Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

Middle Eastern Neolithic culture

"PPNA" redirects here. For the Lithuanian political party, see Dawn of Nemunas.

Pre-Pottery Neolithic AThe ruins of Göbekli Tepe, c. 9,000 BCE

Geographical range| Near East
Period| Pre-Pottery Neolithic
Dates| c. 10,000 – c. 8,800 BCE[1]
Type site| Jericho
Preceded by| Khiamian, Harifian
Followed by| Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, Neolithic Greece, Faiyum A culture

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to c. 12,000 – c. 10,800 years ago, that is, 10,000–8800 BCE.[1][2][3] Archaeological remains are located in the Levantine and Upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent.

The time period is characterized by tiny circular mud-brick dwellings, the cultivation of crops, the hunting of wild game, and unique burial customs in which bodies were buried below the floors of dwellings.[4]

The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and the following Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) were originally defined by Kathleen Kenyon in the type site of Jericho, State of Palestine. During this time, pottery was not yet in use. They precede the ceramic Neolithic Yarmukian culture. PPNA succeeds the Natufian culture of the Epipalaeolithic Near East.

## Settlements

[edit]

Evolution of temperatures in the Post-Glacial period according to Greenland ice cores. The Pre-Pottery Neolithic corresponds to the period of warming of the Holocene.[5] Calibrated Carbon 14 dates for Gesher, the earliest known Neolithic site as of 2013.[6] Reliefs of animals, Göbekli Tepe Layer III (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A), c. 9000 BCE.

PPNA archaeological sites are much larger than those of the preceding Natufian hunter-gatherer culture, and contain traces of communal structures, such as the famous Tower of Jericho. PPNA settlements are characterized by round, semi-subterranean houses with stone foundations and terrazzo-floors.[7] The upper walls were constructed of unbaked clay mudbricks with plano-convex cross-sections. The hearths were small and covered with cobbles. Heated rocks were used in cooking, which led to an accumulation of fire-cracked rock in the buildings, and almost every settlement contained storage bins made of either stones or mud-brick.

As of 2013, Gesher, modern Israel, became the earliest known of all known Neolithic sites (PPNA), with a calibrated Carbon 14 date of 10,459 BCE ± 348 years, analysis suggesting that it may have been the starting point of a Neolithic Revolution.[8] A contemporary site is Mureybet in modern Syria.[8]

One of the most notable PPNA settlements is Jericho, thought to be the world's first town (c. 9,000 BCE).[9] The PPNA town contained a population of up to 2–3000 people and was protected by a massive stone wall and tower. There is much debate over the function of the wall, for there is no evidence of any serious warfare at this time.[10] One possibility is the wall was built to protect the salt resources of Jericho.[11] It has also been proposed that the tower caught the shadow of the largest nearby mountain on summer solstice in order to create a sense of power in support of whatever hierarchy ruled the town's inhabitants.[12]

* The Tower of Jericho was built at the end of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, c. 8000 BCE.

* Ancestor Statue, Jericho, from c. 9000 years ago. Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem.

* The Urfa Man c. 9000 BCE.[13][14][15] Şanlıurfa Archaeology and Mosaic Museum.

* Human plastered head from the Levant during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic phases.

## Burial practices

[edit]

PPNA cultures are unique for their burial practices, and Kenyon (who excavated the PPNA level of Jericho) characterized them as "living with their dead". Kenyon found no fewer than 279 burials, below floors, under household foundations, and in between walls.[16] In the PPNB period, skulls were often dug up and reburied, or mottled with clay and (presumably) displayed.

## Lithics

[edit]

The lithic industry is based on blades struck from regular cores. Sickle-blades and arrowheads continue traditions from the late Natufian culture, transverse-blow axes and polished adzes appear for the first time.[17]

## Crop cultivation and granaries

[edit]

Further information: Origins of agriculture in West Asia

Map of the world showing approximate centers of the Neolithic Revolution and the spread of agriculture in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (c. 11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (c. 9,000 BP), the New Guinea Highlands (c. 9,000 – c. 6,000 BP), Central Mexico (c. 5,000 – c. 4,000 BP), Northern South America (c. 5,000 – c. 4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (c. 5,000 – c. 4,000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern North America (c. 4,000 – c. 3,000 BP).[18]

Sedentism of this time allowed for the cultivation of local grains, such as barley and wild oats, and for storage in granaries. Sites such as Dhra′ and Jericho retained a hunting lifestyle until the PPNB period, but granaries allowed for year-round occupation.[19]

This period of cultivation is considered "pre-domestication", but may have begun to develop plant species into the domesticated forms they are today. Deliberate, extended-period storage was made possible by the use of "suspended floors for air circulation and protection from rodents". This practice "precedes the emergence of domestication and large-scale sedentary communities by at least 1,000 years".[2]

Granaries are positioned in places between other buildings early on c. 11,500 BP, however, beginning around 10,500 BP, they were moved inside houses, and by 9,500 BP, storage occurred in special rooms.[2] This change might reflect changing systems of ownership and property as granaries shifted from communal use and ownership to become under the control of households or individuals.[2]

It has been observed of these granaries that their "sophisticated storage systems with subfloor ventilation are a precocious development that precedes the emergence of almost all of the other elements of the Near Eastern Neolithic package—domestication, large scale sedentary communities, and the entrenchment of some degree of social differentiation". Moreover, "building granaries may [...] have been the most important feature in increasing sedentism that required active community participation in new life-ways".[2]

## Regional variants

[edit]

Göbekli Tepe animal sculpture, c. 9000 BCE

With more sites becoming known, archaeologists have defined a number of regional variants of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A:

* (Aswadian) in the Damascus Basin, defined by finds from Tell Aswad IA; typical: bipolar cores, big sickle blades, Aswad points. The 'Aswadian' variant recently was abolished by the work of Danielle Stordeur in her initial report from further investigations in 2001–2006. The PPNB horizon was moved back at this site, to around 10,700 BP.[20]
* Mureybetian in the Northern Levant, defined by the finds from Mureybet IIIA, IIIB, typical: Helwan points, sickle-blades with base amenagée or short stem and terminal retouch.[21] Other sites include Sheyk Hasan and Jerf el Ahmar.
* Sites in "Upper Mesopotamia" include Çayönü and Göbekli Tepe, with the latter possibly being the oldest ritual complex yet discovered.[22]
* Sites in central Anatolia that include the 'mother city' Çatalhöyük and the smaller, but older site, rivaling even Jericho in age, Aşıklı Höyük.
* Sultanian in the Jordan River valley and southern Levant, with the type site of Jericho. Other sites include Netiv HaGdud, El-Khiam, Hatoula, and Nahal Oren.

## Relative chronology

[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Chronology of the Neolithic period

Pre-Pottery Neolithic   Pottery Neolithic

| BC | Europe | Egypt | Syria
Levant | Anatolia | Khabur | Sinjar Mountains
Assyria | Middle Tigris | Low
Mesopotamia | Iran
(Khuzistan)  | Iran | Indus/
India | China

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

11000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Early Pottery
(18,000 BC)
10000 |  |  | Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Gesher
Mureybet
(10,500 BC)  |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |
9000 | Jericho
Tell Abu Hureyra

8000 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Jericho
Tell Aswad | Göbekli Tepe
Çayönü
Aşıklı Höyük | Initial Neolithic
(Pottery)
Nanzhuangtou
(8500–8000 BC)
7000 | Egyptian Neolithic
Nabta Playa
(7500 BC)  | Çatalhöyük
(7500–5500)
Hacilar
(7000 BC)  | Tell Sabi Abyad
Bouqras | Jarmo | Ganj Dareh
Chia Jani
Ali Kosh | Mehrgarh I
6500 | Neolithic Europe
Franchthi
Sesklo
| Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
(Ain Ghazal)  | Pottery Neolithic
Tell Sabi Abyad
Bouqras | Pottery Neolithic
Jarmo | Chogha Bonut | Teppe Zagheh | Pottery Neolithic
Peiligang
(7000–5000 BC)
6000 | Pottery Neolithic
Sesklo
Dimini | Pottery Neolithic
Yarmukian
(Sha'ar HaGolan)  | Pottery Neolithic
Ubaid 0
(Tell el-'Oueili)  | Pottery Neolithic
Chogha Mish | Pottery Neolithic
Sang-i Chakmak | Pottery Neolithic
Lahuradewa

Mehrgarh II

Mehrgarh III
5600 | Faiyum A |
Amuq A  |
Halaf

Halaf-Ubaid | Umm Dabaghiya |
Samarra
(6000–4800 BC)  | Tepe Muhammad Djafar | Tepe Sialk
5200 | Linear Pottery culture
(5500–4500 BC)  |
Amuq B  | Hacilar

Mersin
24–22

Hassuna |
Ubaid 1
(Eridu 19–15)

Ubaid 2
(Hadji Muhammed)
(Eridu 14–12)  |
Susiana A  | Yarim Tepe
Hajji Firuz Tepe
4800 | Pottery Neolithic
Merimde

Amuq C  | Hacilar
Mersin
22–20  | Hassuna Late

Gawra 20  |
Tepe Sabz | Kul Tepe Jolfa
4500 |
Amuq D  | Gian Hasan
Mersin
19–17  | Ubaid 3  | Ubaid 3
(Gawra)
19–18  | Ubaid 3  | Khazineh
Susiana B

3800 | Badarian
Naqada | Ubaid 4
| Succeeded by: Historical Ancient Near East

## See also

[edit]

* History of pottery in the Southern Levant
* Meltwater pulse 1B

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Chazan, Michael (2017). World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time. Routledge. p. 197\. ISBN 978-1351802895.
2. ^ a b c d e Kuijt, I.; Finlayson, B. (June 2009). "Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (27): 10966–10970\. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610966K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812764106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2700141. PMID 19549877.
3. ^ Ozkaya, Vecihi (June 2009). "Körtik Tepe, a new Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site in south-eastern Anatolia". Antiquitey Journal, Volume 83, Issue 320.
4. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice: a global human history, 20,000–5,000 BC (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 63\. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7.
5. ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017). "Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia". Scientific Reports. 7: 40338. Bibcode:2017NatSR...740338P. doi:10.1038/srep40338. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5216412. PMID 28059138.
6. ^ Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014). "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): Appendix S1. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4012948. PMID 24806472.
7. ^ Fujii, Sumio (25 March 2024). "Settlement Pattern and Periodization of the Jordanian Badia Early PPNB: A Fresh Approach to the PPNA/PPNB Transition Issue in the Southern Levant". Paléorient. Revue pluridisciplinaire de préhistoire et de protohistoire de l'Asie du Sud-Ouest et de l'Asie centrale. 49–2 (49–2): 109–134\. doi:10.4000/paleorient.3582. ISSN 0153-9345.49–2&rft.pages=109-134&rft.date=2024-03-25&rft_id=info:doi/10.4000/paleorient.3582&rft.issn=0153-9345&rft.aulast=Fujii&rft.aufirst=Sumio&rft_id=https://journals.openedition.org/paleorient/3582&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pre-Pottery+Neolithic+A" class="Z3988">
8. ^ a b Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014). "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e95714. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4012948. PMID 24806472.
9. ^ Gates, Charles (2003). "Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities", Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Routledge. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-415-01895-1. "Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in the West Bank, inhabited from c. 9000 BC to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East."
10. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice : a global human history, 20,000–5,000 BC (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 59\. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7.
11. ^ "Jericho", Encyclopædia Britannica
12. ^ Liran, Roy; Barkai, Ran (March 2011). "Casting a shadow on Neolithic Jericho". Antiquitey Journal, Volume 85, Issue 327.
13. ^ Chacon, Richard J.; Mendoza, Rubén G. (2017). Feast, Famine or Fighting?: Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity. Springer. p. 120\. ISBN 978-3319484020.
14. ^ Schmidt, Klaus (2015). Premier temple. Göbekli tepe (Le): Göbelki Tepe (in French). CNRS Editions. p. 291\. ISBN 978-2271081872.
15. ^ Collins, Andrew (2014). Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The Temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden. Simon and Schuster. p. 66\. ISBN 978-1591438359.
16. ^ Mithen, Steven (2006). After the ice : a global human history, 20,000–5,000 BC (1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 60\. ISBN 978-0-674-01999-7.
17. ^ Dietrich, Laura; Götting-Martin, Eva; Hertzog, Jasmine; Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe; McGovern, Patrick E.; Hall, Gretchen R.; Petersen, W. Christian; Zarnkow, Martin; Hutzler, Mathias; Jacob, Fritz; Ullman, Christina; Notroff, Jens; Ulbrich, Marco; Flöter, Eckhard; Heeb, Julia (1 December 2020). "Investigating the function of Pre-Pottery Neolithic stone troughs from Göbekli Tepe – An integrated approach". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 34: 102618. Bibcode:2020JArSR..34j2618D. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102618. ISSN 2352-409X.
18. ^ Diamond, J.; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". Science. 300 (5619): 597–603\. Bibcode:2003Sci...300..597D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1013.4523. doi:10.1126/science.1078208. PMID 12714734. S2CID 13350469.
19. ^ Qu, Yating; Zhu, Junxiao; Yang, Han; Zhou, Longlong (17 May 2023). "Food, cooking and potteries in the Neolithic Mijiaya site, Guanzhong area, North China, revealed by multidisciplinary approach". Heritage Science. 11 (1): 107. doi:10.1186/s40494-023-00950-3. ISSN 2050-7445.
20. ^ Stordeur, Daneille. "La Néolithisation du Proche-Orient". Archéorient Laboratory - Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée \- Lyon (in French). CNRS - French National Centre for Scientific Research. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
21. ^ Young, Theodore Cuyler Jr; Smith, Philip E. L.; Mortensen, Peder (1983). The hilly flanks and beyond: essays on the prehistory of Southwestern Asia presented to Robert J. Braidwood, November l5, l982. Studies in ancient Oriental civilization (in French). Chicago (Ill.): Oriental institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 44–45\. ISBN 978-0-918986-37-5.
22. ^ Curry, Andrew (November 2008). "Göbekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2009. Directrice de la mission permanente El Kowm-Mureybet (Syrie) du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères – Recherches sur le Levant central/sud : Premiers résultats.

## Further reading

[edit]

* J. Cauvin, Naissance des divinités, Naissance de l’agriculture. La révolution des symboles au Néolithique (CNRS 1994). Translation (T. Watkins) The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture (Cambridge 2000).
* O. Bar-Yosef, The PPNA in the Levant – an overview. Paléorient 15/1, 1989, 57–63.

* v
* t
* e

Neolithic Southwest Asia

* Pre-Pottery Neolithic (10,500–7500 BP)
* Late Neolithic (8000–6100 BP)

Cultures|

| Pre-Pottery|

* Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC)
* Zagros Neolithic

|

Late|

* Amuq A-B
* Hassuna
* Jarmoan
* Khiamian
* Lodian (Jericho XI)
* Nizzanim
* Samarra
* Wadi Rabah
* Yarmukian

Sites|

| Pre-Pottery|

* Abu Hudhud
* ʿAin Ghazal
* Ba'ja
* Basta
* Bawwab al-Ghazal
* Beidha
* Beisamoun
* Boncuklu Höyük
* Boncuklu Tarla
* Bouqras
* Çayönü
* Chia Jani
* Chia Sabz
* Dhuweila
* Dja'de el Mughara
* Ganj Dareh
* Gilgal I
* Göbekli Tepe
* Iraq ed-Dubb
* Jarmo
* Jerf el Ahmar
* Karahan Tepe
* Tell 'Abr 3
* Tell Abu Hureyra
* Tell es-Sultan (Jericho)
* Tell Qaramel
* Tell Qarassa North
* Tayibe
* Tepe Abdul Hosein
* Tepe Asiab
* M'lefaat
* Mureybet
* Nahal Hemar Cave
* Nemrik 9
* Netiv HaGdud
* Nevalı Çori
* Nachcharini
* Qermez Dere
* Sabra 1
* Sheikh e-Abad
* Shkarat Msaeid
* Shubayqa 6
* Wadi Faynan 16
* Wadi Shuʿeib
* Yiftahel
* Zumlat Arus

|

Late|

* Abu Hamid
* Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi
* Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi
* Ayn Jammam
* Ayn Rahub
* Bestansur
* Byblos
* Dhuweila
* El-Hemmeh
* Ghuwayr 1
* Ginnig
* Hallan Çemi
* Hibabiya
* Ibn el Ghazi
* Jabal Na'ja
* Jabal Quweisa
* Jebel Abu Thawwab
* Jebel Qurma
* Jebel Subhi
* Kfar HaHoresh
* Khabrat Abu Hussein
* Khallat Anaza
* Kharaysin
* Kaukaba
* Khirbet Hammam
* Khirbet al-Dharih
* Matarrah
* Mugharat al-Jawa
* Munhata
* Muraybet
* Mushash 163
* Sayyeh
* Sha'ar HaGolan
* Tabaqat al-Bûma
* Tell Abu Suwwan
* Tell Ghoraifé
* Tell Hassuna
* Tell Shemshara
* Tell es-Sawwan
* Teleilat el Ghassul
* Umm Dabaghiyah
* Wadi Jilat 7
* Wadi Shuʿeib
* Zumlat Arus

Concepts|

* Neolithic Revolution
* Origins of agriculture
* Founder crops
* Neolithic demographic transition
* Neolithic decline
* Vavilov centre

* v
* t
* e

Prehistoric Asia

Paleolithic|

* Dmanisi hominins
* Japanese Paleolithic
* Java Man
* List of Paleolithic sites in China
* Natufian culture
* Paleolithic Mesopotamia
* Peking Man
* Riwat
* Sangiran
* Soanian
* Solo Man
* South Asian Stone Age
* Ubeidiya
* Xiaochangliang

Neolithic|

* Near East
* Fertile Crescent
* Early Neolithic settlements
* Khiamian culture
* Trialetian culture
* Nemrikian culture
* Zarzian culture
* Neolithic China
* Neolithic Tibet
* Neolithic Korea
* Neolithic Revolution
* Neolithic South Asia
* Ohalo
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (Mesopotamia)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (Mesopotamia)

Chalcolithic|

* Daimabad
* Halaf culture
* Uruk period

Bronze Age|

* Andronovo culture
* Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
* Bronze Age Anatolia
* Bronze Age Caucasus
* Bronze Age China
* Bronze Age India
* Bronze Age Korea
* Bronze Age Levant
* List of Bronze Age sites in China
* Seima-Turbino phenomenon

* Archaeological periods
* Time periods

* v
* t
* e

Prehistoric technology

* Prehistory
* Timeline
* Outline
* Stone Age
* Subdivisions
* New Stone Age
* Technology
* history
* Glossary

Tools

| Farming|

* Neolithic Revolution
* Founder crops
* New World crops
* Ard / plough
* Celt
* Digging stick
* Domestication
* Goad
* Irrigation
* Secondary products
* Sickle
* Terracing

|

Food processing
(Paleolithic diet)|

* Fire
* Basket
* Cooking
* Earth oven
* Granaries
* Grinding slab
* Ground stone
* Hearth
* Aşıklı Höyük
* Qesem cave
* Manos
* Metate
* Mortar and pestle
* Pottery
* Quern-stone
* Storage pits

Hunting|

* Arrow
* Boomerang
* throwing stick
* Bow and arrow
* history
* Nets
* Spear
* spear-thrower
* baton
* harpoon
* Schöningen
* woomera

Projectile points|

* Arrowhead
* Transverse
* Bare Island
* Cascade
* Clovis
* Cresswell
* Cumberland
* Eden
* Folsom
* Lamoka
* Manis Mastodon
* Plano

Systems|

* Game drive system
* Buffalo jump

Toolmaking|

* Earliest toolmaking
* Oldowan
* Acheulean
* Mousterian
* Aurignacian
* Clovis culture
* Cupstone
* Fire hardening
* Gravettian culture
* Hafting
* Hand axe
* Grooves
* Langdale axe industry
* Levallois technique
* Lithic core
* Lithic reduction
* analysis
* debitage
* flake
* Lithic technology
* Magdalenian culture
* Metallurgy
* Microblade technology
* Mining
* Prepared-core technique
* Solutrean industry
* Striking platform
* Tool stone
* Uniface
* Yubetsu technique

Other tools|

* Adze
* Awl
* bone
* Axe
* Bannerstone
* Blade
* prismatic
* Bone tool
* Bow drill
* Burin
* Canoe
* Oar
* Pesse canoe
* Chopper
* tool
* Cleaver
* Denticulate tool
* Fire plough
* Fire-saw
* Hammerstone
* Knife
* Microlith
* Quern-stone
* Racloir
* Rope
* Scraper
* side
* Stone tool
* Tally stick
* Weapons
* Wheel
* illustration

Architecture

| Ceremonial|

* Kiva
* Pyramid
* Standing stones
* megalith
* row
* Stonehenge

|

Dwellings|

* Neolithic architecture
* long house
* British megalith architecture
* Nordic megalith architecture
* Burdei
* Cave
* Cliff dwelling
* Dugout
* Hut
* Quiggly hole
* Jacal
* Longhouse
* Mudbrick
* Mehrgarh
* Pit-house
* Pueblitos
* Pueblo
* Rock shelter
* Blombos Cave
* Abri de la Madeleine
* Sibudu Cave
* Roundhouse
* Stilt house
* Alp pile dwellings
* Stone roof
* Wattle and daub

Water management|

* Check dam
* Cistern
* Flush toilet
* Reservoir
* Well

Other architecture|

* Archaeological features
* Broch
* Burnt mound
* fulacht fiadh
* Causewayed enclosure
* Tor enclosure
* Circular enclosure
* Goseck
* Cursus
* Henge
* Thornborough
* Megalithic architectural elements
* Midden
* Oldest extant buildings
* Timber circle
* Timber trackway
* Sweet Track

Arts and culture

| Material goods|

* Baskets
* Beadwork
* Beds
* Chalcolithic
* Clothing/textiles
* timeline
* Cosmetics
* Glue
* Hides
* shoes
* Ötzi
* Jewelry
* amber use
* Mirrors
* Pottery
* Cardium
* Cord-marked
* Grooved ware
* Jōmon
* Linear
* Unstan ware
* Sewing needle
* Weaving
* Wine
* winery
* wine press

|

Prehistoric art|

* Art of the Upper Paleolithic
* Art of the Middle Paleolithic
* Blombos Cave
* List of Stone Age art
* Bird stone
* Cairn
* Carved stone balls
* Cave paintings
* Cup and ring mark
* Geoglyph
* Hill figure
* Golden hats
* Guardian stones
* Gwion Gwion rock paintings
* painting
* pigment
* Megalithic art
* Petroform
* Petroglyph
* Petrosomatoglyph
* Pictogram
* Rock art
* Rock cupule
* Stone carving
* Sculpture
* Statue menhir
* Stone circle
* list
* British Isles and Brittany
* Venus figurine

Prehistoric music|

* Evolutionary musicology
* music archaeology
* Alligator drum
* Paleolithic flute
* Divje Babe flute
* Gudi

Prehistoric religion|

* Evolutionary origin of religion
* Paleolithic religion
* Spiritual drug use

Burial|

* Burial mounds
* Bowl barrow
* Round barrow
* Mound Builders culture
* U.S. sites
* Chamber tomb
* Cotswold-Severn
* Cist
* Dartmoor kistvaens
* Clava cairn
* Court cairn
* Cremation
* Dolmen
* Great dolmen
* Funeral pyre
* Gallery grave
* transepted
* wedge-shaped
* Grave goods
* Jar burial
* Long barrow
* unchambered
* Grønsalen
* Megalithic tomb
* Mummy
* Passage grave
* Rectangular dolmen
* Ring cairn
* Simple dolmen
* Stone box grave
* Tor cairn
* Unchambered long cairn

Other cultural|

* Archaeoastronomy
* sites
* lunar calendar
* Behavioral modernity
* Origin of language
* Prehistoric counting
* Prehistoric medicine
* trepanning
* Prehistoric warfare
* Symbols
* symbolism

*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template