that they would have had if the deceased U.S. citizen parent had been alive at the time of their birth.[7] In the field of assisted reproduction, snowflake children, i.e. those "adopted" as frozen embryos by people unrelated to them, can result in the birth of a child after the death of one or both of their genetic parents.

### In monarchies and nobilities

[edit]

A posthumous birth has special significance in the case of hereditary monarchies and hereditary noble titles following primogeniture. In this system, a monarch's or peer's own child precedes that monarch's or peer's sibling in the order of succession. In cases where the widow of a childless king or nobleman is pregnant at the time of his death, the next-in-line is not permitted to assume the throne or title,[citation needed] but must yield place to the unborn child, or ascends and reigns (in the case of a monarch) or succeeds (in the case of a peer) until the child is born (see Alfonso XIII, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha or John Pelham, 9th Earl of Chichester).[citation needed]

In monarchies and noble titles that follow male-preference cognatic primogeniture, the situation is similar where the dead monarch or peer was not childless but left a daughter as the next-in-line, as well as a pregnant widow. A posthumous brother would supplant that daughter in the succession, whereas a posthumous sister, being younger, would not. Similarly, in monarchies and noble titles that follow agnatic primogeniture, the sex of the unborn child determines the succession; a posthumous male child would himself succeed, whereas the next-in-line would succeed upon the birth of a posthumous female child.

### Modern complications

[edit]

Posthumous conception by artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization, whether done using sperm or ova stored before a parent's death or sperm retrieved from a man's corpse, has created new legal issues.[3] When a woman is inseminated with her deceased husband's sperm, laws that establish that a sperm donor is not the legal father of the child born as a result of artificial insemination have had the effect of excluding the deceased husband from fatherhood and making the child legally fatherless.[8]

In the United Kingdom before 2000, birth records of children conceived using a dead man's sperm had to identify the infants as fatherless, but in 2000 the government announced that the law would be changed to allow the deceased father's name to be listed on the birth certificate.[9] In 1986, a New South Wales legal reform commission recommended that the law should recognize the deceased husband as the father of a child born from post-mortem artificial insemination, provided that the woman is his widow and unmarried at the time of birth, but the child should have inheritance rights to the father's estate only if the father left a will that included specific provisions for the child.[9]

In 2001, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court was asked to consider whether the father's name should appear on the birth record for a child conceived through artificial insemination after her father's death, as well as whether that child was eligible for U.S. Social Security benefits. The court ruled in January 2002 that a child could be the legal heir of a dead parent if there was a genetic relationship and the deceased parent had both agreed to the posthumous conception and committed to support the child.[3] Different U.S. state courts and federal appellate courts have ruled differently in similar cases. In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Astrue v. Capato that twins born 18 months after their father's death using the father's frozen sperm were not eligible for Social Security benefits, which set a new precedent.

## Naming

[edit]

In the Middle Ages, it was traditional for posthumous children born in England to be given a matronymic surname instead of a patronymic one. This may in part explain why matronyms are more common in England than in other parts of Europe.[10]

In Ancient Rome, posthumous children of noble birth were often given the cognomen (or third name) 'Postumus'. One example is Agrippa Postumus.

In Yoruba culture, posthumous children are given names that refer to the circumstances concerning the birth. Examples of this include Bàbárímisá, meaning that the Father saw (the child) and ran; Yeyérínsá, meaning that the mother saw (the child) and ran; Ikúdáyísí (or any name with the root dáyísí), which means that death spared the child; and Ẹnúyàmí, meaning that "I was surprised", referring to the fact that the tragic death of the father, mother, or both was sudden and surprising for the family.

## Notable people born posthumously

[edit]

### Antiquity

[edit]

Name  | Born  | Late parent  | Parent died  | Gap  | Cause of parent's death

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Bindusara
Mauryan Emperor | 320 BCE | Durdhara
Mauryan Empress | 320 BCE | Same day | Poisoning. He was delivered through caesarean section.[11]
Alexander IV
King of Macedon | August 323 BCE | Alexander the Great
King of Macedon | 11 June 323 BCE | 2 months | Disease.
Cornelia Postuma | 77 BCE | Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix
Roman dictator | 78 BCE |  | Disease, possibly related to chronic alcoholic abuse.
Agrippa Postumus
Grandson of Augustus Caesar | 12 BCE | Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Roman general and statesman | 12 BCE | A few weeks | Disease.
Shapur II
Sasanian Emperor | 309 AD | Hormizd II
Sasanian Emperor | 309 AD | 40 days | Assassination. Shapur is said to be the only monarch in history who was crowned in utero.
Flavia Maxima Constantia
Roman Empress | 1 January 362 | Constantius II
Roman Emperor | 3 November 361 | 1 month, 29 days | Fever.

### Middle Ages

[edit]

Name  | Born  | Late parent  | Parent died  | Gap  | Cause of parent's death

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|
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Muhammad
Prophet of Islam | 570 | Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib
Arab trader | 569 | <6 months | Disease while returning from a trade mission in Medina.
Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr
Early Muslim scholar | 634 | Abu Bakr al-Siddiq
Caliph | 23 August 634 | <3 months | On 23 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick and did not recover. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged, and when his condition worsened, he died in Medina.
Constantine
Byzantine prince | 1 January 798 | Constantine VI
Byzantine Emperor | 19 April 797 | 8 months, 13 days | Died of wounds after being blinded by his mother, Irene, who proclaimed herself Empress.
Robert I
King of France | 15 August 866 | Robert the Strong
Count of Anjou | 2 July 866 | 1 month, 13 days | Killed at the Battle of Brissarthe.
Charles the Simple
King of France | 17 September 879 | Louis the Stammerer
King of France | 10 April 879 | 5 months, 7 days | Disease contracted during a campaign against the Vikings.
Al-Mustakfi
Abbasid caliph[12][13] | 11 November 908 | al-Muktafi
Abbasid caliph | 13 August 908 | 3 months, 2 days | Unspecified illness.
Ulf | 1067  | Harold Godwinson

King of England

| 14 October 1066  |  | Killed in the Battle of Hastings
Lothair III
Holy Roman Emperor | 1075 | Gebhard of Supplinburg
Saxon count | 9 June 1075 |  | Killed at the Battle of Langensalza.
Henry II
Margrave of Meissen | 1103 | Henry I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark | 1103 |  |
Saint Drogo
Flemish saint | 14 March 1105 |  |  |  | His mother died in childbirth, leaving him orphan from birth
Valdemar I
King of Denmark | 14 January 1131 | Canute Lavard
Duke of Schleswig | 7 January 1131 | 7 days | Murdered by Magnus the Strong.
Raymond II of Turenne
Viscount of Turenne | 1143 | Boson II of Turenne
Viscount of Turenne | 1143 | 4 months |
Constance I
Queen of Sicily | 2 November 1154 | Roger II
King of Sicily and Africa | 26 February 1154 | 8 months, 5 days |
Baldwin V
King of Jerusalem | August 1177 | William of Montferrat
Count of Jaffa and Ascalon | June 1177 | 2 months | Possibly malaria.
Arthur I
Duke of Brittany | 29 March 1187 | Geoffrey II
Duke of Brittany | 19 August 1186 | 7 months, 10 days | Disputed. One source claims he was trampled to death in a joust, other that he died of a sudden chest affliction.
Maria of Montferrat
Queen of Jerusalem | Summer 1192 | Conrad of Montferrat
King of Jerusalem | 28 April 1192 | A few months | Assassination.
Theobald I
King of Navarre | 30 May 1201 | Theobald III
Count of Champagne | 24 May 1201 | 6 days |
Raymond Nonnatus
Catholic saint | 1204 | His mother | 1204 |  Same day | Childbirth. He was retrieved through caesarean section afterward.[2]
Haakon IV
King of Norway | March/April 1204  | Haakon III
King of Norway | 1 January 1204  | 2-3 month  | Illness after a bloodletting, suspicion of poisoning by Margaret of Sweden, Queen of Norway
Walter IV
Count of Brienne | 1205 | Walter III
Count of Brienne | 14 June 1205 |  | Killed in battle.
Erik Eriksson
King of Sweden | 1216  | Erik Knutsson
King of Sweden | 10 April 1216  |  | Natural causes, said to be a fever.
Charles I
King of Sicily | early 1227 | Louis VIII
King of France | 8 November 1226 | ?? | Dysentery.
Stephen the Posthumous
Hungarian prince | 1236 | Andrew II
King of Hungary and Croatia | 21 September 1235 | at least 2 months |
Robert II
Count of Artois | September 1250 | Robert I
Count of Artois | 8 February 1250 | 7 months | Killed in battle.
Przemysł II
King of Poland | 14 October 1257 | Przemysł I
Duke of Greater Poland | 4 June 1257 | 4 months, 10 days |
Władysław of Legnica
Duke of Legnica | 6 June 1296 | Henry V, Duke of Legnica
Duke of Legnica | 22 February 1296 | 4 months | Illness following imprisonment.
John I
King of France and Navarre | 15 November 1316 | Louis X
King of France and Navarre | 5 June 1316 | 5 months, 10 days | Pneumonia or pleurisy from drinking excess cooled wine after a real tennis match.
Isabel de Verdun
Baroness Ferrers de Groby | 21 March 1317 | Theobald de Verdun
Justiciar of Ireland | 27 July 1316 | 7 months, 22 days | Typhoid.
Maria of Calabria
Latin Empress consort of Constantinople | 6 May 1329 | Charles
Duke of Calabria | 9 November 1328 | 5 months, 27 days |
John, 3rd Earl of Kent | 7 April 1330 | Edmund of Woodstock
English prince | 19 March 1330 | 19 days | Executed for treason against his nephew, Edward III of England.
Charles Martel, Duke of Calabria | 25 December 1345 | Andrew, Duke of Calabria | 18 September 1345 | 3 months |
Joan of France | May 1351 | Philip VI
King of France and Navarre | 22 August 1350 | 9 months |
Gerhard VII, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg

Duke of Schleswig, Count of Holstein

| 1404  | Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg | 4 August 1404  |  | Killed in the Battle on the Hamme
William of Bavaria-Munich | 1435 | William III
Duke of Bavaria | 12 September 1435 | up to 3 months |
Joan of Portugal
Consort queen of Castile | 31 March 1439 | Edward, King of Portugal | 9 September 1438 | 6 months, 22 days | Plague.
Ladislaus VI
King of Hungary, Bohemia and Archduke of Austria | 22 February 1440 | Albert II
King of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary | 27 October 1439 | 3 months, 23 days |
Enrique de Aragón y Pimentel
Count of Ampurias | 25 July 1445 | Henry, Duke of Villena
Count of Ampurias | 15 June 1445 | 1 month |
Henry VII
King of England | 28 January 1457 | Edmund Tudor
Earl of Richmond | 1 or 3 November 1456 | 2 months, 25 days | Bubonic plague.
John Louis
Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken | 19 October 1472 | John II
Duke of Nassau-Saarbrücken | 15 July 1472 | 3 months, 4 days |
James II
King of Cyprus  | 6 August 1473 | James II
King of Cyprus | 10 July 1473 | 1 month |
Mencía Pacheco[14]
Castilian noblewoman | 1474–1475 | Juan Pacheco
Marquis of Villena | 1 October 1474 |  | Throat ailment.
Clement VII
Pope of the Catholic Church | 26 May 1478 | Giuliano de' Medici
Ruler of the Florentine Republic | 26 April 1478 | 1 month | Assassination in the Pazzi Conspiracy.

### 16th–18th centuries

[edit]

Name  | Born  | Late parent  | Parent died  | Gap  | Cause of parent's death

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Catherine of Austria
Consort queen of Portugal | 14 January 1507 | Philip I
King of Castile and Duke of Burgundy | 25 September 1506 | 3 months, 18 days | Typhoid or poison.
Alexander Stewart
Duke of Ross | 30 April 1514 | James IV
King of Scotland | 9 September 1513 | 7 months, 21 days | Killed at the Battle of Flodden.
Görvel Fadersdotter Sparre

Swedish noblewoman

| 1517  | Fader Nilsson (Sparre)  | 1515  |  |
Wenceslaus III Adam
Duke of Cieszyn | December 1524 | Wenceslaus II
Duke of Cieszyn | 17 November 1524 | 1 month |
Henry Berkeley
Baron Berkeley | 26 November 1534 | Thomas Berkeley
Baron Berkeley | 19 September 1534 | 9 weeks, 4 days |
Duarte
Duke of Guimarães | March 1541 | Duarte
Duke of Guimarães | 20 September 1540 | 7 months |
Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville
Wife of Louis I of Bourbon | 5 April 1549 | François d'Orléans
French nobleman | 25 October 1548 | 5 months, 8 days |
Sebastian
King of Portugal | 20 January 1554 | João Manuel
Prince of Portugal | 2 January 1554 | 18 days | Tuberculosis or diabetes.
Maria of Hanau-Münzenberg | 20 January 1562 | Philipp III
Count of Hanau-Münzenberg | 14 November 1561 | 2 months, 6 days |
Jaroslav II Bořita of Martinice | 6 January 1582 | Jaroslav I. Bořita of Martinice | 1581  |  | Accident.
Ben Jonson
Elizabethan playwright | c. 11 June 1572 | His father | April 1572 | 1–2 months |
Henry II
Prince of Condé | 1 September 1588 | Henry I
Prince of Condé | 5 Mar 1588 | 5 months, 23 days | Disease.
Charles of Austria
Bishop of Wroclaw | 7 August 1590 | Charles II
Archduke of Austria | 10 July 1590 | 28 days |
Bengt Oxenstierna

Swedish statesman

| 19 October 1591  | Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna  | 15 April 1591  |  |
Toyotomi Sadako
Wife of Kugyō Kujō Yukiie | 1592 | Toyotomi Hidekatsu | 14 October 1592 |  | Killed in Korean Campaign.
Sveinn "Skotti" Björnsson
Icelandic criminal | 1596–1597 | Björn Pétursson
Only Icelandic serial killer | 1596 |  | Executed for murder.
Thomas Herbert
Welsh seaman and author | 15 May 1597 | Richard Herbert
Justice of the Peace and Member of Parliament | 15 October 1596 (buried) | 7 months |
Christopher Vasa

Prince of Poland, Lithuania and Sweden

| 10 February 1598  | Anne of Austria | 10 February 1598  | Same day  | Disease
Friedrich Wilhelm II
Duke of Saxe-Altenburg | 12 February 1603 | Friedrich Wilhelm I
Duke of Saxe-Weimar | 7 July 1602 | 7 months, 5 days |
Joseph of Cupertino
Catholic saint | 17 June 1603 | Felice Desa
Apulian carpenter[15] |  |  |
Abraham Cowley
English poet | 1618 | His father |  |  |
Elizabeth Gyllenhielm
Swedish noblewoman | 1622 | Charles Philip
Duke of Södermanland | 25 January 1622 |  | Disease during the 1622 siege of Narva.
Nils Brahe the younger  | 8 April 1533  | Nils Brahe the Elder | 21 November 1632  |  | Wounded in the Battle of Lützen
François-Henri de Montmorency
Duke of Luxembourg | 8 January 1628 | François de Montmorency-Bouteville
Duke of Luxembourg | 22 June 1627 | 6 months, 15 days | Executed for dueling.
Isaac Newton
English scientist | 4 January 1643 | Isaac Newton, Sr.
English farmer | October 1642 | 3 months |
Gulielma Penn
wife of William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania | February 1644 | Sir William Springett
English Parliamentarian army officer | 3 February 1644 | a few days | Fever following Siege of Arundel.
Elisabeth Dorothea Wrangel  | 1644  | Herman Wrangel

Governor of Livonia

| 10 December 1643  |  |
Georg Albrecht II. | 26 Februar 1648  | Georg Albrecht I.

Count of Erbach

| 25 November 1647  |  |
William III
Stadholder of the Dutch Republic, King of England and Scotland | 14 November 1650 | William II
Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic | 6 November 1650 | 8 days | Smallpox.
Robert Molesworth
Irish politician and writer | 7 September 1656 | Robert Molesworth, Sr. | 3 September 1656 | 4 days |
Adolphus Frederick II
Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | 19 October 1658 | Adolphus Frederick I
Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | 27 February 1658 | 7 months, 21 days |
Jonathan Swift
Author of Gulliver's Travels | 30 November 1667 | Jonathan Swift, Sr.
English lawyer in Ireland | c. April 1667 | 7 months | Syphilis.
William August
Duke of Saxe-Eisenach | 30 November 1668 | Adolf William, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
Duke of Saxe-Eisenach | 21 November 1668 | 9 days |
Thomas Greenhill
English surgeon | 1669? | William Greenhill |  |  |
Emmanuel Lebrecht
Prince of Anhalt-Köthen | 20 May 1671 | Emmanuel
Prince of Anhalt-Köthen | 8 November 1670 | 6 months |
Godscall Paleologue
Last known member of the Paleologus dynasty | 12 January 1694 | Theodorious Paleologus
Barbadian privateer | August-December 1693 | Up to 5 months |
Christine Marie Jacqueline Henriette FitzJames
French nun | 29 May 1703 | Henry FitzJames
Jacobite peer | 16 December 1702 | 5 months, 13 days |
Edward Ward, 9th Baron Dudley
British peer | 16 June 1704 | Edward Ward, 8th Baron Dudley | 28 March 1704 | 2 months, 15 days | Smallpox.
Frederick Christian
Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth | 17 July 1708 | Christian Henry
Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach | 5 April 1708 | 3 months, 12 days |
Georg Wilhelm Richmann
Livonian physicist | 22 July 1711 | His father |  |  | Plague.
William IV
Stadholder of the Dutch Republic | 1 September 1711 | John William Friso
Prince of Orange | 14 July 1711 | 1 month, 15 days | Drowning in a ferryboat accident.
Robert Petre, 8th Baron Petre
British peer and horticulturist | 3 June 1713 | Robert Petre, 7th Baron Petre | 22 March 1713 | 2 months, 7 days | Smallpox.
Edmund Pendleton
American politician | 9 September 1721 | Henry Pendleton | 1721 | 4 months |
John Morton
American politician | 1725 | John Morton, Sr. | 1724 |  |
Sir Brook Bridges, 3rd Baronet
British politician | 17 September 1733 | Sir Brook Bridges, 2nd Baronet | 23 May 1733[16] | 3 months, 22 days |
Barbara Herbert
Countess of Powis | 24 June 1735 | Edward Herbert
British aristocrat | c. March 1735 | 3 months |
Caroline Matilda
Queen consort of Denmark and Norway | 11 July 1751 | Frederick, Prince of Wales | 20 March 1751 | 3 months, 17 days | Pulmonary embolism.
Thomas Chatterton
English poet and forger | 20 November 1752 | Thomas Chatterton Sr.
English poet and musician | 7 August 1752[17] | 3 months, 13 days |
John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn
Irish peer and politician | July 1756 | John Hamilton, Sr.
Royal Navy officer | December 1755 | 7 months | Accidental drowning while on duty.
Magnus Fredrik Brahe

Swedish Lord Marshal

| 15 October 1756  | Erik Brahe

Count and politician

| 23 July 1756  | 3 months  | Execution for treason after the Coup of 1756.
Frederick Ferdinand Constantin
Prince of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach | 8 September 1758 | Ernest Augustus II
Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach | 28 May 1758 | 3 months |
Marie Tussaud
French wax artist | 1 December 1761 | Joseph Grosholtz | Sep-Oct 1761 | 2 months |
Elizabeth Simcoe
British Canadian artist | 22 September 1762 | Thomas Gwillim
Military officer | 29 January 1762 | 7 months, 22 days | Killed or died otherwise in the Seven Years' War.[18]
Benedict Joseph Flaget
French American bishop | 7 November 1763 | His father[19] |  |  |
Andrew Jackson
7th President of the United States | 15 March 1767 | Andrew Jackson, Sr.
Irish American colonist | c. 23 February 1767 | Around 21 days | Logging accident.
Lord William Russell
British politician | 20 August 1767 | Francis Russell
Marquess of Tavistock | 22 March 1767 | 5 months | Fall from horse.
Sawai Madhavrao
12th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire | 18 April 1774 | Narayan Rao
10th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire | 30 August, 1773 | 7 months | Murder.
Tenskwatawa
Shawnee prophet and leader | January 1775 | Puckenshinwa
Leader of the Kispokotha division of the Shawnee tribe | October 10, 1774 | 3-4 months | Killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant.
Henry Howard, 13th Earl of Suffolk
Hereditary peer | 8 August 1779 | Henry Howard, 12th Earl of Suffolk
British hereditary peer and politician | 7 March 1779 | 5 months, 1 day |

### 19th century

[edit]

Name  | Born  | Late parent  | Parent died  | Gap  | Cause of parent's death

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Lord George Hill
British politician | 9 December 1801 | Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire | 7 September 1801 | 3 months, 2 days | Suicide.
Louis Augustus Karl Frederick Emil
Duke of Anhalt-Köthen | 20 September 1802 | Louis
Prince of Anhalt-Köthen | 16 September 1802 | 4 days |
William Holland Thomas
American merchant, lawyer, politician, soldier. | 5 February 1805 | Richard Thomas | ?? | ?? | ??
Sir George Grey
British soldier, explorer, governor | 14 April 1812 | Lt-Col George Grey | Early April 1812 | a few days | Killed at the Battle of Badajoz.
Arthur MacArthur Sr.
Governor of Wisconsin and grandfather of Douglas MacArthur | 26 January 1815 | Arthur MacArthur I | 19 January 1815 | 7 days |
François Sabatier-Ungher
French philanthropist | 2 July 1818 | His father | shortly before | ?? |
Charles de La Roche | 30 March 1820 | Charles Ferdinand
Duke of Berry | 14 February 1820 | 1 month, 16 days | Assassination by a Bonapartist. Each child was born to a different mother.
Alix Mélanie Cosnefroy de Saint-Ange | 16 September 1820 | 7 months, 2 days
Henri, Count of Chambord
Legitimist pretender to the French throne | 29 September 1820 | 7 months, 15 days
Ferdinand Oreille de Carrière | 10 October 1820 | 7 months, 25 days
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th President of the United States | 4 October 1822 | Rutherford Hayes, Jr.
American storekeeper | 20 July 1822 | 1 month, 22 days |
Jemima Blackburn
Scottish painter | 1 May 1823 | James Wedderburn
Solicitor General for Scotland | 7 November 1822 | 5 months, 23 days |
Anna Leonowens
British teacher co-subject of The King and I | 5 November 1831 | Thomas Edwards
East India Company officer | c. August 1831 | 3 months |
Henry B. Wheatley
English author, editor and indexer | 1838 | Benjamin Wheatley
Auctioneer |  |  |
David Hyrum Smith
Leader of the RLDS Church | 7 November 1844 | Joseph Smith
Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement | 27 June 1844 | 4 months, 9 days | Lynching while awaiting trial in jail.
Tokugawa Iemochi
14th shogun of Tokugawa shogunate | 17 July 1846 | Tokugawa Nariyuki
Lord of Wakayama Domain | 1 June 1846 | 1 month, 16 days |
Chikako, Princess Kazu
Wife of Tokugawa Iemochi | 1 August 1846 | Ninkō
Emperor of Japan | 21 February 1846 | 5 months, 9 days |
Horace Tabberer Brown
British chemist | 20 July 1848 | His father |  |  |
Helena Hedvig Klinckowström  | 30 september 1850  | Otto Wilhelm Klinckowström  | 27 January 1850  |  |
Henry Waldegrave, 11th Earl Waldegrave
British minister and noble | 14 October 1854 | William Waldegrave, Viscount Chewton | 8 October 1854 | 6 days | Wounds from the Battle of the Alma.
Katherine Harley
British suffragist | 3 May 1855 | John Tracy William French
Royal Navy officer | 1854 |  |
John Norton
English-Australian journalist | 25 January 1857 | John Norton
Stonemason |  |
Samuel Alexander
British philosopher | 6 January 1859 | Samuel Alexander, Sr.
Australian saddler |  |  |
Motilal Nehru
36th and 47th President of the Indian National Congress | 6 May 1861 | Gangadhar Nehru
Last Kotwal of Delhi | 4 February 1861 | 3 months, 2 days |
Florence Maybrick
British-American convicted murderess | 3 September 1862 | William George Chandler
Banker and Mayor of Mobile |  |  |
Breaker Morant
Australian soldier and folk hero | 9 December 1864 | Edwin Murrant
English workhouse master | August 1864 | 4 months |
William George
Welsh solicitor | 23 February 1865 | William George
Welsh schoolteacher | June 1864 | 8 months | pneumonia
Frank Anstey
Australian politician | 18 August 1865 | Samuel Anstey
English iron miner | c. March 1865 | 5 months |
Rua Kenana Hepetipa
Maori prophet, faith healer, and activist | 1869 | Kenana Tumoana | November 1868 |  | Killed in Te Kooti's War.
George Washington Lambert
Australian artist | 13 September 1873 | George Washington Lambert, Sr. | 25 July 1873 | 1 month, 16 days |
William Lionel Hichens
English industrialist | 1 May 1874 | John Ley Hichens
English physician & army surgeon |  |  |
Rudolf Besier
Dutch/English dramatist | 2 July 1878 | Rudolf Besier, Sr. | c. January 1878 | c. 6 months |
Edwin William Gruffydd Richards
Welsh Olympian hockey player | 15 December 1879 | Edwin William Richards
Welsh ironmonger | 3 September 1879 | 3 months, 12 days | Typhoid.
Carl Schuricht
German conductor | 3 July 1880 | Carl Conrad Schuricht | June 1880 | c. 21 days | Drowned in the Baltic Sea while trying to save a friend.
Charles Edward
Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | 19 July 1884 | Leopold, Duke of Albany
British prince | 28 March 1884 | 3 months, 18 days | Haemophilia-related intracerebral hemorrhage after a fall.
Chester W. Nimitz
American fleet admiral | 24 February 1885 | Chester Bernard Nimitz | 14 August 1884 | 6 months, 10 days |
Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
Sudanese Imam of the Ansar, first Chief Minister of Sudan | 15 July 1885 | Muhammad Ahmad
Sudanese self-proclaimed Mahdi | 22 June 1885 | 23 days | Typhus.
Clara Sipprell
Canadian-American photographer | 31 October 1885 | Francis Sipprell |  |  |
Alfonso XIII
King of Spain | 17 May 1886 | Alfonso XII
King of Spain | 25 November 1885 | 5 months, 21 days | Dysentery worsened by tuberculosis.
Li Dazhao
Co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party | 29 October 1889 | His father |  | A few months |
Manuel Roxas
President of the Philippines | 1 January 1892 | Gerardo Roxas y Arroyo | 21 April 1891 | 8 months, 11 days | Killed by the Civil Guard
Charles Wilfred Orr
English song composer | 31 July 1893 | His father |  |  |
Thomas Iorwerth Ellis
Welsh classicist | 19 December 1899 | Thomas Edward Ellis
Welsh politician | 5 April 1899 | 8 months, 14 days |
Mabel Mercer
British-American jazz singer | 3 February 1900 | Her father |  |  |

### 20th century

[edit]

Name  | Born  | Late parent  | Parent died  | Gap  | Cause of parent's death

|
|
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|
|

Stanley Kunitz
American poet | 29 July 1905 | Solomon Z. Kunitz
Immigrant Russian Jewish dressmaker | June 1905 | 6 weeks | Suicide by drinking carbolic acid after going bankrupt.
Johan Kjær Hansen
Danish Resistance fighter | 7 April 1907 | Hans Christian Johan Andreas Hansen
Bicycle manufacturer | 13 December 1906 | 3 months, 22 days |
Menachem Mendel Futerfas
Chabad hasid | 22 September 1907 | Menachem Mendel Futerfas |  |  |
Xiao Qian
Chinese essayist and translator | 27 January 1910 | His father |  |  |
John Jacob Astor VI
American shipping businessman | 14 August 1912 | John Jacob Astor IV
American businessman | 15 April 1912 | 3 months, 28 days | Sinking of the RMS Titanic.
Raoul Wallenberg
Swedish diplomat and humanitarian | 14 August 1912 | Raoul Oscar Wallenberg
Swedish Navy officer | May 1912 | 3 months | Cancer.
Red Skelton
American comedian | 18 July 1913 | Joseph Elmer Skelton
Grocer and former circus clown | May 1913 | 2 months |
Cäzilia Gabriel
Hinterkaifeck victim | January 1915 | Karl Gabriel
German soldier | December 1914 | 1 month | Killed in World War I.
Georg Quistgaard
Danish Resistance fighter | 19 February 1915 | Georg Brockhoff Quistgaard
Danish secretary | 18 December 1914 | 2 months, 1 day |
Fred Ball | 17 July 1915  | Henry Durell Ball

Telephone lineman

| February 28, 1915  | 139 days  | Died of typhoid fever.
Alfred Shaughnessy
English screenwriter and producer | 19 May 1916 | Thomas Alfred Shaughnessy
Canadian Army officer | 31 March 1916 | 50 days | Killed in World War I.
Mihrişah Sultan
Ottoman princess | 1 June 1916 | Yusuf Izzeddin
Ottoman Crown Prince | 1 February 1916 | 4 months | Suicide.
Ronald R. Van Stockum
Brigadier General of the U.S. Marines | 8 July 1916 | Reginald George Bareham
British soldier | 1 July 1916 | 1 week | Killed in World War I Battle of the Somme.
Edward Bell, Jr.
Squadron Leader of the Royal Air Force | October 1918 | Edward Bell, Sr.
Commander of the Football Battalion | 24 March 1918 | 6 months | Killed in World War I.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Russian novelist | 11 December 1918 | Isaakiy Semyonovich Solzhenitsyn
Imperial Russian Army officer | 15 June 1918 | 5 months, 25 days | Hunting accident.
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
American poet | 24 March 1919 | Carlo Ferlinghetti
Italian immigrant |  |  | Heart attack.
John Mitchum
American actor | 6 September 1919 | James Thomas Mitchum | February 1919 | 7 months | Railyard accident.
Jehanne Rosemary Ernestine Beaumont | 7 September 1919 | Dudley Beaumont
British Army officer | 24 November 1918 | 9 months | Spanish flu.
Kung Te-cheng
Last Duke Yansheng | 23 February 1920 | Kong Lingyi
Duke Yansheng | 8 November 1919 | 3 months, 15 days |
Alexandra
Last queen consort of Yugoslavia | 25 March 1921 | Alexander
King of Greece | 25 October 1920 | 5 months | Sepsis from a captive Barbary macaque's bite.
Jules Olitski
Ukrainian-American painter, sculptor | 27 March 1922 | Jevel Demikovsky[20]
Soviet Commissar |  | A few months | Execution.
Elisabeth of Austria
Member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine | 31 May 1922 | Charles I
Last Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary | 1 April 1922 | 1 month, 30 days | Pneumonia.
Stephen Wurm
Hungarian-Australian linguist | 19 August 1922 | Adolphe Wurm |  |  |
Mary Warnock
English philosopher | 14 April 1924 | Archibald Edward Wilson
Teacher at Winchester College | 1923 |  |
Anthony Earnshaw
English anarchist | 9 October 1924 | His father |  |  |
Felipe Rodríguez
Puerto Rican singer | 8 May 1926 | His father |  |  |
Earl Holliman
American actor | 11 September 1928 | William A. Frost
American farmer |  | 6 months[21] |
Zhu Rongji
Former premier of China | 23 October 1928 | Zhu Kuanshu
16th grandson of Hongwu Emperor |  |  |
Bertram Wainer
Australian doctor and activist | 30 December 1928 | His father |  |  |
Itamar Franco
33rd President of Brazil | 28 June 1930 | Augusto César Stiebler Franco | April 1930 | 2 months | Malaria.[22]
Thomas Sowell
American economist | 30 June 1930 | His father |  |  |
Brian Sewell
British art critic | 15 July 1931 | Peter Warlock
British composer and music critic
(claimed by Sewell) | 17 December 1930 | 6 months, 26 days | Coal gas poisoning.
Don Durant
American actor | 20 November 1932 | His father | September-October 1932 | 2 months | Truck accident.
Saddam Hussein
Iraqi dictator | 28 April 1937 | Hussein Abd Al-Majid |  |  | Cancer.
Ian Brady
British serial killer | 2 January 1938 | His father
(according to his mother) |  | 3 months | Unknown. Brady's father was never identified, casting doubt on his mother's claims.
Lee Harvey Oswald
Assassin of John F. Kennedy | 18 October 1939 | Robert Edward Lee Oswald
Army veteran of WWI | 19 August 1939 | 1 month, 28 days | Heart attack.
Jacques Mairesse
French economist | 16 August 1940 | Jacques Mairesse, Sr.
French footballer | 13 June 1940 | 2 months, 3 days | Killed while trying to escape a prisoner-of-war camp during the Battle of France.
Edwin Wilson
Australian poet | 27 October 1942 | His father |  |  |
Henry and David Cecil
British twin racehorse trainers | 11 January 1943 | Henry Kerr Auchmuty Cecil
Parachute Regiment officer | 30 November – 2 December 1942 | 1 month, 1–2 days | Killed in the North African campaign of World War II.[23]
Sylvester McCoy
British actor and comedian | 20 August 1943 | Percy Kent-Smith | 18 July 1943 | 1 month, 2 days | Killed in World War II.
Ranulph Fiennes
British explorer and writer | 7 March 1944 | Ranulph Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes
Royal Scots Greys commander | 24 November 1943 | 3 months, 12 days | Killed by landmine in Italy while serving in World War II.[24]
John Pelham
Earl of Chichester | 14 April 1944 | John Pelham, Sr.
British diplomat and Captain of the Scots Guards | 21 February 1944 | 1 month, 22 days | Killed in a road accident while serving in World War II.
Maria João Pires
Portuguese-Swiss classical pianist | 23 July 1944 | João Baptista Pires | 1 July 1944 | 22 days |
Bernard Collaery
Australian lawyer and politician | 12 October 1944 | Edward Francis Collaery
RAAF flying officer | 29 June 1944 | 3 months 13 days | Killed in World War II.
Edward Foljambe
Earl of Liverpool | 14 November 1944 | Peter George William Savile Foljambe | 2 September 1944 | 2 months, 12 days | Killed in World War II.
Joachim
8th Prince Murat | 26 November 1944 | Joachim
7th Prince Murat | 20 July 1944 | 4 months, 6 days | Killed in World War II.
Konstanze von Schulthess
German author | 27 January 1945 | Claus von Stauffenberg
German army officer | 21 July 1944 | 6 months, 6 days | Executed for 20 July plot against Hitler.
Eva Barbara Fegelein | 5 May 1945 | Hermann Fegelein
High-ranking Nazi officer | 28 April 1945 | 6 days | Execution.
Frederica von Stade
American opera singer | 1 June 1945 | Charles S. von Stade
South African-American polo champion | 10 April 1945 | 1 month, 20 days | Killed in World War II.[25]
Graça Machel
Mozambican politician | 17 October 1945 | Her father | 30 September 1945 | 17 days | [26]
Bill Clinton
42nd President of the United States | 19 August 1946 | William Jefferson Blythe Jr.
American traveling salesman | 17 May 1946 | 3 months, 2 days | Automobile accident.
Peter Kocan
Australian author and attempted assassin of Arthur Calwell | 4 May 1947 | His father |  | 3 months | Automobile accident.
Pedro López
Colombian serial killer | 8 October 1948 | Midardo Reyes | 4 April 1948 | 6 months, 4 days | Murdered in La Violencia.[27]
Jett Williams
American singer | 6 January 1953 | Hank Williams
American singer | 1 January 1953 | 5 days | Possibly drug-induced cardiac arrest.
Wally Carr
Aboriginal Australian boxer | 11 August 1954 | His father |  | 2 months | Suicide by gunshot.
Janet Lynn Skinner
American Gospel musician | 5 July 1955 | Billie Haille |  |  | Spinal meningitis.
Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum
President of the Dubai Civil Aviation Authority and founder of The Emirates Group | 1 December 1958 | Saeed bin Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum
Emir of Dubai | 9 September 1958 | 2 months, 21 days |
Tyrone Power Jr.
American actor | 22 January 1959 | Tyrone Power
American actor | 15 November 1958 | 2 months, 7 days | Fulminant angina pectoris while filming an action scene.
Antwone Fisher
American author and film director | 3 August 1959 | Eddie Elkins |  | 2 months | Murdered (shot) by a jealous girlfriend.
John Clark Gable
American actor | 20 March 1961 | Clark Gable
American actor | 16 November 1960 | 4 months, 4 days | Heart attack induced by an arterial blood clot.
Yves Amu Klein
French artist | 6 August 1962 | Yves Klein
French Nouveau réalisme artist | 6 June 1962 | 2 months | Three heart attacks, the first while watching the exploitation film Mondo Cane.
Sławomir Makaruk
Polish traveler and photographer | 4 October 1963 | Sławomir Makaruk
Polish aviator | 20 April 1963 | 5 months, 13 days | Accident aboard an experimental SZD-21 Kobuz glider.
Tariq Al-Ali
Kuwaiti actor and comedian | 18 January 1966 | His father |  |  |
Rory Kennedy
American documentary filmmaker | 12 December 1968 | Robert F. Kennedy
U.S. Senator from New York and younger brother of John F. Kennedy | 6 June 1968 | 6 months, 6 days | Assassination while campaigning for the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries.
Fred Hampton Jr.
American political activist | 29 December 1969 | Fred Hampton
American Marxist-Leninist revolutionary and deputy chairman of the Black Panther Party | 4 December 1969 | 25 days | Killed by the Chicago Police Department in a raid. The status of this as an assassination is somewhat disputed; however many sources see this as an assassination or at least a politically motivated extrajudicial execution, with support from the FBI's COINTELPRO program.[28][29][30][31][32][33]
Brandon Teena
American victim of transphobic hate murder | 12 December 1972 | Patrick Brandon | 7 April 1972 | 8 months, 5 days | Automobile accident.
Philippe Cousteau Jr.
Franco-American oceanographer and environmental activist | 20 January 1980 | Philippe Cousteau
French cinematographer | 28 June 1979 | 6 months, 21 days | Aviation accident.
Diana Yukawa
Japanese-British violinist and composer | 16 September 1985 | Akihisa Yukawa
Japanese banker | 12 August 1985 | 1 month, 4 days | Japan Air Lines Flight 123 crash.
Natasha Ignatenko
Chernobyl disaster victim | 1986 | Vasily Ignatenko
Soviet firefighter | 13 May 1986 |  | Acute Radiation Syndrome contracted while extinguishing fires above the exploded Reactor Nº4.
Gia Coppola
American filmmaker | 1 January 1987 | Gian-Carlo Coppola
American film producer | 26 May 1986 | 7 months, 3 days | Speedboating accident.

## Posthumous birth after the mother's death

[edit]

It can happen that the mother dies before giving birth. This usually results in the death of the child, but in exceptional cases the child, surgically removed from the mother's womb, can survive.

There is only a handful of such records. The most famous is perhaps the case of Raymond Nonnatus (1204–1240), the Spanish saint in the Middle Ages, who was born this way. His Latin adjective also suggests this ("unborn").[34]

A similar case is reported by Andrea Majocchi (1876–1965), an Italian doctor who mentions in his book a case where two live babies were removed from their mother's womb before delivery and brought to the doctor, but there they suddenly died.[35]

In 2024, a Palestinian baby was removed from her mother's womb at 30 weeks gestation after her mother was killed in a drone strike. The baby died in the incubator a few days later.[36]

Modern medical technologies allow homeostasis and overall organ function to be maintained in brain-dead pregnant women to ensure proper development of the fetus, leading to the successful delivery of a healthy child.[37]

The so-called coffin birth is strongly distinguished from the "birth" after the death of the mother. This is the inverse of the former. Here the baby is actually born but is already dead. It differs from the normal stillbirth in that here the mother is already dead too, and only the decomposition gases / contraction of the body inside her push out the baby's also dead body.

## Religious and mythological people born posthumously

[edit]

The Bible's Old Testament mentions two named cases of posthumous children:

* Ashhur, youngest son of Hezron, born when his father had died when aged past 60 years. (1 Chronicles 2:21, 24)
* Ichabod, who was born when his mother, who subsequently died, heard news that his father Phinehas had been killed at the Battle of Aphek and paternal grandfather Eli accidentally killed afterwards. (1 Samuel 4:19–22)

### Indian mythology

[edit]

* Parikshit, the sole survivor of the Kuru dynasty in Mahabharata, was born after his father Abhimanyu was killed in the Kurukshetra war.

### Greek mythology

[edit]

* The medicine god Asclepius is said to have been delivered by caesarean section after his mother Cyrene was killed on Mount Olympus by his aunt Artemis.[2]
* The wine god Dionysus is said to have been rescued from the ashes of his mother Semele after she is unwillingly incinerated by his father Zeus while she was pregnant with him. Zeus then sows Dionysus to his groin until he is fully born.

### Celtic mythology

[edit]

* Fionn mac Cumhaill, born after his father Cumhall mac Trénmhoir was killed in battle.
* Máel Dúin, son of the warrior Ailill Ochair Aghra

## Fictional characters born posthumously

[edit]

* Macduff, a character in Shakespeare's Macbeth, revealed that he was not literally born, but removed from his [dead] mother, completing a plot twist.
* In Gabrielle-Suzanne de Villeneuve's fairy tale Beauty and the Beast, the Prince's father, the King, died months before he was born.
* The Irish Republican song "The Broad Black Brimmer" was about a boy whose father died before he was born.
* In The Adventures of Sinbad: TV series 11th episode "The Prince Who Wasn't" A man tries to eradicate his brother's bloodline by murdering his brother and only nephew. It's later revealed that his sister-in-law is pregnant.
* The Charles Dickens character David Copperfield was a posthumous child, whose father had died six months before he was born.[38] Another Dickens character, Oliver Twist, was posthumous as his mother died while giving birth.
* On A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, baby Jacob was born after his father Dan was killed by Freddy.
* In The Hunger Games series, Gale Hawthorne's sister Posy is born shortly after their father dies in a mine explosion, and Finnick Odair's son is born months after his death in battle.
* John Connor, a principal character in the Terminator franchise, and son of Sarah Connor and Kyle Reese (a time traveler from the future), was conceived shortly before his father was killed. As an adult, John was in fact responsible for selecting Reese (who was unaware of their relation) to go back in time.
* The Noughts & Crosses series character Callie-Rose Hadley is born after the execution of her father, Callum McGregor.
* In the British television soap opera Coronation Street, Liam Connor Jr. was born in July 2009; his father and namesake Liam Connor, was ordered murdered by Tony Gordon just a short time after Liam Jr.'s conception in October 2008.
* The Stephen King novel Carrie tells briefly of the parents of the titular character, Margaret and Ralph White. Ralph, a construction worker, had impregnated Margaret, only to be killed in a construction accident shortly before the birth of their daughter.
* In Berserk, the main character Guts is found after having been birthed by a hanging corpse.
* Grey's Anatomy: Derek Shepherd dies in a car accident in Season 11, nine months before the birth of his daughter.
* Bahubali series: Mahendra Bahubali is born shortly after his father Amarendra Bahubali is killed.
* Star Wars Rebels: Kanan Jarrus dies sacrificing himself while rescuing his lover Hera Syndulla, who is pregnant with their son, Jacen Syndulla.
* In A Song of Ice and Fire, Princess Daenerys Targaryen is born months after the death of her father, King Aerys II Targaryen.
* Avatar series: Grace Augustine's human form was killed by Colonel Miles Quaritch, but her unconscious Avatar body was kept in stasis and later gave birth to Kiri.
* In the Bridgerton novels and its Netflix adaptation, the youngest child Hyacinth is born in the weeks following her father’s death from anaphylactic shock from a bee sting.

## See also

[edit]

* Coffin birth
* Maternal death
* Posthumous sperm retrieval

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Posthumous Child Law and Legal Definition". USLegal.
2. ^ a b c Christine Quigley, The Corpse: A History, McFarland, 1996, ISBN 0-7864-0170-2, pages 180 to 181.
3. ^ a b c Renee H. Sekino, Posthumous Conception: The Birth of a New Class Archived 15 July 2004 at the Wayback Machine, Boston University Journal of Sci. and Tech. Law, 2001.
4. ^ Horner, Amanda (2008). "I consented to do what?: Posthumous children and the consent to parent after-death" (PDF). Southern Illinois University Law Journal. p. 1 (157). Retrieved 16 February 2024.
5. ^ Scharman, Christopher A. (April 2002). "Not Without My Father: The Legal Status of the Posthumously Conceived Child". Vanderbilt Law Review / Volume 55 / Issue 3 / Article 5. p. 10 (1009). Retrieved 16 February 2024.
6. ^ "Frozen in Time: Planning for the Posthumously Conceived Child". The National Law Review. Fairfield and Woods P.C. 9 July 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
7. ^ "U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 8, 8 FAM 304.4 Posthumous Children". Retrieved 18 July 2018.
8. ^ "Report 49 (1986) — Artificial Conception: Human Artificial Insemination, 12. AIH and Posthumous Use of Semen". Law Reform Commission, New South Wales.
9. ^ a b "Posthumous fathers to be recognised". BBC News. 25 August 2000.
10. ^ Bowman, William Dodgson. The Story of Surnames. London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932. No ISBN.
11. ^ Lurie S (2005). "The changing motives of cesarean section: from the ancient world to the twenty-first century". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 271 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1007/s00404-005-0724-4. PMID 15856269.
12. ^ Bosworth, C. E. (1993). "al-Mustakfī". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 723–724\. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5621. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
13. ^ Bowen, Harold (1928). The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà: The Good Vizier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 384–385\. OCLC 386849.
14. ^ Franco Silva, A. (2009) "Las mujeres de Juan Pacheco y su parentela." Historia, Instituciones, Documentos. Vol. 36, pgs. 161-182
15. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia
16. ^ leighrayment, The Baronetage[usurped]. Retrieved 14 March 2014
17. ^ Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2014
18. ^ Beacock Fryer, Mary (1989). Elizabeth Posthuma Simcoe 1762-1850. A Biography. Toronto, London: Dundurn. pp. 10–12.
19. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia
20. ^ New York Magazine (1 Oct 1973), Vol. 6, Nº 40, pg. 76
21. ^ "Veteran Holliman returns to TV". Quad-City Times. New York Times. October 5, 1991. p. 2B - via Newspapers.com.
22. ^ Corpo de Itamar Franco chega a Juiz de Fora (MG), onde será velado UOL (In Portuguese), 3 July 2011, accessed in 29 November 2016.
23. ^ Wilson, Julian (11 June 2013). "Sir Henry Cecil obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
24. ^ Jinman, Richard (19 February 2019). "Sir Ranulph Fiennes on rivalry, pain and the storage of amputated fingers". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
25. ^ Horace A. Laffaye, Polo in the United States: A History, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2011, p. 355
26. ^ "Graca Machel: There Is Nothing Exceptional About Me..." This Day Live. 16 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015.
27. ^ Cowton, Michael (2020) Murders that shocked the world - 70s. Banovallum, 200 pages.
28. ^ Gottlieb, Jeff; Cohen, Jeff (1976-12-26). "Was Fred Hampton Executed?". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
29. ^ Martin, Alison (2020-12-02). "This week in history: Fred Hampton's murder makes headlines". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
30. ^ Lee, William (3 December 2019). "In 1969, charismatic Black Panthers leader Fred Hampton was killed in a hail of gunfire. 50 years later, the fight against police brutality continues". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
31. ^ Haas, Jeffrey (2011). The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther. Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 978-1569767092.
32. ^ Taylor, G. Flint, Founding Partner, People's Law Office (2012-12-05). "'Nothing but a Northern Lynching': The Assassination of Fred Hampton". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-01-15.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
33. ^ "The Assassination · The Assassination of Fred Hampton · Digital Chicago". digitalchicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
34. ^ https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12671b.htm
35. ^ Andrea Majocchi: A műtőlámpa fényében. Egy sebész önéletrajza, Dante Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1940 (in Hungarian)
36. ^ https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/26/gaza-baby-girl-saved-from-dead-mothers-womb-dies-in-incubator
37. ^ Delivery of a Healthy Baby from a Brain-Dead Woman After 117 Days of Somatic Support: A Case Report
38. ^ "David Copperfield". Blundeston. Retrieved 5 July 2015.

## External links

[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Posthumous Child".

* Posthumous Child (i.e., Born After Father's Death), Adoption.com