President of the Philippines

Head of state and government of the Philippines

For the list, see List of presidents of the Philippines.

President of the Philippines

Pangulo ng Pilipinas

Presidential seal

Presidential standard

Incumbent
Bongbong Marcos

since June 30, 2022

Government of the Philippines
Office of the President
Style|

* Mr. President
(informal)
* The Honorable
(formal)
* His Excellency
(diplomatic)

Type| Head of state
Head of government
Commander-in-chief
Member of| Cabinet
National Security Council
Residence| Malacañang Palace
Seat| San Miguel, Manila, Philippines
Appointer| Direct popular vote or by succession from vice presidency
Term length| Six years,
non renewable
Constituting instrument| Constitution of the Philippines (1987)
Precursor| Governor-General
Prime Minister[a]
Inaugural holder| Emilio Aguinaldo
(official)[b]
Manuel L. Quezon
(official)[c]
Formation| 23 January 1899; 126 years ago (1899-01-23)
(Republic; official)[1][b]
15 November 1935; 89 years ago (1935-11-15)
(Commonwealth; official)[2][c]
First holder| Emilio Aguinaldo
Salary| ₱411,382/US$ 7,409 per month[d][3][4][5][6]
Website| president.gov.ph (former website)
op-proper.gov.ph
pbbm.com.ph

Politics of the Philippines

Government

* Constitution of the Philippines

* Charter Change

* * *

* Laws
* Legal codes
* Taxation

Executive

* President of the Philippines

* Bongbong Marcos (PFP)

* Vice President of the Philippines

* Sara Duterte (HNP)

* * *

* Cabinet (lists)
* Executive departments

* Local government

Legislature

* Congress of the Philippines

* 20th Congress

* * *

* Senate

* President Francis Escudero (NPC)

* * *

* House of Representatives

* Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas)

* Districts
* Party-list representation

* * *

* Bangsamoro Parliament
* Provincial boards
* City councils
* Municipal councils
* Barangay councils

Judiciary

* Supreme Court of the Philippines

* Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo

* * *

* Court of Appeals
* Court of Tax Appeals
* Sandiganbayan
* Ombudsman
* Regional Trial Courts
* Barangay justice

Constitutional commissions

* Civil Service Commission

* Chairperson Marilyn Barua-Yap

* * *

* Commission on Audit

* Chairperson Gamaliel Cordoba

* * *

* Commission on Elections

* Chairperson George Garcia

Elections

* General
* 2019
* 2022
* 2025

* Barangay
* 2018
* 2023
* 2025

* Referendums

Political parties

* Akbayan
* Aksyon
* Lakas
* LDP
* Liberal
* Nacionalista
* NPC
* NUP
* PFP
* Reporma
* PDP
* UNA

Administrative divisions

* Capital
* Regions
* autonomous regions
* Provinces
* Cities
* Municipalities
* Barangays
* poblaciones
* sitios
* puroks

Related topics

* Foreign relations
* Human rights

Philippines portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas, sometimes referred to as Presidente ng Pilipinas) is the title of the head of state, head of government and chief executive of the Philippines. The president leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

The president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the vice president of the Philippines. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.[e]

Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. According to Article VII, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the president "shall not be eligible for any reelection" and that, "no person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office at any time." This constitutional limitation, however, was not violated in the case of Gloria Arroyo, although she served as president for 9 years, 5 months, and 29 days,[7] from 2001 to 2004 (three and a half years), after taking over the office of President Joseph Estrada, who was ousted after the Second EDSA Revolution,[8] and from 2004 until 2010 when she served as the elected president in her own right.[9]

The current president of the Philippines is Bongbong Marcos, who was sworn in on June 30, 2022, at the National Museum of Fine Arts (formerly the Legislative Building).

## Title

[edit]

The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in Filipino is Pangulo (cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages, presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials.[10][11][12]

### Historical titles

[edit]

The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-president José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel L. Quezon.[13] The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 constitution.[14] The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", Article XVII, Section 12 once used the term, "President of the Republic."[15] In the text of Proclamation No. 1081 that placed the country under martial law in September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines."[16]

## History

[edit]

### Early republics

[edit]

#### Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic

[edit]

Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the president of the Tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Filipino: Kataas-taasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: Pangulo ng Haring Bayan).[17] While the term Katipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: República Tagala; Filipino: Republika ng Katagalugan),[18][19][20] and the term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as res publica.[21] Since Presidente Supremo was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader"[22][23][24] in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua, Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President), Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of the Supreme Assembly), or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings.[24]

Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people, a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon, Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos, which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: Haring Bayang Katagalugan), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People".[25][26][27][28][29]

According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture.[30] Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president.[18][21] In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first Supremo, but rather Deodato Arellano.[31]

In 2013, the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines.[31] A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.[32] In the same year, representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president.[31] A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016.[33]

According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president.[31]

#### Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic

[edit]

In March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite.[34] The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan.[35] It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina),[36] "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas)[37] and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan).[38]

Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president at Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan in November,[39] leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas),[40] commonly known today as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[41] Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.[42]

In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out,[43] and afterwards, the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines.[44] At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy.[45] Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel[46] and renewed the revolution.[47] He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898,[47] and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898.[48] During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such.[49]

On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a revolutionary government and became known as "President" again.[50][51] On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo was then elected president of the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina), a new government constituted by a revolutionary congress under a likewise revolutionary constitution.[52][53] Consequently, this government is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the Malolos Republic,[54] after its capital Malolos in Bulacan;[55] its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well.[56][57]

Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines, the First Philippine Republic was short-lived[58] and never internationally recognized,[59] and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it (and they) claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people.[60] The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year.[61] The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government.[62] His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.[62]

The current government of the Republic of the Philippines considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments.[63]

#### Other claimants

[edit]

Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government.[64][65]

### American occupation

[edit]

Between 1898 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military governors-general and eleven civil governors-general.[66][67][68]

Manuel L. Quezon

### Philippine Commonwealth

[edit]

In October 1935, Manuel L. Quezon was elected the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a constitution ratified on May 14 of that year.[69] During its first five years, the president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed.[70] It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms.[71][72] When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the Empire of Japan in World War II, Quezon appointed Chief Justice José Abad Santos as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of the Commonwealth according to Justice George A. Malcolm.[73][74] Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the Imperial Japanese Army on May 2, 1942.[73]

### The Second Republic under the Japanese

[edit]

On October 14, 1943, José P. Laurel became president under a constitution imposed by the Japanese occupation.[75][76] Laurel, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,[77] had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to Corregidor and then to the United States to establish a government in exile in the United States.[78][79] On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic.[80]

### After World War II

[edit]

The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II,[71] with Vice President Sergio Osmeña becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944.[69] It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.[69] On the same day, Manuel A. Roxas, the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines,[69] also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines.[81]

### 1973 and 1987 Constitutions

[edit]

A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973,[82] under the rule of Ferdinand Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government.[83] Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978.[84] Marcos later appointed César Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos.[85]

The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino.[71] On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution.[71] This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means.[86] Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution,[87] including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime,[88] which gave the president legislative powers,[89] as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa[88] (literally National Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights.[87][88] This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution.[71]

### Other issues

[edit]

José P. Laurel giving a speech after his inauguration as President of the Second Philippine Republic

Both Bonifacio[90] and Aguinaldo[91] might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one,[92] while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines.[69]

The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors.[63][93] Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous.[94] For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.[95]

While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[63][48] Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave the Philippines independence through the Tydings–McDuffie Act.[96] He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.[97]

During the Second World War, the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments.[98] One was Quezon and the Commonwealth government-in-exile in Washington, D.C.,[99][100] and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic.[98] Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon.[78] Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until Diosdado Macapagal's administration.[101][102] Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).[101]

## Powers and roles

[edit]

125th anniversary celebration of the First Philippine Republic.

### Executive power

[edit]

The president of the Philippines, being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines.[103] The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments.[104] There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President.[105] The president also exercises general supervision over local government units.[106]

The president has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:[103] executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders.

The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment.[107] The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress.[108] The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.[109]

The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article III, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.[103]

With the consent of the Commission on Appointments, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials.[110] The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments.[111]

### Legislative power

[edit]

As per Article VI, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. However, the president has some legislative power.[112] The president has the power to veto any bill passed by Congress. Article VI, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a two-thirds vote of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process.[113] The State of the Nation Address also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda.

## Election process

[edit]

### Eligibility

[edit]

Article VII, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:[114]

* be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
* be a registered voter
* be able to read and write
* at least forty years of age on the day of the election
* a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.

Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.[115]

The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of Joseph Estrada who was elected president in 1998, deposed in 2001, and again ran for the presidency in 2010, the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election"[116] remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president.

### Election

[edit]

Main article: Philippine presidential election

Home provinces (blue and purple) of the presidents.

The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.[116] The latest election was held in 2022.

The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law.

The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately.

### Inauguration

[edit]

Main article: Philippine presidential inauguration

Carlos P. Garcia is sworn in as the eighth president of the Philippines after winning the election of 1957 Bongbong Marcos during his inauguration

The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During Quezon's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start.

Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: Barasoain Church in Malolos City, Bulacan; in front of the old Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum) in Manila; or at Quirino Grandstand, where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the oath of office in Cebu City before Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr., and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in Butuan. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the EDSA Shrine on January 20, 2001, during the EDSA Revolution of 2001 that removed Joseph Estrada from office.

The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana. Ladies must wear baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the barong tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.

The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:[117]

> "I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]

— Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5

The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos reads:[118]

> "Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)

— Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5

As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a 21-gun salute is fired to salute the new head of state, and the presidential anthem "We Say Mabuhay" is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to Malacañang Palace to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms.

## Incumbency

[edit]

### State of the Nation Address

[edit]

President Bongbong Marcos during his first State of the Nation Address on July 25, 2022. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo delivering her seventh State of the Nation Address at the Batasang Pambansa

Main article: State of the Nation Address (Philippines)

The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Senate. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution.[3]

### Tenure and term limits

[edit]

The 1935 Constitution originally set the president's term at six years, without re-election.[119] In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president (and vice president) was shortened to four years, with a two-term limit. Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document, only presidents Manuel L. Quezon (1941) and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1969) were re-elected. Presidents Sergio Osmeña (1946), Elpidio Quirino (1953), Carlos P. Garcia (1961) and Diosdado Macapagal (1965) all failed in seeking a new term. Marcos was the only president to serve three terms (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).[120]

On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a constitutional convention. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In 1981, President Marcos secured a third term, defeating Alejo Santos in an election.[121]

The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article VII, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.[3]

### Vacancies and succession

[edit]

Main article: Philippine presidential line of succession

#### At the start of the term

[edit]

Under Article VII, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified.[3] If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president.[3] Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified.[3]

#### During the term

[edit]

Sergio Osmeña was the first vice president to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive, who was Manuel L. Quezon, in 1944.

The line of presidential succession as specified by Article VII, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is not in the line of succession. If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time, Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called. An acting president may temporarily assume the duties of president.

The current presidential line of succession is:

No. | Office  | Incumbent

|
|

1  | Vice President | Sara Duterte
2  | President of the Senate | Francis Escudero
3  | Speaker of the House of Representatives | Martin Romualdez

### Impeachment

[edit]

See also: Impeachment in the Philippines

Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, vice president, members of the Supreme Court, members of the constitutional commissions and the ombudsman.[122] When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.[123] A main difference from U.S. proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.

The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president.[124] The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman.

### Official residence

[edit]

* Presidential residences
* Malacañang Palace, the official residence

* The Mansion, the official summer palace

Malacañang Palace is the official residence of the president of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution.[3] The palace is located along the north bank of the Pasig River, along J.P. Laurel Street in the district of San Miguel, Manila. The Filipino name is derived from the Tagalog phrase "may lakán diyán" ("there is a nobleman there"), and this was eventually shortened to Malakanyáng. The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in the bahay na bato and neoclassical architectural styles.

Before Malacañang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the Palacio del Gobernador inside the walled city of Intramuros. However, after an earthquake in 1863, the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the governor-general was transferred to Malacañang Palace. During the Philippine Revolution, President Aguinaldo resided in his own home in Kawit, Cavite. After his defeat in the Philippine–American War, Aguinaldo transferred the capital of the Philippines several times as he struggled against invading American Forces. When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used the palace as an official residence for their governors-general. During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio, where the Mansion House was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, President Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippine Commonwealth government-in-exile resided in the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington D.C. After the restoration of independence in 1946, plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacañang in a new capital city. However, the plans did not push through and the president's official residence is still Malacañang Palace in Manila.[125][126]

A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is Bahay Pangulo (transl. President's House), formerly known as Bahay Pangarap (transl. House of Dreams) and Bahay ng Pagbabago (transl. House of Change),[127] a smaller structure located on the south bank of the Pasig River across the main palace in Malacañang Park,[128] which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex.[127][129] President Benigno Aquino III was the first to use Bahay Pangarap as his official residence.[130][131] It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family.[127][131] The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[127][131] and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010.[127][128][131]

The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use. The Mansion in Baguio is the official summer palace of the president. The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for American Governors-General, and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio.[132] Malacañang of the South in Davao City is the president's residence in Mindanao. It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces. Malacañang sa Sugbo in Cebu City was the former official residence in the Visayas. Originally the local office of the Bureau of Customs (BOC), it was converted to a palace in 2004. It was later returned to the BOC.[133] Malacañang of the North was also an official residence of the president in the Ilocos Region. The residence is currently a presidential museum.[134]

### Travel

[edit]

* Philippine Presidential transportation
* Presidential Car

* The Presidential Plane

* Presidential Helicopter

* Presidential Yacht

#### Air transportation

[edit]

Main article: Air transports of heads of state and government § Philippines

An Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma carrying President Corazon C. Aquino at Subic Bay Naval Base.

The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.

The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1 Fokker F28, which is primarily used for the president's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the president is on board, 4 Bell 412 helicopters, 3 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, 1 Sikorsky S-70-5 Black Hawk, a number of Bell UH-1N Twin Hueys, as well as Fokker F-27 Friendships. In September 2020, a new Gulfstream G280 was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 (Command and Control) missions.[135] For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a Bombardier Global Express, Gulftsream G650ER or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, Philippine Airlines. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and callsign "PHILIPPINE 001" is a flight operated by Philippine Airlines to transport the president of the Philippines. The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways.

#### Water transportation

[edit]

BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Barkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II.[136] It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president.

#### Land transportation

[edit]

Main article: Official state car § Philippines

The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored Mercedes-Benz W221 S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the president is escorted by the Presidential Security Group using primarily Toyota Fortuner SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles: Toyota FJ Cruiser, Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Hiace Toyota Camry, Philippine National Police 400cc motorcycles, Philippine National Police Mitsubishi Montero, Toyota Innova (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of "1" or the word "PANGULO" (president). The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the presidential standard.[137]

| Official state cars of the president[138][139][140]

President | Land Transport
Emilio Aguinaldo | 1924 Packard Six Touring
Manuel Quezon | 1937 Chrysler Airflow Custom Imperial CW
Jose P. Laurel | 1942 Packard Custom Super Eight:One-Eighty Limousine
Manuel Roxas | 1940 Cadillac Series 75 limousine
Elpidio Quirino | 1953 Chrysler Imperial Limousine
Ramon Magsaysay | 1955 Cadillac Series 75-23
Carlos P. Garcia | No records, possibly same as Magsaysay
Diosdado Macapagal | 1957 Ford Sedan
Ferdinand Marcos | 1980 Lincoln Continental Mark VI Signature Series
1981 Mercedes-Benz 600 Pullman Limousine (W100)
Corazon Aquino | Mercedes-Benz 500SEL (W126)
Fidel V. Ramos | Mercedes-Benz 500SEL Guard (W126)
Joseph Estrada | Mercedes-Benz S600 (W140)
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | BMW 750iL High Security (E38)
Mercedes-Benz S600 (W140)
Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard (W220)
Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)
Benigno Aquino III | Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)
Toyota Land Cruiser
Lexus LX570
Rodrigo Duterte | Toyota Land Cruiser
Isuzu D-Max
Toyota Hilux
Chevrolet Colorado
Bongbong Marcos | Toyota Land Cruiser
Cadillac Escalade ESV
Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)
Mercedes-Benz Maybach S680 (W223)
Lincoln Continental Coach Door Edition

The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937 Chrysler Airflow that served as the country's very first presidential limousine for Manuel L. Quezon. For regional trips, the president boards a Toyota Coaster or Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa or other vehicles owned by government-owned and controlled corporations or government agencies. In this case, the PSG escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former president Benigno Aquino III, preferred to use his personal vehicle, a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 or his relative's Lexus LX 570 over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. Malacañang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine.[141] His successor, Rodrigo Duterte, utilized a white, bullet-proof armored Toyota Landcruiser as his official presidential vehicle.[142]

### Security

[edit]

Main article: Presidential Security Group

The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats.

Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Toyota Fortuner SUVs as its primary security vehicles.

## List of presidents

[edit]

Main article: List of presidents of the Philippines

## Post-presidency

[edit]

Garcia (right) and Magsaysay (left) President-elect Ferdinand E. Marcos is received by incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal at the Malacañan Palace Music Room, before both proceeded to the inaugural venue, December 30, 1965. At Malacañang Palace, 1955. Clockwise, from top left: Senator Edmundo Cea, Former President Jose P. Laurel Sr., Senator Cipriano Primicias, Senate President Eulogio A. Rodriguez Sr., President Ramon F. Magsaysay, & House Speaker Jose B. Laurel Jr. Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel L. Quezon during the 1935 campaign. From left: Presidents Joseph Ejercito Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Rodrigo Duterte, Fidel V. Ramos, and Benigno S. Aquino III; photo taken before the start of a National Security Council meeting at the Malacañang Palace on July 27, 2016.

After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, except Ferdinand Marcos Sr, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail.[143]

* José P. Laurel, who was the only president of the Second Philippine Republic, was elected to the Senate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until 1957, making him the country's first head of state to seek lower office following his presidency. During his tenure, the Nacionalista Party urged him to run for president in 1953. He declined, working instead for the successful election of Ramon Magsaysay, who subsequently appointed Laurel to head a diplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, resulting in the Laurel-Langley Agreement. Laurel was also the chairperson of the Economic Mission to the United States (1954) and the founder of Lyceum of the Philippines University.[144][145]
* Sergio Osmeña became a member of the Council of State under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and García. He was also a member of the National Security Council in the García administration.[145][146]
* Elpidio Quirino became a councilor of state under President Magsaysay.[147]
* Carlos P. Garcia was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on June 1, 1971.[148]
* Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P. García as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and was later a Councilor of State under presidents Aquino and Ramos.
* Corazon Aquino was a member of the National Security Council under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo. She was also a member of the Council of State under President Arroyo.
* Fidel Ramos founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. He was a senior advisor and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada. Ramos was a member of the Council of State and an Ambassador-at-Large under President Arroyo. He was later appointed as special envoy to China under President Duterte to open bilateral negotiations with China over the disputes in the South China Sea but later resigned on November 1 following President Duterte's state visit to Beijing on October 16, 2016.
* Joseph Estrada returned to film in November 2009, starring in Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round as part of a promotional attempt to run for a second term as president in 2010 amid controversy on the legality of his intent (he was allowed to run anyway by the COMELEC since the Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in 2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo, Aquino III, Duterte and Marcos Jr.[149][150][151] Following his loss to Aquino III in 2010, he ran against Alfredo Lim for the office of Mayor of Manila in 2013, and won. Estrada was mayor from 2013 to 2019, thus making him the third head of state to run for lower office following his presidency.
* Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ran for and won a seat in the House of Representatives of the Philippines as the Representative for the 2nd District of Pampanga in the 2010 elections and in the 2022 elections, making her the second head of state after Laurel to seek lower office following her presidency.[152] Arroyo would later serve in major positions in the House of Representatives such as Deputy Speaker within two consecutive terms (from 2016 to 2017, and another currently in 2022) and was later elected as House Speaker on July 23, 2018, making her the first woman to hold that position.[153]
* Benigno Aquino III became a councilor of state under President Duterte.
* Rodrigo Duterte was a member of the National Security Council under Marcos Jr.

## See also

[edit]

* Philippines portal

* First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines
* Spouse of the president of the Philippines
* Prime Minister of the Philippines
* Seal of the president of the Philippines
* Languages spoken by presidents of the Philippines
* List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines
* Vice President of the Philippines
* List of vice presidents of the Philippines
* Filipino styles and honorifics
* Heads of state and government of the Philippines
* List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the Philippines
* List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
* List of recorded datu in the Philippines
* Governor-General of the Philippines
* Principalía
* Malacañang Palace
* "We Say Mabuhay"

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ As head of government.
2. ^ a b The position was created by an independent revolutionary state, the "Malolos Republic", but was not recognized internationally. The Philippine government now recognizes the Malolos Republic as its predecessor state, which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.
3. ^ a b From an international standpoint at that time, the First Philippine Republic never existed but rather, Spain ceded its Spanish East Indies to the United States of America by the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War. Therefore, the international community only recognizes the first Philippine presidency under the US-associated Commonwealth of the Philippines.
4. ^ The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) has indicated on their website that the president's salary grade is the 33rd. The 33rd salary grade on COMELEC's website states 395,858 pesos.
5. ^ The four vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and finished-out that unexpired term are: Sergio Osmeña (1944); Elpidio Quirino (1948); Carlos P. Garcia (1957); and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001).

## References

[edit]

* Official Gazette: The Executive Branch This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

1. ^ "Emilio Aguinaldo". Official Gazette of the Philippine Government. March 22, 2011.
2. ^ Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
3. ^ a b c d e f g "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
4. ^ "Salary Grade Table". COMELEC. Government of the Philippines. January 1, 2020.
5. ^ Salary Grades of Positions of Constitutional and Other Officials and Their Equivalents.
6. ^ "NATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf" (PDF). Department of Budget Management. Government of the Philippines. January 3, 2022.
7. ^ "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Biography, Achievements, & Facts | Britannica".
8. ^ Fuller, Thomas (January 20, 2001). "Arroyo, Foe of Estrada, is Part of Manila Elite". The New York Times.
9. ^ "Arroyo wins Philippine election".
10. ^ Salaverria, Leila B. (July 22, 2016). "Don't call me 'Your Excellency'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
11. ^ "Duterte order: Don't call me 'His Excellency'". Rappler. July 21, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
12. ^ "Out na ang 'His Excellency'". Balita - Tagalog Newspaper Tabloid (in Tagalog). Balita. July 22, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
13. ^ "The 1943 Constitution". Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
14. ^ "The 1935 Constitution". Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
15. ^ "The 1973 Constitution". Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
16. ^ PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972), PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES Archived August 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Lawphil.net.
17. ^ Pedrosa, Carmen N. (December 1, 2018). "Was Andres Bonifacio the 1st Philippine president?". Philstar.com. The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
18. ^ a b "Recognition sought for Bonifacio as first Tagalog Republic president". The Manila Times. November 29, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
19. ^ "Bonifacio's claim: Tagalog Republic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 26, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
20. ^ Po, Julie L. (May 12, 2013). "Lessons from Gat Andres' death". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
21. ^ a b Abad, Roderick (November 30, 2017). "Bonifacio descendant wants government to recognize him as first PHL president | Roderick Abad". BusinessMirror. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
22. ^ "The Supremo's supreme love". Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 30, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
23. ^ Musico, Jelly (November 30, 2018). "Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution'". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
24. ^ a b Chua, Xiao (November 30, 2018). "Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
25. ^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing "This article underscores the existence of a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio as its president) that antedated the revolutionary government in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention. An attempt to change the official date of the Cry [see Cry of Pugad Lawin] from 23 to 24 August 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on 17 August 1993, apparently failed.". Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2). National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philippines. 1996.);
^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
26. ^ Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
27. ^ Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007). "Bonifacio for (first) president". GMA News. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
28. ^ *Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5\. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1..
29. ^ *Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramón (1996). "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12\. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2009..
30. ^ Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). "Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer (via PressReader).
31. ^ a b c d Tolentino, Reina C.; Ignacio, Reicelene Joy (August 29, 2016). "Militants want Bonifacio declared first president". The Manila Times. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
32. ^ Geronimo, Jee Y. (October 12, 2013). "His Excellency, President Andres Bonifacio?". Rappler. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
33. ^ "House Resolution No. 285" (PDF). House of Representatives of the Philippines. August 30, 2016.
34. ^ Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2007). "Looking Back: Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention". Archived from the original on June 30, 2010..
35. ^ "Tejeros Convention | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
36. ^ Stickney, Joseph L. (1899). War in the Philippines: And Life and Glorious Deeds of Admiral Dewey. A Thrilling Account of Our Conflicts with the Spaniards and Filipinos in the Orient... Monarch. p. 314.
37. ^ Abueva, Jose V. (March 22, 2014). "Our only republic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
38. ^ David, Randy (December 19, 2010). "Jacinto". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 31, 2021 – via PressReader.
39. ^ "Philippine History -- The Biak-na-Bato Republic of 1897". www.msc.edu.ph. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
40. ^ Ramos, Fidel V. (November 2, 1997). "Speech of President Ramos on the centennial of the Biak-na-Bato Republic". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
41. ^ Malindog-Uy, Anna (August 30, 2020). "Can "Rev-Gov" Heal All In The Philippines?". The ASEAN Post. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
42. ^ "Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish-American War - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress)". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
43. ^ Whitener, Barbara. "UofL Libraries: Government Resources: History: Spanish-American War". library.louisville.edu. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
44. ^ Lopez, Tony (February 13, 2019). "The mock Battle of Manila Bay (2)". Manila Standard. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
45. ^ Regalado, Felix B., and Quintin B. Franco (1973). History of Panay. Jaro, Iloilo City: Central Philippine University.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
46. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (July 12, 2017). "When Aguinaldo visited Singapore". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
47. ^ a b "Philippine History -- The Dictatorial Government of Aguinaldo in 1898". msc.edu.ph. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
48. ^ a b Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, U.S. Library of Congress.
49. ^ Tan, Michael L. (July 7, 2021). "July the 4th". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
50. ^ Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 167\. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0.
51. ^ Saulo, Alfredo B. (1983). Emilio Aguinaldo: Generalissimo and President of the First Philippine Republic--first Republic in Asia. Phoenix Publishing House. pp. 255, 513. ISBN 978-971-06-0720-4.
52. ^ Pedrosa, Carmen N. (October 6, 2013). "Revolutionary govt; Republica Filipina". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
53. ^ Virata, Cesar E.A. (June 12, 1998). "ASIANOW - Asiaweek - Emilio Aguinaldo". CNN. CNN. Archived from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
54. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (June 16, 2021). "The many names for war". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
55. ^ "Araw ng Republikang Filipino, 1899". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
56. ^ "HIstory of the Senate". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
57. ^ "Malolos Constitution - The LawPhil Project". lawphil.net. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
58. ^ Aguinaldo, Camille (April 7, 2018). "First Philippine Republic Day declared special working holiday". BusinessWorld. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
59. ^ Cadusale, M. Carmell (August 2016). Allegiance and Identity: Race and Ethnicity in the Era of the Philippine-American War, 1898-1914 (MA thesis). Youngstown State University. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Ohio Library and Information Network (OhioLINK).
60. ^ "Evolution of the Revolution | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on July 16, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
61. ^ "The U.S. Occupation of the Philippines". University of Colorado American Studies. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
62. ^ a b "The First Philippine Republic". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. September 7, 2012.
63. ^ a b c Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
64. ^ "The Manila Times – Trusted Since 1898". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
65. ^ Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
66. ^ "Old Governor-General's Office | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
67. ^ Barrows, David P. (1916). "The Governor-General of the Philippines Under Spain and the United States". The American Historical Review. 21 (2): 288–311\. doi:10.2307/1835051. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1835051.
68. ^ Blount, James H. (July 31, 2020). The American Occupation of the Philippines. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7523-8289-1.
69. ^ a b c d e "The Commonwealth of the Philippines". www.officialgazette.gov.ph. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
70. ^ "The 1935 Constitution". www.officialgazette.gov.ph. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
71. ^ a b c d e "Constitution Day". www.officialgazette.gov.ph. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
72. ^ "1935 Constitution amended". www.officialgazette.gov.ph. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
73. ^ a b "The execution of Jose Abad Santos". www.officialgazette.gov.ph. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
74. ^ "Abad Santos kin forgive Japan for killing wartime Chief Justice". Philippine Daily Inquirer. June 17, 2018. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
75. ^ "Dr. Jose P. Laurel as President of the Second Philippine Republic | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
76. ^ Dooc, Manny (March 9, 2021). "Jose P. Laurel: No one's puppet | Manny Dooc". BusinessMirror. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
77. ^ "Today is the birth anniversary of President Jose P. Laurel | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
78. ^ a b "Jose P. Laurel Sr. was inaugurated President October 14, 1943". The Kahimyang Project. October 14, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
79. ^ "Speech of President Garcia at the Dinner in Honor of the memory of the late Senator Jose P. Laurel | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. March 14, 1960. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
80. ^ "Second Philippine Republic | Presidential Museum and Library". Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
81. ^ "Third Republic | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
82. ^ "1973 Philippine Constitution - The LawPhil Project". lawphil.net. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
83. ^ "Address of President Marcos on Constitution Day | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. January 17, 1984. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
84. ^ "MARCOS SAID TO PLAN A NEW GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE". The New York Times. March 2, 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
85. ^ ALMARIO, MANUEL F. (June 20, 2013). "A celebration of failure". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
86. ^ Tomacruz, Sofia (November 25, 2017). "LOOK BACK: When did the Philippines have a revolutionary government?". Rappler. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
87. ^ a b "Philippines - Proclamation No. 3 declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people, adopting a Provisional Constitution, and related matters". www.ilo.org. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
88. ^ a b c Branigin, William (March 26, 1986). "Aquino Drops Assembly and Constitution". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
89. ^ "1976 AMENDMENTS TO THE 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES". CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
90. ^ Siverio, Ina Alleco (February 6, 2015). "Bonifacio is the first Philippine president -". Manila Today. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
91. ^ "Katipunan - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
92. ^ Guéraiche, William (December 1, 2008). "Manuel Quezon, Patron of the American-Filipino Community". Moussons. Recherche en Sciences Humaines Sur l'Asie du Sud-Est (12): 163–172\. doi:10.4000/moussons.1536. ISSN 1620-3224.
93. ^ "Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines". Retrieved February 13, 2015.
94. ^ Quezon, Manolo (November 17, 2008). "The Explainer: Vice-President's Night". Manuel L. Quezon III. ANC. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
95. ^ "The President of the Philippines - President Rodrigo Roa Duterte". Department of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines - Philippine Consulate General, Milan, Italy. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
96. ^ "The Philippines, 1898–1946 | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
97. ^ Umali, Justin (June 4, 2019). "A Look into the Most Consequential Election in our History: the 1935 Presidential Elections". Esquiremag.ph. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
98. ^ a b Elefante, Fil V. (June 13, 2016). "The Philippines's Second Republic and a forgotten Independence Day | Fil V. Elefante". BusinessMirror. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
99. ^ "1. United States/Philippines (1898-1946)". uca.edu. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
100. ^ "Problem in Exile". Time. November 1, 1943. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
101. ^ a b Tactaquin, Jommel P. "Remembering our Past" (PDF). Philippine Veterans Affairs Office. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
102. ^ "Republic Day | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
103. ^ a b c "The Executive Branch | GOVPH". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved October 13, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
104. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 1
105. ^ "Gov't. Agencies under OP". Office of the President of the Philippines. Archived from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
106. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 10, sec. 4.
107. ^ "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article VII". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
108. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 19
109. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 20.
110. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 16.
111. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 8, sec. 9.
112. ^ "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article VI". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 30, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
113. ^ Merez, Arianne (May 19, 2021). "The Powers of the Philippine President, Explained". Reportr.world. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
114. ^ 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 2
115. ^ Philippine Consulate General Vancouver
116. ^ a b 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 4
117. ^ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5
118. ^ "Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, art. 7, sek. 5". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.
119. ^ 1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY
120. ^ "Martial Law Museum".
121. ^ 1973 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY
122. ^ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 11, sec. 2
123. ^ Chan-Robles Virtual Law Library. "The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article XI". Retrieved July 25, 2008.
124. ^ Constitution of the Philippines, art. 11, sec. 2.
125. ^ "A century of alternative Malacañangs". The Philippine Star.
126. ^ Grandstands and grand public spaces | Modern Living, Lifestyle Features, The Philippine Star | philstar.com
127. ^ a b c d e "Bahay Pangarap: Aquino's future home?". ABS-CBN News. June 9, 2010.
128. ^ a b "How was PNoy's first night at Bahay Pangarap?". GMA News. August 6, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
129. ^ Villano, Alexa (June 30, 2010). "Noynoy's new home is Bahay Pangarap". The Philippine STAR. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
130. ^ "Bahay Pangarap for P-Noy ready". The Philippine STAR. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
131. ^ a b c d "Briefer on Bahay Pangarap and Malacañang Park". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. July 29, 2010.
132. ^ Galang, Willie (2010-01-23). "Mansion House (NHI Marker)". Flickr.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-21.
133. ^ Saavedra, John Rey (February 28, 2019). "BOC-Cebu staff poised to go back to old Customs house". Philippine News Agency. www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
134. ^ Arzadon, Cristina (October 12, 2012). "Bringing back the grandeur of Malacañang ti Amianan". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
135. ^ Mangosing, Francisco (September 21, 2020). "PH Air Force commissions brand new 'command and control' aircraft". Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
136. ^ The Presidential Yachts, Official Gazette, Office of the President.
137. ^ President Aquino arrives at the Palace – YouTube
138. ^ "11 Historic Philippine Presidential Cars We Love". When In Manila. June 12, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2021.
139. ^ Billones, Trisha (July 12, 2016). "A look at presidential cars in Philippine history". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
140. ^ Billones, Trisha (July 13, 2016). "A look at presidential cars in Philippine history". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
141. ^ Palace: Presidential Car Necessary Expense – Yahoo News Philippines
142. ^ Laurel, Drei (June 30, 2022). "It looks like BBM is ending the trend of using Japanese SUVs as the presidential vehicle". Top Gear Philippines. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
143. ^ The Manila Times | TOP STORIES > Pullout of Erap security a 'mistake' (archived from the original on March 7, 2007)
144. ^ [1] Archived March 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
145. ^ a b [2] Archived April 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
146. ^ [3] Archived February 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
147. ^ [4] Archived March 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
148. ^ [5] Archived April 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
149. ^ Amita O. Legaspi, Estrada to return to Malacañang, January 11, 2007, GMANews.TV
150. ^ 9 years after ouster, Erap back in Malacañang, January 12, 2010, GMANews.TV
151. ^ QTV: Erap back in Malacañang for NSC meeting, December 1, 2010, GMANews.TV
152. ^ Tonette Orejas, Charlene Cayabyab, Arroyo proclaimed congresswoman of Pampanga's 2nd district Archived May 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, May 13, 2010, Philippine Daily Inquirer
153. ^ "NEW SPEAKER? Gloria takes seat at House rostrum, Alvarez welcomes Duterte". GMA News Online. Retrieved July 23, 2018.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay; Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998). The Cry of Balintawak: A contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents. Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-278-8.
* Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004). Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the Philippines.

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

National constitutions of the Philippines

* Office of the President of the Philippines Archived July 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
* The Presidential Museum and Library Archived May 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
* 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
* 'We Say Mabuhay' – The anthem of the president of the Philippines
* 'March of the President of the Philippines' (unofficial title) – song played when the president is given military honors by the Armed Forces of the Philippines

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the Philippines

First Republic (1899–1901)|

* Emilio Aguinaldo

Commonwealth (1935–1946)|

* Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944)
* Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946)
* Manuel Roxas (1946)

Second Republic (1943–1945)|

* Jose P. Laurel

Third Republic (1946–1973)|

* Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)
* Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)
* Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)
* Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961)
* Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965)
* Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1973)

Martial law era (1973–1981)|

* Ferdinand Marcos

Fourth Republic (1981–1986)|

* Ferdinand Marcos (1981–1986)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)

Fifth Republic (1986–present)|

* Corazon Aquino (1986–1992)
* Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998)
* Joseph Estrada (1998–2001)
* Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010)
* Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016)
* Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022)
* Bongbong Marcos (2022–present)

* Category
* List

* v
* t
* e

Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the Philippines

* List of presidents
* List of vice presidents

Presidents|

| Professional career|

* Campaign slogans
* Post-presidency campaigns
* Previous executive experience
* Time in office
* Pardons granted

|

Personal life|

* Burial places
* Date of death
* Education
* Firsts
* Languages spoken
* Province
* Spouses

Other|

* Currency appearances
* Elections
* First ladies and gentlemen
* Portrayals in media
* Tickets

Vice presidents|

* Burial places
* Place of primary affiliation
* Ran for president
* Time in office

Succession|

* Inaugurations
* Line of succession

* v
* t
* e

Office of the President of the Philippines

* President Bongbong Marcos (list)
* Malacañang Palace

Executive offices|

* Office of the Executive Secretary
* Office of the Chief Presidential Legal Counsel
* Presidential Communications Office
* Presidential Legislative Liaison Office
* Presidential Management Staff
* Presidential Security Command

Attached agencies|

* Anti-Red Tape Authority
* Authority of the Freeport Area of Bataan
* Bases Conversion and Development Authority
* Cagayan Special Economic Zone
* Climate Change Commission
* Commission on Filipinos Overseas
* Commission on Higher Education
* Commission on the Filipino Language
* Cultural Center of the Philippines
* Dangerous Drugs Board
* Film Development Council of the Philippines
* National Historical Commission of the Philippines
* Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
* Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
* Mindanao Development Authority
* Movie and Television Review and Classification Board
* National Anti-Poverty Commission
* National Archives of the Philippines
* National Commission for Culture and the Arts
* National Commission of Senior Citizens
* National Intelligence Coordinating Agency
* National Security Council
* National Solid Waste Management Commission
* Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation and Unity
* Optical Media Board
* Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office
* Philippine Competition Commission
* Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
* Philippine Postal Corporation
* Philippine Reclamation Authority
* Philippine Space Agency
* Philippine Sports Commission
* Sentro Rizal
* Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority

* v
* t
* e

Leaders of Southeast Asian countries

Heads of state|

* Brunei (Monarch)
* Cambodia (Monarch)
* Indonesia (President) (list)
* Laos (President)
* Malaysia (Monarch)
* Myanmar (President) (list)
* Philippines (President) (list)
* Singapore (President) (list)
* Thailand (Monarch) (list)
* Timor-Leste (President)
* Vietnam (President) (list)

Heads of government|

* Brunei
* Cambodia (list)
* Indonesia (list)
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Myanmar (list)
* Philippines (list)
* Singapore
* Thailand (list)
* Timor-Leste
* Vietnam (list)

Supreme leaders|

* Laos
* Vietnam

Defunct heads of state
and government|

* Burma (Monarch)
* Dutch East Indies (Governor-General)
* Indonesia (Prime Minister)
* Laos (Monarch)
* Myanmar (State Counsellor)
* Philippines (Governor-General) (Prime Minister)
* South Vietnam (leaders)

ASEAN

* v
* t
* e

Philippines articles

History|

| Overviews|

* Archaeology
* Economy
* Military
* Political

|

Chronology|

* Prehistory
* Pre-colonial era
* Colonial era
* Spanish period
* American period
* Japanese occupation
* Postcolonial era
* Third Republic
* Marcos presidency
* Fifth Republic

Geography|

* Bays
* Biosphere reserves
* Borders
* Climate
* Climate change
* Typhoons
* Earthquakes
* Ecoregions
* Extreme points
* Island groups
* islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Protected areas
* National parks
* Ramsar sites
* Rivers
* Volcanoes
* Wildlife
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

* Administrative divisions
* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBTQ
* Legal codes
* Political families
* Political parties

| Government|

* Executive
* Cabinet
* lists
* Executive departments
* Executive office
* Law enforcement
* President
* Legislative
* Senate
* House of Representatives
* Judicial
* Supreme Court
* Court of Appeals
* Regional Trial Court
* Armed Forces
* Air Force
* Army
* Navy
* Marine Corps
* Coast Guard

|

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Automotive
* Business process outsourcing
* Census
* Central bank
* Child labor
* Energy
* Fiscal policy
* National debt
* Labor
* Peso
* Science and technology
* Stock exchange
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Telephone numbers
* Tourism
* Tourist attractions
* Transportation
* Water and sanitation
* ZIP codes

Society|

* Abortion
* Censorship
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Divorce
* Education
* Higher education
* Environmental issues
* Climate change
* Deforestation
* Ethnic groups
* Indigenous peoples
* Genetic and anthropology studies
* Health
* Human trafficking
* Sex trafficking
* Immigration
* Income inequality
* Kinship
* Languages
* Overseas workers
* Poverty
* Prostitution
* Refugees
* Religion
* Sexuality
* Squatting
* Women
* Pinoy

| Culture|

* Architecture
* Arts
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Cultural properties
* Dance
* Fashion and clothing
* Historical markers
* Inventions
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Mythology
* Name
* Public holidays
* Festivals
* Psychology
* Sports
* Traditional games
* Value system

|

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Bird
* Coat of arms
* Flag
* Flower
* Gem
* Great Seal
* Language
* Motto
* Sign language
* Sport and martial art
* Tree

* Outline
* Bibliography

* Philippines portal
* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[No.]: Number in line
*[transl.]: translation