Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Neolithic culture in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant c. 8800–6500 BC

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Area of the Fertile Crescent, c. 7500 BC, with main Pre-Pottery Neolithic sites. The area of Mesopotamia proper was not fully settled by humans.

Geographical range| Fertile Crescent
Period| Pre-Pottery Neolithic
Dates| c. 10,800–8,500 BP
c. 8800–6500 BC[1]
Type site| Jericho, Byblos
Preceded by| Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Followed by|

* Pottery Neolithic
* Halaf culture
* Hassuna culture
* Neolithic Greece
* Savanna Pastoral Neolithic
* Khirokitia
* Faiyum A culture

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to c. 10,800 – c. 8,500 years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC.[1] It was typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in the West Bank.

Like the earlier PPNA people, the PPNB culture developed from the Mesolithic Natufian culture. However, it shows evidence of a northerly origin, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia.

## Lifestyle[edit]

Head of statue, Jericho, from c. 9000 years ago. Displayed at the Rockefeller Archeological Museum in Jerusalem.

Cultural tendencies of this period differ from that of the earlier Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) period in that people living during this period began to depend more heavily upon domesticated animals to supplement their earlier mixed agrarian and hunter-gatherer diet. In addition, the flint tool kit of the period is new and quite disparate from that of the earlier period. One of its major elements is the naviform core. This is the first period in which architectural styles of the southern Levant became primarily rectilinear; earlier typical dwellings were circular, elliptical and occasionally even octagonal. Pyrotechnology, the expanding capability to control fire, was highly developed in this period. During this period, one of the main features of houses is a thick layer of white clay plaster flooring, highly polished and made of lime produced from limestone.

Plastered skulls in situ at Yiftahel

It is believed that the use of clay plaster for floor and wall coverings during PPNB led to the discovery of pottery.[2] The earliest proto-pottery was White Ware vessels, made from lime and gray ash, built up around baskets before firing, for several centuries around 7000 BC at sites such as Tell Neba'a Faour (Beqaa Valley).[3] Sites from this period found in the Levant utilizing rectangular floor plans and plastered floor techniques were found at Ain Ghazal, Yiftahel (western Galilee), and Abu Hureyra (Upper Euphrates).[2] The period is dated to between c. 10,700 and c. 8,000 BP or 7000–6000 BC.

Plastered human skulls were reconstructed human skulls that were made in the ancient Levant between 9000 and 6000 BC in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. They represent some of the oldest forms of art in the Middle East and demonstrate that the prehistoric population took great care in burying their ancestors below their homes. The skulls denote some of the earliest sculptural examples of portraiture in the history of art.[4]

## Society[edit]

Jericho

Tell Aswad

Neba'a Faour

'Ain Ghazal

Yiftahel

Tell Abu Hureyra

Tell Ramad

Tell Ghoraifé

Tell Judaidah

Tell Tayinat

Alalakh

class=notpageimage|

Clickable map of the modern-day eastern Mediterranean showing important sites that were occupied in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Reconstitution of housing in Aşıklı Höyük, modern Turkey

Danielle Stordeur's recent work at Tell Aswad, a large agricultural village between Mount Hermon and Damascus could not validate Henri de Contenson's earlier suggestion of a PPNA Aswadian culture. Instead, they found evidence of a fully established PPNB culture at 8700 BC at Aswad, pushing back the period's generally accepted start date by 1,200 years. Similar sites to Tell Aswad in the Damascus Basin of the same age were found at Tell Ramad and Tell Ghoraifé. How a PPNB culture could spring up in this location, practicing domesticated farming from 8700 BC has been the subject of speculation. Whether it created its own culture or imported traditions from the North East or Southern Levant has been considered an important question for a site that poses a problem for the scientific community.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

## Extent[edit]

Work at the site of 'Ain Ghazal in Jordan has indicated a later Pre-Pottery Neolithic C period, which existed between 8,200 and 7,900 BP. Juris Zarins has proposed that a Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex developed in the period from the climatic crisis of 6200 BC, partly as a result of an increasing emphasis in PPNB cultures upon animal domesticates, and a fusion with Harifian hunter gatherers in Southern Palestine, with affiliate connections with the cultures of Fayyum and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Cultures practicing this lifestyle spread down the Red Sea shoreline and moved east from Syria into southern Iraq.[13]

The culture disappeared during the 8.2 kiloyear event, a term that climatologists have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries. In the following Munhatta and Yarmukian post-pottery Neolithic cultures that succeeded it, rapid cultural development continues, although PPNB culture continued in the Amuq valley, where it influenced the later development of the Ghassulian culture.

* ʿAin Ghazal statues: closeup of one of the bicephalous statues, c. 6500 BC.

* Ain Ghazal statue on show in the Musée du Louvre, Paris.

* Louvre Ain Ghazal statue, frontal

## Artifacts[edit]

Around 8000 BC, before the invention of pottery, several early settlements became experts in crafting beautiful and highly sophisticated containers from stone, using materials such as alabaster or granite, and employing sand to shape and polish. Artisans used the veins in the material to maximum visual effect. Such objects have been found in abundance on the upper Euphrates river, in what is today eastern Syria, especially at the site of Bouqras.[14] These form the early stages of the development of the Art of Mesopotamia.

* Jar in calcite alabaster, Syria, late 8th millennium BC.

* Footed bowl in granite, Syria, end of 8th millennium BC.

* Green aragonite tripod vase Mid-Euphrates 6000 BC Louvre Museum AO 28386

* Calcite tripod vase, mid-Euphrates, probably from Tell Buqras, 6000 BC, Louvre Museum AO 31551

* Alabaster pot with handles, Buqras region, 6500 BC Louvre Museum AO 28519

* Alabaster pot Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum

* Alabaster pot, Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum

* Bead with human form. 8th millennium BC.

## Genetics[edit]

Further information: Genetic history of the Middle East

Yarmukian figurines, Yarmukian culture (5500–5000 BC), Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Female statuette, 8th millennium BC, Syria

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA were found to carry the Y-DNA (paternal) haplogroups E1b1b (2/7; ~29%), CT (2/7; ~29%), E(xE2,E1a,E1b1a1a1c2c3b1,E1b1b1b1a1,E1b1b1b2b) (1/7; ~14%), T(xT1a1,T1a2a) (1/7; ~14%), and H2 (1/7; ~14%). The CT clade was also observed in a Pre-Pottery Neolithic C specimen (1/1; 100%).[15] Maternally, the rare basal haplogroup N* has been found among skeletal remains belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B,[16] as have the mtDNA clades L3[16] and K.[17]

DNA analysis has also confirmed ancestral ties between the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture bearers and the makers of the Epipaleolithic Iberomaurusian culture of North Africa,[18] the Mesolithic Natufian culture of the Levant, the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic culture of East Africa,[19] the Early Neolithic Cardium culture of Morocco,[20] and the Ancient Egyptian culture of the Nile Valley,[21] with fossils associated with these early cultures all sharing a common genomic component.[20]

## Diffusion[edit]

### Carbon-14 dating[edit]

Map of the spread of Neolithic farming cultures from the Near-East to Europe, with dates in year BC

The spread of the Neolithic in Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of 14C age determinations for early Neolithic sites had become available.[22] Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East (Jericho), thus demonstrating that, on average, the Neolithic spread at a constant speed of about 1 km/yr.[22] More recent studies confirm these results and yield the speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr at 95% confidence level.[22]

### Analysis of mitochondrial DNA[edit]

Since the original human expansions out of Africa 200,000 years ago, different prehistoric and historic migration events have taken place in Europe.[23] Considering that the movement of the people implies a consequent movement of their genes, it is possible to estimate the impact of these migrations through the genetic analysis of human populations.[23] Agricultural and husbandry practices originated 10,000 years ago in a region of the Near East known as the Fertile Crescent.[23] According to the archaeological record this phenomenon, known as "Neolithic", rapidly expanded from these territories into Europe.[23] However, whether this diffusion was accompanied or not by human migrations is greatly debated.[23] Mitochondrial DNA – a type of maternally inherited DNA located in the cell cytoplasm- was recovered from the remains of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) farmers in the Near East and then compared to available data from other Neolithic populations in Europe and also to modern populations from South Eastern Europe and the Near East.[23] The obtained results show that substantial human migrations were involved in the Neolithic spread and suggest that the first Neolithic farmers entered Europe following a maritime route through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands.[23]

* Modern distribution of the haplotypes of PPNB farmers

* Genetic distance between PPNB farmers and modern populations

## Relative chronology[edit]

* v
* t
* e

Chronology of the Neolithic period

Pre-Pottery Neolithic Pottery Neolithic

| BC | Europe | Egypt | Syria
Levant | Anatolia | Khabur | Sinjar Mountains
Assyria | Middle Tigris | Low
Mesopotamia | Iran
(Khuzistan)  | Iran | Indus/
India | China

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

11000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Early Pottery
(18,000 BC)
10000 |  |  | Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Gesher
Mureybet
(10,500 BC)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
9000 | Jericho
Tell Abu Hureyra

8000 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Jericho
Tell Aswad | Göbekli Tepe
Çayönü
Aşıklı Höyük | Initial Neolithic
(Pottery)
Nanzhuangtou
(8500–8000 BC)
7000 | Egyptian Neolithic
Nabta Playa
(7500 BC)  | Çatalhöyük
(7500–5500)
Hacilar
(7000 BC)  | Tell Sabi Abyad
Bouqras | Jarmo | Ganj Dareh
Chia Jani
Ali Kosh | Mehrgarh I
6500 | Neolithic Europe
Franchthi
Sesklo
| Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
('Ain Ghazal)  | Pottery Neolithic
Tell Sabi Abyad
Bouqras | Pottery Neolithic
Jarmo | Chogha Bonut | Teppe Zagheh | Pottery Neolithic
Peiligang
(7000–5000 BC)
6000 | Pottery Neolithic
Sesklo
Dimini | Pottery Neolithic
Yarmukian
(Sha'ar HaGolan)  | Pottery Neolithic
Ubaid 0
(Tell el-'Oueili)  | Pottery Neolithic
Chogha Mish | Pottery Neolithic
Sang-i Chakmak | Pottery Neolithic
Lahuradewa

Mehrgarh II

Mehrgarh III
5600 | Faiyum A |
Amuq A  |
Halaf

Halaf-Ubaid | Umm Dabaghiya |
Samarra
(6000–4800 BC)  | Tepe Muhammad Djafar | Tepe Sialk
5200 | Linear Pottery culture
(5500–4500 BC)  |
Amuq B  | Hacilar

Mersin
24–22

Hassuna |
Ubaid 1
(Eridu 19–15)

Ubaid 2
(Hadji Muhammed)
(Eridu 14–12)  |
Susiana A  | Yarim Tepe
Hajji Firuz Tepe
4800 | Pottery Neolithic
Merimde

Amuq C  | Hacilar
Mersin
22–20  | Hassuna Late

Gawra 20  |
Tepe Sabz | Kul Tepe Jolfa
4500 |
Amuq D  | Gian Hasan
Mersin
19–17  | Ubaid 3  | Ubaid 3
(Gawra)
19–18  | Ubaid 3  | Khazineh
Susiana B

3800 | Badarian
Naqada | Ubaid 4
| Succeeded by: Historical Ancient Near East

## See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pre-Pottery Neolithic B.

The Neolithic

↑ Mesolithic

Neolithic cultures

Fertile Crescent

Heavy Neolithic
Shepherd Neolithic
Trihedral Neolithic
Pre-Pottery (A, B)
Qaraoun culture
Tahunian culture
Yarmukian culture
Halaf culture
Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
Ubaid culture
Nile valley

Faiyum A culture
Tasian culture
Merimde culture
El Omari culture
Maadi culture
Badarian culture
Amratian culture
Europe

Arzachena culture
Boian culture
Butmir culture
Cardium pottery culture
Cernavodă culture
Coțofeni culture
Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
Danilo culture
Dudești culture
Gorneşti culture
Gumelnița–Karanovo culture
Hamangia culture
Kakanj culture
Khirokitia
Linear Pottery culture
Malta Temples
Ozieri culture
Petreşti culture
San Ciriaco culture
Shulaveri–Shomu culture
Sesklo culture
Sopot culture
Tisza culture
Tiszapolgár culture
Usatovo culture
Varna culture
Vinča culture
Vučedol culture
Neolithic Transylvania
Neolithic Southeastern Europe
China

Peiligang culture
Pengtoushan culture
Beixin culture
Cishan culture
Dadiwan culture
Houli culture
Xinglongwa culture
Xinle culture
Zhaobaogou culture
Hemudu culture
Daxi culture
Majiabang culture
Yangshao culture
Hongshan culture
Dawenkou culture
Songze culture
Liangzhu culture
Majiayao culture
Qujialing culture
Longshan culture
Baodun culture
Shijiahe culture
Yueshi culture
Neolithic Tibet
South Asia

Lahuradewa
Mehrgarh
Marine archaeology
in the Gulf of Cambay
Bhirrana
Rakhigarhi
Kalibangan
Chopani Mando
Jhukar
Daimabad
Chirand
Koldihwa
Burzahom
Mundigak
Brahmagiri
Other locations

Khiamian culture
Jeulmun pottery period
Jōmon period
Philippine jade culture
Capsian culture
Savanna Pastoral Neolithic

Neolithic topics

* farming
* animal husbandry
* pottery
* metallurgy
* wheel
* circular ditches
* henges
* megaliths
* Neolithic religion
* Neolithic decline

↓ Chalcolithic

* v
* t
* e

* Holocene climatic optimum
* Levantine archaeology#Ceramics analysis
* Prehistory of the Levant
* Upper Mesopotamia#Prehistory

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Chazan, Michael (2017). World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time. Routledge. p. 197\. ISBN 978-1-351-80289-5.
2. ^ a b Amihai Mazar (1992). Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000 – 586 BC, Doubleday: New York, p. 45.
3. ^ Chris Scarre. Timeline of the Ancient World, p. 77.
4. ^ Kleiner, Fred S. (2012). Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition. Cengage Learning. p. 42\. ISBN 978-0-8400-3054-2.
5. ^ Helmer D.; Gourichon L., Premières données sur les modalités de subsistance dans les niveaux récents de Tell Aswad (Damascène, Syrie) – fouilles 2001-2005., 2008.
6. ^ Vila, E.; Gourichon, L.; Buitenhuis, H.; et al., eds. (2008). "49". Archaeozoology of the Southwest Asia and Adjacent Areas VIII. Actes du 8e colloque de l'ASWA. Vol. 1\. Lyon: Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient. pp. 119–151.
7. ^ Helmer D. et Gourichon L., Premières données sur les modalités de subsistances dans les niveaux récents (PPNB moyen à Néolithique à Poterie) de Tell Aswad en Damascène (Syrie), Fouilles 2001–2005, in Vila E. et Gourichon L. (eds), ASWA Lyon June 2006., 2007.
8. ^ Stordeur D. Tell Aswad. Résultats préliminaires des campagnes 2001 et 2002. Neo Lithics 1/03, 7-15, 2003.
9. ^ Stordeur D. Des crânes surmodelés à Tell Aswad de Damascène. (PPNB – Syrie). Paléorient, CNRS Editions, 29/2, 109-116., 2003.
10. ^ Stordeur D.; Jammous B.; Khawam R.; Morero E. L'aire funéraire de Tell Aswad (PPNB). In HUOT J.-L. et STORDEUR D. (Eds) Hommage à H. de Contenson. Syria, n° spécial, 83, 39-62., 2006.
11. ^ Stordeur D., Khawam R. Les crânes surmodelés de Tell Aswad (PPNB, Syrie). Premier regard sur l’ensemble, premières réflexions. Syria, 84, 5-32., 2007.
12. ^ Stordeur D., Khawam R. Une place pour les morts dans les maisons de Tell Aswad (Syrie). (Horizon PPNB ancien et PPNB moyen). Workshop Houses for the living and a place for the dead, Hommage à J. Cauvin. Madrid, 5ICAANE., 2008.
13. ^ Zarins, Juris (1992) "Pastoral Nomadism in Arabia: Ethnoarchaeology and the Archaeological Record," in O. Bar-Yosef and A. Khazanov, eds. "Pastoralism in the Levant"
14. ^ "Metropolitan Museum of Art". metmuseum.org.
15. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (17 June 2016). "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers". bioRxiv 10.1101/059311. – Table S6.1 – Y-chromosome haplogroups
16. ^ a b Fernández, Eva; et al. (2014). "Ancient DNA analysis of 8000 BC near eastern farmers supports an early neolithic pioneer maritime colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401. PMC 4046922. PMID 24901650.
17. ^ Fernández Domínguez, Eva (16 December 2005). Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea. Universitat de Barcelona. ISBN 9788468964799. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
18. ^ van de Loosdrecht; et al. (15 March 2018). "Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 360 (6388): 548–552. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..548V. doi:10.1126/science.aar8380. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29545507.
19. ^ Skoglund; et al. (21 September 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049. PMC 5679310. PMID 28938123.
20. ^ a b Fregel; et al. (2018). "Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (26): 6774–6779. bioRxiv 10.1101/191569. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800851115. PMC 6042094. PMID 29895688. S2CID 214727201.
21. ^ Schuenemann, Verena J.; et al. (2017). "Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods". Nature Communications. 8: 15694. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815694S. doi:10.1038/ncomms15694. PMC 5459999. PMID 28556824.
22. ^ a b c Original text from Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (2014). "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e95714. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714. PMC 4012948. PMID 24806472. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
23. ^ a b c d e f g Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Turbón, Daniel; Arroyo-Pardo, Eduardo (5 June 2014). "Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4046922. PMID 24901650.

## External links[edit]

Media related to Pre-Pottery Neolithic B at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Neolithic Southwest Asia

* Pre-Pottery Neolithic (10,500–7500 BP)
* Late Neolithic (8000–6100 BP)

Cultures|

| Pre-Pottery|

* Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC)
* Zagros Neolithic

|

Late|

* Amuq A-B
* Hassuna
* Jarmoan
* Lodian (Jericho XI)
* Nizzanim
* Samarra
* Wadi Rabah
* Yarmukian

Sites|

| Pre-Pottery|

* Abu Hudhud
* ʿAin Ghazal
* Ba'ja
* Basta
* Bawwab al-Ghazal
* Beidha
* Beisamoun
* Boncuklu Höyük
* Boncuklu Tarla
* Bouqras
* Çayönü
* Chia Jani
* Chia Sabz
* Dhuweila
* Dja'de el Mughara
* Ganj Dareh
* Gilgal I
* Göbekli Tepe
* Iraq ed-Dubb
* Jarmo
* Jerf el Ahmar
* Karahan Tepe
* Tell 'Abr 3
* Tell Abu Hureyra
* Tell es-Sultan (Jericho)
* Tell Qaramel
* Tell Qarassa North
* Tayibe
* Tepe Abdul Hosein
* Tepe Asiab
* M'lefaat
* Mureybet
* Nahal Hemar Cave
* Nemrik 9
* Netiv HaGdud
* Nevalı Çori
* Nachcharini
* Qermez Dere
* Sabra 1
* Sheikh e-Abad
* Shkarat Msaeid
* Shubayqa 6
* Wadi Faynan 16
* Wadi Shuʿeib
* Yiftahel
* Zumlat Arus

|

Late|

* Abu Hamid
* Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi
* Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi
* Ayn Jammam
* Ayn Rahub
* Bestansur
* Byblos
* Dhuweila
* El-Hemmeh
* Ghuwayr 1
* Ginnig
* Hallan Çemi
* Hibabiya
* Ibn el Ghazi
* Jabal Na'ja
* Jabal Quweisa
* Jebel Abu Thawwab
* Jebel Qurma
* Jebel Subhi
* Kfar HaHoresh
* Khabrat Abu Hussein
* Khallat Anaza
* Kharaysin
* Kaukaba
* Khirbet Hammam
* Khirbet al-Dharih
* Matarrah
* Mugharat al-Jawa
* Munhata
* Muraybet
* Mushash 163
* Sayyeh
* Sha'ar HaGolan
* Tabaqat al-Bûma
* Tell Abu Suwwan
* Tell Ghoraifé
* Tell Hassuna
* Tell Shemshara
* Tell es-Sawwan
* Teleilat el Ghassul
* Umm Dabaghiyah
* Wadi Jilat 7
* Wadi Shuʿeib
* Zumlat Arus

Concepts|

* Neolithic Revolution
* Founder crops
* Neolithic demographic transition
* Neolithic decline
* Neolithic package
* Vavilov centre

* v
* t
* e

Prehistoric Asia

Paleolithic|

* Dmanisi hominins
* Japanese Paleolithic
* Java Man
* List of Paleolithic sites in China
* Natufian culture
* Paleolithic Mesopotamia
* Peking Man
* Riwat
* Sangiran
* Soanian
* Solo Man
* South Asian Stone Age
* Ubeidiya
* Xiaochangliang

Neolithic|

* Fertile Crescent
* Early Neolithic settlements
* Khiamian culture
* Trialetian culture
* Nemrikian culture
* Zarzian culture
* Neolithic China
* Neolithic Tibet
* Neolithic Korea
* Neolithic Revolution
* Neolithic South Asia
* Ohalo
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (Mesopotamia)
* Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (Mesopotamia)

Chalcolithic|

* Daimabad
* Halaf culture
* Uruk period

Bronze Age|

* Andronovo culture
* Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
* Bronze Age Anatolia
* Bronze Age Caucasus
* Bronze Age China
* Bronze Age India
* Bronze Age Korea
* Bronze Age Levant
* List of Bronze Age sites in China
* Seima-Turbino phenomenon

* Archaeological periods
* Time periods

* v
* t
* e

Prehistoric technology

* Prehistory
* Timeline
* Outline
* Stone Age
* Subdivisions
* New Stone Age
* Technology
* history
* Glossary

Tools

| Farming|

* Neolithic Revolution
* Founder crops
* New World crops
* Ard / plough
* Celt
* Digging stick
* Domestication
* Goad
* Irrigation
* Secondary products
* Sickle
* Terracing

|

Food processing|

* Fire
* Basket
* Cooking
* Earth oven
* Granaries
* Grinding slab
* Ground stone
* Hearth
* Aşıklı Höyük
* Qesem cave
* Manos
* Metate
* Mortar and pestle
* Pottery
* Quern-stone
* Storage pits

Hunting|

* Arrow
* Boomerang
* throwing stick
* Bow and arrow
* history
* Nets
* Spear
* spear-thrower
* baton
* harpoon
* woomera
* Schöningen spears

Projectile points|

* Arrowhead
* Bare Island
* Cascade
* Clovis
* Cresswell
* Cumberland
* Eden
* Folsom
* Lamoka
* Manis Mastodon
* Plano
* Transverse arrowhead

Systems|

* Game drive system
* Buffalo jump

Toolmaking|

* Earliest toolmaking
* Oldowan
* Acheulean
* Mousterian
* Aurignacian
* Clovis culture
* Cupstone
* Fire hardening
* Gravettian culture
* Hafting
* Hand axe
* Grooves
* Langdale axe industry
* Levallois technique
* Lithic core
* Lithic reduction
* analysis
* debitage
* flake
* Lithic technology
* Magdalenian culture
* Metallurgy
* Microblade technology
* Mining
* Prepared-core technique
* Solutrean industry
* Striking platform
* Tool stone
* Uniface
* Yubetsu technique

Other tools|

* Adze
* Awl
* bone
* Axe
* Bannerstone
* Blade
* prismatic
* Bone tool
* Bow drill
* Burin
* Canoe
* Oar
* Pesse canoe
* Chopper
* tool
* Cleaver
* Denticulate tool
* Fire plough
* Fire-saw
* Hammerstone
* Knife
* Microlith
* Quern-stone
* Racloir
* Rope
* Scraper
* side
* Stone tool
* Tally stick
* Weapons
* Wheel
* illustration

Architecture

| Ceremonial|

* Kiva
* Pyramid
* Standing stones
* megalith
* row
* Stonehenge

|

Dwellings|

* Neolithic architecture
* long house
* British megalith architecture
* Nordic megalith architecture
* Burdei
* Cave
* Cliff dwelling
* Dugout
* Hut
* Quiggly hole
* Jacal
* Longhouse
* Mudbrick
* Mehrgarh
* Pit-house
* Pueblitos
* Pueblo
* Rock shelter
* Blombos Cave
* Abri de la Madeleine
* Sibudu Cave
* Roundhouse
* Stilt house
* Alp pile dwellings
* Stone roof
* Wattle and daub

Water management|

* Check dam
* Cistern
* Flush toilet
* Reservoir
* Well

Other architecture|

* Archaeological features
* Broch
* Burnt mound
* fulacht fiadh
* Causewayed enclosure
* Tor enclosure
* Circular enclosure
* Goseck
* Cursus
* Henge
* Thornborough
* Megalithic architectural elements
* Midden
* Oldest surviving buildings
* Timber circle
* Timber trackway
* Sweet Track

Arts and culture

| Material goods|

* Baskets
* Beadwork
* Beds
* Chalcolithic
* Clothing/textiles
* timeline
* Cosmetics
* Glue
* Hides
* shoes
* Ötzi
* Jewelry
* amber use
* Mirrors
* Pottery
* Cardium
* Cord-marked
* Grooved ware
* Linear
* Jōmon
* Unstan ware
* Sewing needle
* Weaving
* Wine
* winery
* wine press

|

Prehistoric art|

* Art of the Upper Paleolithic
* Art of the Middle Paleolithic
* Blombos Cave
* List of Stone Age art
* Bird stone
* Cairn
* Carved stone balls
* Cave paintings
* Cup and ring mark
* Geoglyph
* Golden hats
* Guardian stones
* Gwion Gwion rock paintings
* painting
* pigment
* Megalithic art
* Petroform
* Petroglyph
* Petrosomatoglyph
* Pictogram
* Rock art
* Rock cupule
* Stone carving
* Sculpture
* Statue menhir
* Stone circle
* list
* British Isles and Brittany
* Venus figurine

Burial|

* Burial mounds
* Bowl barrow
* Round barrow
* Mound Builders culture
* U.S. sites
* Chamber tomb
* Cotswold-Severn
* Cist
* Dartmoor kistvaens
* Clava cairn
* Court tomb
* Cremation
* Dolmen
* Great dolmen
* Funeral pyre
* Gallery grave
* transepted
* wedge-shaped
* Grave goods
* Jar burial
* Long barrow
* unchambered
* Grønsalen
* Megalithic tomb
* Mummy
* Passage grave
* Rectangular dolmen
* Ring cairn
* Simple dolmen
* Stone box grave
* Tor cairn
* Unchambered long cairn

Other cultural|

* Archaeoastronomy
* sites
* lunar calendar
* Behavioral modernity
* Evolutionary musicology
* music archaeology
* Evolutionary origin of religions
* Paleolithic religion
* Prehistoric religion
* Spiritual drug use
* Origin of language
* Prehistoric counting
* Prehistoric medicine
* trepanning
* Prehistoric music
* Alligator drum
* flutes
* Divje Babe flute
* gudi
* Prehistoric warfare
* Symbols
* symbolism

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