Potassium chloride

Ionic compound (KCl)

Not to be confused with Potassium chlorate.

"KCl" redirects here. For other uses, see KCL (disambiguation).

This article is about the salt. For the use of potassium chloride as a medication, see Potassium chloride (medical use). For the use of potassium in biology, see Potassium in biology.

Potassium chloride

Names
Other names

Sylvite
Muriate of potash

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 7447-40-7 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:32588 Y

ChEMBL |

* ChEMBL1200731 N

ChemSpider |

* 4707 Y

DrugBank |

* DB00761 Y

ECHA InfoCard | 100.028.374
E number | E508 (acidity regulators, ...)
KEGG |

* D02060 Y

PubChem CID

* 4873

RTECS number |

* TS8050000

UNII |

* 660YQ98I10 Y

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

* DTXSID5021178

InChI

* InChI=1S/ClH.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 Y

Key: WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y

* InChI=1/ClH.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1

Key: WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-REWHXWOFAZ

SMILES

* [Cl-].[K+]

Properties

Chemical formula

| KCl
Molar mass | 74.555 g·mol−1
Appearance  | white crystalline solid
Odor | odorless
Density | 1.984 g/cm3
Melting point | 770 °C (1,420 °F; 1,040 K)
Boiling point | 1,420 °C (2,590 °F; 1,690 K)

Solubility in water

| 27.77 g/100mL (0 °C)
33.97 g/100mL (20 °C)
54.02 g/100mL (100 °C)
Solubility | Soluble in glycerol, alkalies
Slightly soluble in alcohol Insoluble in ether[1]
Solubility in ethanol | 0.288 g/L (25 °C)[2]
Acidity (pKa)  | ~7

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| −39.0·10−6 cm3/mol

Refractive index (nD)

| 1.4902 (589 nm)
Structure

Crystal structure

| face centered cubic

Space group

| Fm3m, No. 225

Lattice constant

a = 629.2 pm[3]

Coordination geometry

| Octahedral (K+)
Octahedral (Cl−)
Thermochemistry

Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)

| 83 J·mol−1·K−1[4]

Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)

| −436 kJ·mol−1[4]
Pharmacology

ATC code

| A12BA01 (WHO) B05XA01 (WHO)

Routes of
administration

| Oral, IV, IM
Pharmacokinetics:

Excretion

| Kidney: 90%; Fecal: 10%[5]
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Flash point | Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 2600 mg/kg (oral, rat)[6]
Safety data sheet (SDS)  | ICSC 1450
Related compounds

Other anions

| Potassium fluoride
Potassium bromide
Potassium iodide

Other cations

| Lithium chloride
Sodium chloride
Rubidium chloride
Caesium chloride
Ammonium chloride

Related compounds

| Potassium hypochlorite
Potassium chlorite
Potassium chlorate
Potassium perchlorate

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)

Infobox references

Chemical compound

Potassium chloride (KCl, or potassium salt) is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water, and its solutions have a salt-like taste. Potassium chloride can be obtained from ancient dried lake deposits.[7] KCl is used as a fertilizer,[8] in medicine, in scientific applications, domestic water softeners (as a substitute for sodium chloride salt), and in food processing, where it may be known as E number additive E508.

It occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite, and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite.[9]

## Uses[edit]

### Fertilizer[edit]

The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer, called potash, since the growth of many plants is limited by potassium availability. Potassium chloride sold as fertilizer is known as muriate of potash. The vast majority of potash fertilizer worldwide is sold as muriate of potash.[citation needed]

Potassium chloride, compacted, fertilizer grade.

### Medical use[edit]

Main article: Potassium chloride (medical use)

Potassium is vital in the human body, and potassium chloride by mouth is the common means to treat low blood potassium, although it can also be given intravenously. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] Overdose causes hyperkalemia which can disrupt cell signaling to the extent that the heart will stop, reversibly in the case of some open heart surgeries.

### Culinary use[edit]

It can be used as a salt substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor, it is often mixed with ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) to improve the taste to form low sodium salt. The addition of 1 ppm of thaumatin considerably reduces this bitterness.[11] Complaints of bitterness or a chemical or metallic taste are also reported with potassium chloride used in food.[12]

### Industrial[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2022) (template removal help)

|

As a chemical feedstock, it is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and potassium metal. It is also used in medicine, lethal injections, scientific applications, food processing, soaps, and as a sodium-free substitute for table salt for people concerned about the health effects of sodium.

It is used as a supplement in animal feed to boost the potassium level in the feed. As an added benefit, it is known to increase milk production.

It is sometimes used in solution as a completion fluid in petroleum and natural gas operations, as well as being an alternative to sodium chloride in household water softener units.

Glass manufacturers use granular potash as a flux, lowering the temperature at which a mixture melts. Because potash imparts excellent clarity to glass, it is commonly used in eyeglasses, glassware, televisions, and computer monitors.

KCl is useful as a beta radiation source for calibration of radiation monitoring equipment, because natural potassium contains 0.0118% of the isotope 40K. One kilogram of KCl yields 16350 becquerels of radiation, consisting of 89.28% beta and 10.72% gamma, with 1.46083 MeV. In order to use off-the-shelf materials, it needs to be crystallized sequentially, using controlled temperature, in order to extract KCl, which is the subject of ongoing research. It also emits a relatively low level of 511 keV gamma rays from positron annihilation, which can be used to calibrate medical scanners.

Potassium chloride is used in some de-icing products designed to be safer for pets and plants, though these are inferior in melting quality to calcium chloride [lowest usable temperature 12 °F (−11 °C) v. −25 °F (−32 °C)]. It is also used in various brands of bottled water.

Potassium chloride was once used as a fire extinguishing agent, and in portable and wheeled fire extinguishers. Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals and was compatible with protein foam. This agent fell out of favor with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate (Purple-K) dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less corrosive, as well as more effective. It is rated for B and C fires.

Along with sodium chloride and lithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as a flux for the gas welding of aluminium.

Potassium chloride is also an optical crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 µm. While cheap, KCl crystals are hygroscopic. This limits its application to protected environments or short-term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air, KCl optics will "rot". Whereas KCl components were formerly used for infrared optics, it has been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals such as zinc selenide.

Potassium chloride is used as a scotophor with designation P10 in dark-trace CRTs, e.g. in the Skiatron.

## Toxicity[edit]

The typical amounts of potassium chloride found in the diet appear to be generally safe.[13] In larger quantities, however, potassium chloride is toxic. The LD50 of orally ingested potassium chloride is approximately 2.5 g/kg, or 190 grams (6.7 oz) for a body mass of 75 kilograms (165 lb). In comparison, the LD50 of sodium chloride (table salt) is 3.75 g/kg.

Intravenously, the LD50 of potassium chloride is far smaller, at about 57.2 mg/kg to 66.7 mg/kg; this is found by dividing the lethal concentration of positive potassium ions (about 30 to 35 mg/kg)[14] by the proportion by mass of potassium ions in potassium chloride (about 0.52445 mg K+/mg KCl).[15]

## Chemical properties[edit]

### Solubility[edit]

KCl is soluble in a variety of polar solvents.

Solubility[16] Solvent | Solubility
(g/kg of solvent at 25 °C)

|

Water | 360
Liquid ammonia | 0.4
Liquid sulfur dioxide | 0.41
Methanol | 5.3
Ethanol | 0.37
Formic acid | 192
Sulfolane | 0.04
Acetonitrile | 0.024
Acetone | 0.00091
Formamide | 62
Acetamide | 24.5
Dimethylformamide | 0.17–0.5

Solutions of KCl are common standards, for example for calibration of the electrical conductivity of (ionic) solutions, since KCl solutions are stable, allowing for reproducible measurements. In aqueous solution, it is essentially fully ionized into solvated K+ and Cl− ions.

### Redox and the conversion to potassium metal[edit]

Although potassium is more electropositive than sodium, KCl can be reduced to the metal by reaction with metallic sodium at 850 °C because the more volatile potassium can be removed by distillation (see Le Chatelier's principle):

KCl ( l ) + Na ( l ) ↽ − − ⇀ NaCl ( l ) + K ( g ) {\displaystyle {\ce {KCl_{(l)}{}+ Na_{(l)}<=> NaCl_{(l)}{}+ K_{(g)}}}}

This method is the main method for producing metallic potassium. Electrolysis (used for sodium) fails because of the high solubility of potassium in molten KCl.[9]

### Other potassium chloride stoichiometries[edit]

Potassium chlorides with formulas other than KCl have been predicted to become stable under pressures of 20 GPa or more.[17] Among these, two phases of KCl3 were synthesized and characterized. At 20-40 GPa, a trigonal structure containing K+ and Cl3- is obtained; above 40 GPa this gives way to a phase isostructural with the intermetallic compound Cr3Si.

## Physical properties[edit]

"Raise banana yields using Israeli potassium chloride!", an ad above a highway in a banana-growing district of Hekou County, Yunnan, China

Under ambient conditions the crystal structure of potassium chloride is like that of NaCl. It adopts a face-centered cubic structure known as the B1 phase with a lattice constant of roughly 6.3 Å. Crystals cleave easily in three directions. Other polymorphic and hydrated phases are adopted at high pressures.[18]

Some other properties are

* Transmission range: 210 nm to 20 µm
* Transmittivity = 92% at 450 nm and rises linearly to 94% at 16 µm
* Refractive index = 1.456 at 10 µm
* Reflection loss = 6.8% at 10 µm (two surfaces)
* dN/dT (expansion coefficient)= −33.2×10−6/°C
* dL/dT (refractive index gradient)= 40×10−6/°C
* Thermal conductivity = 0.036 W/(cm·K)
* Damage threshold (Newman and Novak): 4 GW/cm2 or 2 J/cm2 (0.5 or 1 ns pulse rate); 4.2 J/cm2 (1.7 ns pulse rate Kovalev and Faizullov)

As with other compounds containing potassium, KCl in powdered form gives a lilac flame.

## Production[edit]

Sylvite Sylvinite

Potassium chloride is extracted from minerals sylvite, carnallite, and potash. It is also extracted from salt water and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, flotation or electrostatic separation from suitable minerals. It is a by-product of the production of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid.

The vast majority of potassium chloride is produced as agricultural and industrial grade potash in Saskatchewan, Canada, as well as Russia and Belarus. Saskatchewan alone accounted for over 25% of the world's potash production in 2017.[19]

### Laboratory methods[edit]

Potassium chloride is inexpensively available and is rarely prepared intentionally in the laboratory. It can be generated by treating potassium hydroxide (or other potassium bases) with hydrochloric acid:

KOH + HCl ⟶ KCl + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {KOH + HCl -> KCl + H2O}}}

This conversion is an acid-base neutralization reaction. The resulting salt can then be purified by recrystallization. Another method would be to allow potassium to burn in the presence of chlorine gas, also a very exothermic reaction:

2 K + Cl 2 ⟶ 2 KCl {\displaystyle {\ce {2 K + Cl2 -> 2 KCl}}}

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Potassium chloride (PIM 430)". International Programme on Chemical Safety. 3.3.1 Properties of the substance. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
2. ^ "periodic-table-of-elements.org". Archived from the original (website shows values in g/100ml) on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
3. ^ Sirdeshmukh DB, Sirdeshmukh L, Subhadra KG (2001). Alkali Halides: A Handbook of Physical Properties. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-42180-1.
4. ^ a b Zumdahl SS (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
5. ^ "Compound Summary for Potassium Chloride". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. CID 4873. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
6. ^ Chambers M. "7447-40-7 - WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M - Potassium chloride [USP:JAN]". ChemIDplus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
7. ^ Rayner-Canham G (22 December 2013). Descriptive inorganic chemistry. Overton, Tina (Sixth ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-4641-2557-7. OCLC 882867766.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
8. ^ "Potassium Fertilizers (Penn State Agronomy Guide)". Penn State Agronomy Guide (Penn State Extension). Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
9. ^ a b Burkhardt ER (2006). "Potassium and Potassium Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
10. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
11. ^ Lorient D, Linden G (1999). New ingredients in food processing: biochemistry and agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-85573-443-2. "... in dietary food containing potassium chloride, thaumatin added in the ratio of 1 ppm considerably reduces the sensation of bitterness. ..."
12. ^ Sinopoli DA, Lawless HT (September 2012). "Taste properties of potassium chloride alone and in mixtures with sodium chloride using a check-all-that-apply method". Journal of Food Science. 77 (9): S319–S322. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02862.x. PMID 22901084.
13. ^ Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. "GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Database - Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Potassium chloride". www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
14. ^ Bhatkhande CY, Joglekar VD (1977-01-01). "Fatal poisoning by potassium in human and rabbit". Forensic Science. 9 (1): 33–36. doi:10.1016/0300-9432(77)90062-0. PMID 838413.
15. ^ "Molecular weight of KCl". www.convertunits.com. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
16. ^ Burgess J (1978). Metal Ions in Solution. New York: Ellis Horwood. ISBN 978-0-85312-027-8.[page needed]
17. ^ Zhang, Weiwei; Oganov, Artem R.; Zhu, Qiang; Lobanov, Sergey S.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Goncharov, Alexander F. (23 May 2016). "Stability of numerous novel potassium chlorides at high pressure". Sci Rep. 6: 26265. Bibcode:2016NatSR...626265Z. doi:10.1038/srep26265. PMC 4876327. PMID 27211847.
18. ^ Yamashita K, Komatsu K, Kagi H (December 2022). "Crystal structure of potassium chloride monohydrate: water intercalation into the B1 structure of KCl under high pressure". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 78 (Pt 12): 749–754. doi:10.1107/S2053229622011135. PMC 9720884. PMID 36468558.
19. ^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2019.

## Further reading[edit]

* Lide DR, ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
* Greenwood NN, Earnshaw A (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.

## External links[edit]

* "Potassium chloride". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

* v
* t
* e

Potassium compounds

H, (pseudo)halogens|

* KF
* KHF2
* KH
* KCl
* KClO
* KClO3
* KClO4
* KBr
* KBrO3
* KI
* KIO3
* KIO4
* KAt
* KCN
* KCNO
* KOCN
* KSCN

chalcogens|

* K2O
* KOH
* K2O2
* KO2
* KO3
* K2S
* KHS
* K2SO3
* KHSO3
* K2SO4
* KHSO4
* KHSO5
* K2S2O3
* K2S2O5
* K2S2O7
* K2S2O8
* K2Se
* K2SeO3
* K2SeO4
* K2Te
* K2TeO3
* K2TeO4
* K2Po

pnictogens|

* K3N
* KNH2
* KN3
* KNO2
* KNO3
* K3P
* KH2PO3
* K3PO4
* K2HPO4
* KH2PO4
* KPF6
* KAsO2
* K3AsO4
* K2HAsO4
* KH2AsO4

B, C group|

* B4K2O7
* K2CO3
* KHCO3
* K2SiO3
* K2SiF6
* K2Al2O4
* K2Al2B2O7

trans metals|

* K2PtCl4
* K2Pt(CN)4
* K2PtCl6
* K2ReCl6
* K4Fe(CN)6
* K3Fe(CN)6
* K3Fe(C2O4)3
* K2FeO4
* K2MnO4
* KMnO4
* K3CrO4
* K2CrO4
* K3CrO8
* KCrO3Cl
* K2Cr2O7
* K2Cr3O10
* K2Cr4O13
* K4Mo2Cl8

organic|

* KHCO2
* KCH3CO2
* K2C2O4
* KHC2O4
* KC12H23O2
* KC18H35O2
* C3H2K2O4
* C4H6KO4
* C5H7KO4

* v
* t
* e

Salts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion

| HCl |  |  |  | He

|
|
|
|

LiCl | BeCl2 | B4Cl4
B12Cl12
BCl3
B2Cl4
+BO3 | C2Cl2
C2Cl4
C2Cl6
CCl4

+CO3 | NCl3
ClN3

+NO3 | ClxOy
Cl2O
Cl2O2
ClO
ClO2
Cl2O4
Cl2O6
Cl2O7
ClO4
+O | ClF
ClF3
ClF5 | Ne
NaCl | MgCl2 | AlCl
AlCl3 | Si5Cl12
Si2Cl6
SiCl4 | P2Cl4
PCl3
PCl5
+P | S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4
+SO4 | Cl2 | Ar
KCl | CaCl
CaCl2 |  | ScCl3 | TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4 | VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
VCl5 | CrCl2
CrCl3
CrCl4 | MnCl2
MnCl3 | FeCl2
FeCl3 | CoCl2
CoCl3 | NiCl2 | CuCl
CuCl2 | ZnCl2 | GaCl
GaCl3 | GeCl2
GeCl4 | AsCl3
AsCl5
+As | Se2Cl2
SeCl2
SeCl4 | BrCl | Kr
RbCl | SrCl2 |  | YCl3 | ZrCl3
ZrCl4 | NbCl3
NbCl4
NbCl5 | MoCl2
MoCl3
MoCl4
MoCl5
MoCl6 | TcCl3
TcCl4 | RuCl2
RuCl3
RuCl4 | RhCl3 | PdCl2 | AgCl | CdCl2 | InCl
InCl2
InCl3 | SnCl2
SnCl4 | SbCl3
SbCl5 | Te3Cl2
TeCl2
TeCl4 | ICl
ICl3 | XeCl
XeCl2
XeCl4
CsCl | BaCl2 | *  | LuCl3 | HfCl4 | TaCl3
TaCl4
TaCl5 | WCl2
WCl3
WCl4
WCl5
WCl6 | ReCl3
ReCl4
ReCl5
ReCl6 | OsCl2
OsCl3
OsCl4
OsCl5 | IrCl2
IrCl3
IrCl4 | PtCl2
PtCl4 | AuCl
(Au[AuCl4])2
AuCl3 | Hg2Cl2
HgCl2 | TlCl
TlCl3 | PbCl2
PbCl4 | BiCl3 | PoCl2
PoCl4 | AtCl | Rn
FrCl | RaCl2 | **  | LrCl3 | RfCl4 | DbCl5 | SgO2Cl2 | BhO3Cl | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og

*  | LaCl3 | CeCl3 | PrCl3 | NdCl2
NdCl3 | PmCl3 | SmCl2
SmCl3 | EuCl2
EuCl3 | GdCl3 | TbCl3 | DyCl2
DyCl3 | HoCl3 | ErCl3 | TmCl2
TmCl3 | YbCl2
YbCl3
**  | AcCl3 | ThCl4 | PaCl4
PaCl5 | UCl3
UCl4
UCl5
UCl6 | NpCl3 | PuCl3 | AmCl2
AmCl3 | CmCl3 | BkCl3 | CfCl3 | EsCl2
EsCl3 | FmCl2 | MdCl2 | NoCl2

* v
* t
* e

Mineral supplements (A12)

Major|

| Calcium#|

* β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
* acetate
* ascorbate
* carbonate
* chloride
* +cholecalciferol
* citrate
* folinate#
* glubionate
* glucoheptonate
* gluconate#
* glycerylphosphate
* lactate gluconate
* lactate
* malate
* pangamate
* phosphate
* sulfate
* hydroxyapatite

|

Magnesium|

* ascorbate
* aspartate
* carbonate
* chloride
* citrate
* gluconate
* glycinate
* lactate
* levulinate
* malate
* orotate
* oxide
* pidolate
* sulfate#
* taurate
* L-threonate

Phosphorus|

* adenosine triphosphate disodium
* hydroxyapatite
* monosodium phosphate

Potassium|

* ascorbate
* bicarbonate
* bitartrate
* carbonate
* chloride#
* citrate
* gluconate
* iodide#
* lactate
* malate
* permanganate#
* phosphate
* sulfate

Sodium|

* Docusate sodium#
* Glucose with sodium chloride#
* Heparin sodium#
* ascorbate
* calcium edetate#
* carbonate
* chloride#
* citrate
* gluconate
* hydrogen carbonate#
* lactate#
* malate
* nitrite#
* nitroprusside#
* phosphates
* stibogluconate#
* sulfate
* thiosulfate#
* Suramin sodium#
* Valproic acid#

Sulfur|

* barium sulfate#
* Calcium sulfate
* L-cysteine
* L-cystine
* L-glutathione
* Iron(II) sulfate#
* sulfate#
* L-methionine
* methylsulfonylmethane
* N-acetyl-L-cysteine
* R-α-lipoic acid
* potassium sulfate
* protamine sulfate#
* S-adenosyl methionine
* Sodium sulfate
* Sodium thiosulfate#
* taurine
* (IV) sulfate
* zinc sulfate#

Trace|

| Copper|

* gluconate

|

Iodine|

* potassium iodide#

Iron|

* (II) fumarate
* (II) sulfate#

Selenium|

* selenate
* selenite

Zinc|

* acetate
* L-aspartate
* L-carnosine
* gluconate
* oxide
* proteinate
* zinc sulfate#

Ultratrace|

| Chromium|

* (III) picolinate
* (III) chloride

|

Fluorine|

* fluoride#
* monofluorophosphate

Lithium|

* aspartate
* carbonate
* orotate

Vanadium|

* (IV) sulfate

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

* v
* t
* e

Molecules detected in outer space

Molecules|

| Diatomic|

* Aluminium monochloride
* Aluminium monofluoride
* Aluminium(II) oxide
* Argonium
* Carbon cation
* Carbon monophosphide
* Carbon monosulfide
* Carbon monoxide
* Cyano radical
* Diatomic carbon
* Fluoromethylidynium
* Helium hydride ion
* Hydrogen chloride
* Hydrogen fluoride
* Hydrogen (molecular)
* Hydroxyl radical
* Iron(II) oxide
* Magnesium monohydride
* Methylidyne radical
* Nitric oxide
* Nitrogen (molecular)
* Imidogen
* Sulfur mononitride
* Oxygen (molecular)
* Phosphorus monoxide
* Phosphorus mononitride
* Potassium chloride
* Silicon carbide
* Silicon monoxide
* Silicon monosulfide
* Sodium chloride
* Sodium iodide
* Sulfur monohydride
* Sulfur monoxide
* Titanium(II) oxide

|
|

Triatomic|

* Aluminium(I) hydroxide
* Aluminium isocyanide
* Amino radical
* Carbon dioxide
* Carbonyl sulfide
* CCP radical
* Chloronium
* Diazenylium
* Dicarbon monoxide
* Disilicon carbide
* Ethynyl radical
* Formyl radical
* Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
* Hydrogen isocyanide (HNC)
* Hydrogen sulfide
* Hydroperoxyl
* Iron cyanide
* Isoformyl
* Magnesium cyanide
* Magnesium isocyanide
* Methylene radical
* N2H+
* Nitrous oxide
* Nitroxyl
* Ozone
* Phosphaethyne
* Potassium cyanide
* Protonated molecular hydrogen
* Sodium cyanide
* Sodium hydroxide
* Silicon carbonitride
* c-Silicon dicarbide
* SiNC
* Sulfur dioxide
* Thioformyl
* Thioxoethenylidene
* Titanium dioxide
* Tricarbon
* Water

Four
atoms|

* Acetylene
* Ammonia
* Cyanic acid
* Cyanoethynyl
* Formaldehyde
* Fulminic acid
* HCCN
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Hydromagnesium isocyanide
* Isocyanic acid
* Isothiocyanic acid
* Ketenyl
* Methylene amidogen
* Methyl cation
* Methyl radical
* Propynylidyne
* Protonated carbon dioxide
* Protonated hydrogen cyanide
* Silicon tricarbide
* Thioformaldehyde
* Tricarbon monoxide
* Tricarbon monosulfide
* Thiocyanic acid

Five
atoms|

* Ammonium ion
* Butadiynyl
* Carbodiimide
* Cyanamide
* Cyanoacetylene
* Cyanoformaldehyde
* Cyanomethyl
* Cyclopropenylidene
* Formic acid
* Isocyanoacetylene
* Ketene
* Methane
* Methoxy radical
* Methylenimine
* Propadienylidene
* Protonated formaldehyde
* Silane
* Silicon-carbide cluster

Six
atoms|

* Acetonitrile
* Cyanobutadiynyl radical
* E-Cyanomethanimine
* Cyclopropenone
* Diacetylene
* Ethylene
* Formamide
* HC4N
* Ketenimine
* Methanethiol
* Methanol
* Methyl isocyanide
* Pentynylidyne
* Propynal
* Protonated cyanoacetylene

Seven
atoms|

* Acetaldehyde
* Acrylonitrile
* Vinyl cyanide
* Cyanodiacetylene
* Ethylene oxide
* Glycolonitrile
* Hexatriynyl radical
* Methylacetylene
* Methylamine
* Methyl isocyanate
* Vinyl alcohol

Eight
atoms|

* Acetic acid
* Aminoacetonitrile
* Cyanoallene
* Ethanimine
* Glycolaldehyde
* Hexapentaenylidene
* Methylcyanoacetylene
* Methyl formate
* Propenal

Nine
atoms|

* Acetamide
* Cyanohexatriyne
* Cyanotriacetylene
* Dimethyl ether
* Ethanol
* Methyldiacetylene
* Octatetraynyl radical
* Propene
* Propionitrile

Ten
atoms
or more|

* Acetone
* Benzene
* Benzonitrile
* Buckminsterfullerene (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)
* C70 fullerene
* Cyanodecapentayne
* Cyanopentaacetylene
* Cyanotetra-acetylene
* Ethylene glycol
* Ethyl formate
* Methyl acetate
* Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
* Methyltriacetylene
* Propanal
* n-Propyl cyanide
* Pyrimidine
* Heptatrienyl radical

Deuterated
molecules|

* Ammonia
* Ammonium ion
* Formaldehyde
* Formyl radical
* Heavy water
* Hydrogen cyanide
* Hydrogen deuteride
* Hydrogen isocyanide
* Methylacetylene
* N2D+
* Trihydrogen cation

Unconfirmed|

* Anthracene
* Dihydroxyacetone
* Ethyl methyl ether
* Glycine
* Graphene
* Hemolithin (possibly 1st extraterrestrial protein found)
* H2NCO+
* Linear C5
* Naphthalene cation
* Phosphine
* Pyrene
* Silylidine

Related|

* Abiogenesis
* Astrobiology
* Astrochemistry
* Atomic and molecular astrophysics
* Chemical formula
* Circumstellar dust
* Circumstellar envelope
* Cosmic dust
* Cosmic ray
* Cosmochemistry
* Diffuse interstellar band
* Earliest known life forms
* Extraterrestrial life
* Extraterrestrial liquid water
* Forbidden mechanism
* Homochirality
* Intergalactic dust
* Interplanetary medium
* Interstellar medium
* Photodissociation region
* Iron–sulfur world theory
* Kerogen
* Molecules in stars
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Organic compound
* Outer space
* PAH world hypothesis
* Pseudo-panspermia
* Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
* RNA world hypothesis
* Spectroscopy
* Tholin

* Category:Astrochemistry
* Outer space portal
* Astronomy portal
* Chemistry portal

* v
* t
* e

Salt

History|

* History of salt
* In the American Civil War
* International Salt Co. v. United States
* In Middlewich
* Old Salt Route
* In Chinese history
* Salt March
* Salt road

Types|

* Abraum
* Alaea
* Alberger
* Asín tibuok
* Bittern
* Black lava
* Butter
* Calcium chloride
* Celery
* Curing
* Cyclic
* Dairy
* Flake
* Fleur de sel
* Garlic
* Himalayan
* Iodised
* Jugyeom
* Kala namak
* Korean brining
* Kosher
* Monosodium glutamate
* Moshio salt
* Pickling
* Potassium chloride
* Potassium nitrate
* River reed salt
* Sodium nitrate
* Onion
* Rock
* Salammoniac
* Salt substitute
* Sea salt
* Seasoned
* Sel gris
* Smoked
* Sodium chloride
* Truffle

Food usage|

* Brining
* Salting
* Brined cheese
* Salt-cured meat
* Salted fish
* Health effects
* Salt and cardiovascular disease

Commerce
and industry|

* Salt Industry Commission
* Evaporation pond
* Salt mining
* Salt well
* Sink works
* Open-pan salt making
* List of countries by salt production
* Salt tectonics

By region|

* In Cheshire
* In Ghana
* San Francisco Bay
* In Pakistan

Culture|

* Grain of salt
* Salt in the Bible
* Salting the earth

Miscellaneous|

* Mineral lick
* Road salt
* Smelling salts
* Water softening
* Ximenes Redoubt
* Tax

Category

Portal:

* Medicine

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* Israel
* United States

|

*[CID]: Compound ID
*[EPA]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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