Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan

President-elect Reagan and his wife Nancy meet with outgoing President Jimmy Carter in the Oval Office as part of the transition

Date of election| November 4, 1980
Inauguration date| January 20, 1981
President-elect| Ronald Reagan (Republican)
Vice president-elect| George H. W. Bush (Republican)
Outgoing president| Jimmy Carter (Democrat)
Outgoing vice president| Walter Mondale (Democrat)
Headquarters| 1726 M Street, Washington, D.C.[1]

Director

| Edwin Meese
|  | This article or section is part of a series about
United States
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Transitions

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This article is part of
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The presidential transition of Ronald Reagan began when he won the 1980 United States presidential election, becoming the president-elect, and ended when Reagan was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 1981.

The transition was led by Edwin Meese and was headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was a particularly large operation, with between more than 1,000 or 1,500 people involved, including both volunteers and paid staff.

## Pre-election developments[edit]

Early discussions of plans for a presidential transition for Reagan were begun in late 1979.[2]

More substantive planning for a potential presidential transition by Reagan began in the Spring of 1980, substantially before the Republican National Convention was held.[2][3] Reagan's transition planning began even earlier than the one of the previous Carter transition.[4] The transition planning started with task forces to shape Reagan's potential administration's foreign policy and budget policies.[4] This pre-election transition effort began with 70 staffers, but would grow to 132 staffers.[4] Outside think tanks such as The Heritage Foundation contributed to the policy efforts.[4]

The pre-election transition planning effort was overseen by Pendleton James.[3] In this role, James kept a generally low public profile, and avoided media.[3] He also kept positive relations with Reagan's campaign team.[3] He had been approached by Reagan campaign figure Edwin Meese in the fall of 1979 about planning for how to assemble a potential presidential administration for Reagan.[5] Meese himself had previously done some research into the logistics of a presidential transition during Reagan's previous 1976 presidential campaign, having even had conversations about it with people who had previously worked for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.[5] Helene von Damm acted as James' deputy in overseeing the pre-election transition planning effort.[6]

By September 1980, Reagan associates had formed a Presidential Transition Trust to collect contributions to finance a transition effort that would search for candidates to fill key positions in a Reagan administration.[7] Lawyers of the Federal Election Commission, in September, drafted an advisory opinion that stated that, so long as the transition trust was "completely separate" from Reagan's campaign committee and funds raised by the trust did not go towards assisting in Reagan's election, such a trust would be allowed to operate outside of campaign finance laws that limited individual contributions to $1,000 (and Political Action Committee contributions to $5,0000).[7][8] The trust opted to voluntarily limit contributions to a maximum of $5,000 per individual.[7]

It was in September that the existence of this planning effort became public knowledge, with the New York Times reporting on it in mid-September.[6]

In 1987, historian Carl M. Brauer described Reagan's pre-election transition planning effort as "modest in scope, and clandestine in style".[6] The effort rented office space in Alexandria, Virginia, which had coincidentally been previously rented by the Republican presidential primary campaign of Reagan's running mate George H. W. Bush.[6] It focused on identifying positions which the president had the authority to appoint individuals to, and created lists of prospective candidates for positions.[6]

## Official transition[edit]

Reagan's transition was headed by Edwin Meese, who was named its director on the day of the election.[3][9][5][10] The role of the administration of outgoing president Jimmy Carter in the transition was overseen by his White House Chief of Staff Jack Watson, who had overseen Carter's own transition four years prior.[1][9]

Three senior advisors were appointed. Richard V. Allen was the senior advisor for foreign policy and defense matters, Martin Anderson was the senior advisor for domestic and economic matters, and Caspar Weinberger was the senior advisor for budget matters.[11]

James Baker was named the deputy director of the transition, and was put in charge of White House planning (overseeing the planning of the structure and management of the Reagan administration's White House staff).[12] Six additional deputy directors were named, Michael Deaver, Drew Lewis, Lyn Nofziger, Verne Orr, and William Timmons.[11] Deaver acted as a liaison to Reagan and his family.[11] Lewis acted as a liaison to the Republican National Committee, women's groups, the business community, and state and local government, and also worked to develop a program for providing policy briefings to cabinet-designees and senior staff.[11] Nofziger, initially, was in charge a press relations, a role he had held in the campaign.[11] Orr was in charge of administrative and budgetary matters,[8] and also acted as a key administrator within the transition.[11] Timmons oversaw the Reagan transition team's assessment of existing programs and policies,[13] and collected information on departments and agencies.[11]

Pendleton James served as the personnel recruiter in the post-election transition operation,[3][11] William J. Casey oversaw a senior advisory committee during the transition.[14] Richard Wirthlin utilized his polling skills to inform planned strategy for Reagan's administration.[11] M. Peter McPherson acted as legal counsel to the transition.[11] Edwin J. Gray and Darrell Trent participated in policy planning.[11] Fred F. Fielding headed the transition's vetting and clearance process for prospective appointees.[15] Other key members of the transition were Tom C. Korologos and William French Smith.[14][16]

A number of key staffers of the transition, had previously worked for former president Richard Nixon. These included Martin Anderson, and Richard V. Allen, and Pendleton James.[3]

Reagan's transition was particularly large.[1] It was unprecedented by any presidential transition in size.[17] The transition involved more than 1,000 or 1,500 people, including both volunteers and paid staff.[4][8][3][18][19] The transition involved a hundred individual transition teams for federal agencies, which, for organizational purposes, were divided into five clusters. The five clusters were economic affairs, national security, human services, resources and development, and legal-administrative.[1] In 1987, historian Carl M. Brauer described the Reagan transition as having had the "most elaborate transition machinery" of any United States presidential transition up to that point.[6]

The transition team worked in close partnership with conservative think tanks like the American Enterprise Institute, The Heritage Foundation, and Hoover Institution.[3] Among the plans given to them by such organizations was the Heritage Foundation's Mandate for Leadership, a 1,000-page plan for restructuring the executive branch.[3] The Heritage Foundation also ran a job bank providing the transition team with lists of personnel aligned with conservative ideology, and also ran a number of orientation sessions for top appointees of the incoming administration.[3]

The transition was headquartered in Washington, D.C., in a federal office building only blocks away from the White House.[6] In the early weeks of the transition, Reagan remained on the West Coast, meeting with a "kitchen cabinet" of advisors.[1] However, within weeks of his election, Reagan moved into a row house in Washington, D.C., which would serve temporary quarters for him until he was sworn-in as president.[20]

On November 20, President Carter hosted President-elect Reagan at the White House.[21] The relationship between the outgoing and incoming president was somewhat difficult, with Carter being dismayed by what he saw as Reagan's disinterest in the important topics they discussed, as well as Reagan's lack of note-taking on the complex matters they went over.[4] Despite this somewhat troubled relationship between Carter and Reagan, the relationship between their staffs was friendly.[4] During that same day, incoming First Lady Nancy Reagan received a tour of the White House from outgoing First Lady Rosalynn Carter.[22]

Reagan began announcing key appointments to his administration two week after his election victory.[23] By the seventh week of the transition, most appointments had been announced.[16] He had finished announcing key appointees by the tenth week of his transition.[23]

Reagan had originally favored choosing Meese for his White House chief of staff, but some of his advisors convinced him to instead pick James Baker.[3] During the transition, along with Meese and Michael Deaver, Baker would be part of a "troika" of top deputies to Reagan, a dynamic that would continue into the presidency. This dynamic was established shortly after the election.[24]

Reagan waited until December 11 before beginning to name designees for his Cabinet.[19] The first Cabinet member designees Reagan designated were largely uncontroversial, and even received praise from both the business community and the moderate wing of the Republican Party.[13] However, several later choices he named, such as Alexander Haig for secretary of state and James G. Watt for secretary of the interior, promised to be controversial.[13] Reagan finished naming designees for Cabinet positions on January 8, when he named Terrel Bell as his selection for secretary of education.[13]

The transition saw Mark Anderson and David Stockman, Reagan's choice for Director of the Office of Management and Budget, shape the incoming administration's economic policy agenda.[3]

Reagan pledged not to speak publicly on policy matters until his inauguration. However, many of his advisers spoke publicly about issues, often creating problems where the transition's press secretary James Brady would have to disavow their statements.[13] There were unofficial statements and news leaks made by members of Reagan's administration that attracted criticism from the Carter administration's State Department.[13]

While many aspects of the transition period operated smoothly, there were hiccups.[13] There was controversy surrounding involvement of Jackie Presser in the transition.[13] The Carter administration alleged that some staffers of the transition had possible conflicts of interest.[13] There was also public speculation over the degree to which Reagan was involved in his own transition.[13] Many scholars have, retrospectively, considered the Reagan transition as to have been a successfully managed presidential transition.[3]

### Finances[edit]

As per legislation passed in 1976, the federal government gave $3 million to fund the transition, with $2 million going to the president-elect and $1 million going to the outgoing president.[25][26] The outgoing administration of Jimmy Carter spent $861,526 of the $1 million it was allotted by the federal government, with the team of the outgoing president utilizing $672,659 and the team of the outgoing vice president, Walter Mondale, utilizing $188,867.[26] The Reagan team spent $1.75 million of the federal money granted to it.[26] Of this amount, $63,378 went to Vice President-elect George H. W. Bush for personal compensation and benefits.[26]

The Government Accountability Office would find that, in their use of government funds, the Reagan transition team did not always follow correct procedures. For instance, they gave salary to employees of federal agencies who had been assigned to the transition effort on a non-reimbursable basis.[26]

The Reagan transition team also raised private contributions to further fund the transition, soliciting contributions through the private corporation Presidential Transition Foundation, Inc.[26] They raised approximately $1.25 million.[26] The foundation would later deny requests by the Government Accountability Office to audit these funds.[26] Neither the funding sources nor the expenditures made with these funds have ever been disclosed to the public.[26]

Congressional testimony would later reveal that some of the Reagan transition spending had gone to hotel bills, payments to Nancy Reagan's decorator, tuxedo rental, parties, and parking tickets.[27]

Reagan's transition was, ultimately, more expensive than any previous transition.[28]

### Iran hostage crisis[edit]

During the transition, the Carter administration continued work on resolving the Iran hostage crisis. Negotiations were completed with the signing of the Algiers Accords on January 19, 1981, and the hostages were released on January 20, 1981, minutes after Reagan completed his 20‑minute inaugural address after being sworn-in.[29][30]

## Retrospective analysis of transition[edit]

Laurin L. Henry, an expert on United States presidential transitions, gave retrospective high regard to the transition.[31] In his book Presidential Transitions: From Politics to Practice, political scientist John P. Burke described the Reagan transition as having been highly organized.[17]

## Further reading[edit]

* Reagan Administration Transition Interviews –National Archives and Records Administration

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Pfiffner, James P. (1983). "The Carter-Reagan Transition: Hitting the Ground Running". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 13 (4): 623–645. JSTOR 27547983. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
2. ^ a b Burke, John P. (2009). "The Contemporary Presidency: The Obama Presidential Transition: An Early Assessment". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 39 (3): 574–604. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2009.03691.x. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 41427379. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Skinner, Richard (5 October 2016). "Jimmy Carter changed presidential transitions forever". Vox. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
4. ^ a b c d e f g Eksterowicz, Anthony J.; Hastedt, Glenn (1998). "Modern Presidential Transitions: Problems, Pitfalls, and Lessons for Success". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 28 (2): 299–319. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 27551861. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
5. ^ a b c Brauer, p. 224
6. ^ a b c d e f g Brauer, p. 225
7. ^ a b c Epstein, Aaron (11 Sep 1980). "Reagan aides plan for transition". Newspapers.com. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
8. ^ a b c Rosenbaum, David E. (9 Dec 1980). "Reagan Transition Costs Will Exceed $2 Million". Newspapers.com. The Times Argus. Times News Service. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
9. ^ a b Hanchette, John (12 Nov 1980). "Presidential transition: It doesn't always happen smoothly". Newspapers.com. The Ithaca Journal. Gannett News Service. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
10. ^ Burke (2000), p. 97
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Burke (2000), p. 98
12. ^ Burke (2000), pp. 97–98
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wehr, Elizabeth (4 Jan 1981). "U.S. presidential transition results continue to vary". Newspapers.com. Asbury Park Press. Congressional Quarterly. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
14. ^ a b Breauer, p. 226
15. ^ Burke, John P. (2004). Becoming President : The Bush Transition, 2000-2003. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 27\. ISBN 1-58826-292-8.
16. ^ a b Hess, Stephen (1 March 2001). "First Impressions: A Look Back at Five Presidential Transitions". Brookings. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
17. ^ a b Burke (2000), p. 99
18. ^ Gellman, Barton; Balz, Dan (29 October 1992). "CLINTON TRANSITION TEAM READY TO HIT THE GROUND RUNNING". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
19. ^ a b "Bush transition team already setting course for the first 100 days". Newspapers.com. The Pittsburgh Press. Associated Press. 13 Nov 1988. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
20. ^ "The transition of the U.S. presidency from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan | CBC Archives". CBC. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
21. ^ "Photos: Presidents in Post-Election Transition". WSJ. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
22. ^ Lescaze, Lee (November 21, 1980). "President Welcomes Reagan for a Visit To His New Address". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
23. ^ a b Schrader, Esther; Shogren, Elizabeth (14 Dec 2000). "Bush team must scurry to name top appointees". Newspapers.com. South Florida Sun Sentinel. Los Angeles Times.
24. ^ Brauer, pp. 223–224
25. ^ "JUST ASK Where does the money come from to pay Bill Clinton's transition team expenses?". Newspapers.com. Democrat and Chronicle. 13 Nov 1992. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
26. ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Stephanie (11 February 2008). "CRS Report for Congress Presidential Transitions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
27. ^ McClendon, Sarah (24 Apr 1988). "Planning Presidential Transition". Newspapers.com. The Tyler Courier-Times. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
28. ^ "Private parties, public presidency". Newspapers.com. The News. 12 Jun 1981. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
29. ^ Weisman, Steven R. (January 21, 1981). "Reagan Takes Oath as 40th President; Promises an 'Era of National Renewal'—Minutes Later, 52 U.S. Hostages in Iran Fly to Freedom After 444-Day Ordeal". The New York Times. p. A1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
30. ^ "Iranian Hostages Released – 1981 Year in Review – Audio". UPI.com. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
31. ^ "His career shaped the government". The Daily Journal. 2 March 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2021.

### Sources cited[edit]

* Brauer, Carl M. (1986). Presidential Transitions: Eisenhower Through Reagan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195040511.
* Burke, John P. (2000). Presidential Transitions: From Politics To Practice. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1555879160.

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United States presidential transitions

Transitions|

* Thomas Jefferson (1801)
* Zachary Taylor (1848–49)
* Abraham Lincoln (1860–61)
* William Howard Taft (1908–09)
* Woodrow Wilson (1912–13)
* Warren G. Harding (1920–21)
* Herbert Hoover (1928–29)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932–33)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1952–53)
* John F. Kennedy (1960–61)
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* Ronald Reagan (1980–81)
* George H. W. Bush (1988–89)
* Bill Clinton (1992–93)
* George W. Bush (2000–01)
* Barack Obama (2008–09)
* Donald Trump (2016–17)
* Joe Biden (2020–21)

Planned transitions|

* Michael Dukakis (1988)
* Bob Dole (1996)
* Al Gore (2000)
* John Kerry (2004)
* John McCain (2008)
* Mitt Romney (2012)
* Hillary Clinton (2016)

Related|

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* Vice President-elect of the United States
* End of Term Web Archive
* Midnight regulations
* Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010
* Plum Book

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Ronald Reagan

* 40th President of the United States (1981–1989)
* 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975)

Life and
politics|

* Birthplace
* Pitney Store
* Boyhood home
* General Electric Showcase House
* 668 St. Cloud Road
* Rancho del Cielo
* Filmography
* Political positions
* Governorship of California
* 1969 People's Park protest
* Tyler Prize
* Rockefeller Commission
* Citizens for the Republic
* Presidential Library and Museum
* Reagan era
* Reagan coalition
* 1989 trip to Japan
* Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute
* Death and state funeral

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* First inauguration and Release of hostages
* Second inauguration
* Assassination attempt
* Cabinet
* Judicial appointments
* Supreme Court
* controversies
* Administration scandals
* AIDS
* Bush transition
* Impeachment efforts
* Opinion polling
* Executive orders
* Presidential proclamations

| Foreign policy|

* Reagan Doctrine
* Cold War
* 1st term
* 2nd term
* Soviet Union summits
* Geneva
* Reykjavík
* Washington
* INF Treaty
* Moscow
* Governors Island
* Constructive engagement
* Invasion of Grenada
* Iran–Contra affair
* Libya bombing
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* International trips
* "We begin bombing in five minutes"
* Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
* Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
* Goldwater–Nichols Act
* Montreal Protocol
* Executive Order 12333
* Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
* Form I-9
* H-2A visa
* H-2B visa
* American Homecoming Act
* Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
* Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement
* Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement
* Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act
* Exon–Florio Amendment

|

Domestic policy|

* Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
* Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act
* Cannabis policy
* Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
* Coastal Barrier Resources Act
* Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
* Armed Career Criminal Act
* Sentencing Reform Act
* United States Sentencing Commission
* Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
* Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program
* Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
* Toxics Release Inventory
* Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
* Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988
* Grace Commission
* Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
* Martin Luther King Jr. Day
* Medical Waste Tracking Act
* Minerals Management Service
* National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
* National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984
* Nuclear Waste Policy Act
* Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986
* Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
* Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983
* Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program
* Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
* Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
* 1982 VRA Amendments
* Water Quality Act of 1987
* Water Resources Development Act of 1986
* Water Resources Development Act of 1988

Economic policy|

* Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
* Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
* Agriculture Mediation Program
* Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation
* Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984
* Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
* Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
* Expedited Funds Availability Act
* Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
* Food Security Act of 1985
* Conservation Reserve Program
* Dairy Export Incentive Program
* Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act
* Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983
* Internal Revenue Code of 1986
* Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981
* Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers
* Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
* Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983
* Reagan tax cuts
* Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
* Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
* Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver
* Tax Reform Act of 1986
* Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
* MACRS
* Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act
* Surface Transportation Assistance Act
* Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
* Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988
* Video Privacy Protection Act

Speeches|

* Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine (1961)
* "A Time for Choosing" (1964)
* States' rights speech (1980)
* Inaugural address
* 1981
* 1985
* "Ash heap of history" (1982)
* "Evil empire" (1983)
* "Tear down this wall!" (1987)
* Joint session of Congress (1981)
* State of the Union Address
* 1982
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987
* 1988

Books|

* An American Life
* The Reagan Diaries

Elections|

| Gubernatorial|

* 1966
* 1970

|

Presidential|

* 1976 campaign
* primaries
* convention
* 1980 campaign
* "Let's make America great again"
* "There you go again"
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* 1984 campaign
* "Morning in America"
* "Bear in the woods"
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election

Cultural
depictions|

* Bibliography
* In music
* Let Them Eat Jellybeans! (1981)
* U.S. Postage stamps
* Rap Master Ronnie
* Ed the Happy Clown (1983 comic series)
* Spitting Image (TV series) (1984)
* A Mind Forever Voyaging (1985 game)
* The Dark Knight Returns (1986)
* film adaptation
* Pizza Man (1991 film)
* The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001 film)
* Reagan's War (2002 book)
* The Reagans (2003 film)
* Reagan (2011 documentary)
* The Butler (2013 film)
* Killing Reagan (2015 book)
* Killing Reagan (2016 film)
* Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War (2020 game)
* The Reagans (2020 miniseries)
* Reagan (2024 film)
* "What would Reagan do?"

Legacy|

* Namesakes and memorials
* U.S. Capitol statue
* USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)
* Ronald Reagan Day
* Reagan Day Dinner
* Accolades

Family|

* Jane Wyman (first wife)
* Nancy Reagan (second wife)
* Maureen Reagan (daughter)
* Michael Reagan (adopted son)
* Patti Davis (daughter)
* Ron Reagan (son)
* Jack Reagan (father)
* Nelle Wilson Reagan (mother)
* Neil Reagan (brother)
* Rex (dog)

* <- Jimmy Carter
* George H. W. Bush ->

* Category

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George H. W. Bush

* 41st President of the United States (1989–1993)
* 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–1989)
* Director of Central Intelligence (1976–1977)
* U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1971–1973)
* U.S. Representative for TX–7 (1967–1971)

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* Timeline
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992–93
* Vomiting incident
* Broccoli comments
* White House horseshoe pit
* Presidential pardons
* International trips
* Oval Office desk
* Cabinet
* Judicial appointments
* Thomas
* Supreme Court candidates
* controversies
* Executive orders
* Presidential proclamations
* Clinton transition

| Foreign policy|

* Soviet Union summits
* Malta
* Helsinki
* Invasion of Panama
* Chemical Weapons Accord
* Gulf War
* 1991 Madrid Conference
* New world order
* Somali Civil War
* Unified Task Force
* Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement

|

Domestic policy|

* Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
* Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
* Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
* Cannabis policy
* Civil Rights Act of 1991
* Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
* Acid Rain Program
* Energy Policy Act of 1992
* FDIC Improvement Act
* FIRRE Act
* Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
* Forest Legacy Program
* Integrated Farm Management Program
* Stewardship Incentives Program
* USDA Rural Development
* Wetlands Reserve Program
* Global Change Research Act of 1990
* National Climate Assessment
* U.S. Global Change Research Program
* Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
* Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
* Immigration Act of 1990
* Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
* Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
* JFK Records Act
* Lead and Copper Rule
* Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990
* National Environmental Education Act
* National Space Council
* North American Wetlands Conservation Act
* Oil Pollution Act of 1990
* Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
* Truth in Savings Act
* Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
* Ryan White CARE Act
* 1992 VRA Amendments
* Water Resources Development Act of 1990
* Water Resources Development Act of 1992

Life|

* Presidential Library
* Bush School of Government and Public Service
* Walker's Point Estate
* Post-presidency
* Death and state funeral

Speeches|

* Joint session of Congress (1989)
* State of the Union addresses
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* Chicken Kiev

Elections|

| U.S. Senate|

* 1964
* 1970

|

U.S. House|

* 1966
* 1968

Vice Presidential|

* 1980 campaign
* selection
* convention
* election
* transition
* 1984 campaign
* convention
* election

Presidential|

* 1980 campaign
* primaries
* 1988 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* "a thousand points of light"
* "Read my lips: no new taxes"
* debates
* election
* 1992 campaign
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election

Public image|

* Saturday Night Live parodies
* The X-Presidents
* Presidential Reunion (2010 short film)
* Supermarket scanner moment
* The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991)
* What It Takes: The Way to the White House (1993)
* The Silence of the Hams (1994)
* "Two Bad Neighbors" (1996)
* George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee (1997)
* The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty (2004)
* George H.W. Bush (2008)
* Bad for Democracy (2008)
* Family of Secrets (2009)
* 41: A Portrait of My Father (2014 book)
* Destiny and Power (2015 book)

Books|

* A World Transformed (1998)
* All the Best (1999)

Legacy|

* Bibliography
* Presidential Library
* George H. W. Bush Monument
* Medal of Freedom
* Bush School of Government
* Reagan Award
* George Bush Intercontinental Airport
* George Bush Center for Intelligence
* USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)

Family|

* Barbara Bush (wife)
* George W. Bush (son
* presidency)
* Pauline Robinson Bush (daughter)
* Jeb Bush (son)
* Neil Bush (son)
* Marvin Bush (son)
* Dorothy Bush Koch (daughter)
* Barbara Bush Coyne (granddaughter)
* Jenna Bush Hager (granddaughter)
* George P. Bush (grandson)
* Lauren Bush (granddaughter)
* Pierce Bush (grandson)
* Prescott Bush (father)
* Dorothy Walker Bush (mother)
* Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (sister)
* Jonathan Bush (brother)
* William H. T. Bush (brother)
* Samuel P. Bush (grandfather)
* George Herbert Walker (grandfather)
* James Smith Bush (great-grandfather)
* Obadiah Bush (great-great-grandfather)
* Millie (family dog)
* Sully (service dog)

* ← Ronald Reagan
* Bill Clinton →

* ← Walter Mondale
* Dan Quayle →

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Jimmy Carter

* 39th President of the United States (1977–1981)
* 76th Governor of Georgia (1971–1975)
* Georgia State Senator (1963–1967)

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* Timeline
* 1977
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980
* January 1981
* Political positions
* Judicial appointments
* controversies
* Executive Actions
* Rabbit incident
* Solar power at the White House
* Reagan transition

| Foreign policy|

* Carter Doctrine
* Camp David Accords
* Egypt–Israel peace treaty
* Torrijos–Carter Treaties
* Iran hostage crisis
* International Emergency Economic Powers Act
* Executive Order 12170
* Operation Eagle Claw
* Canadian Caper
* Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini
* 1979 oil crisis
* Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War
* Algiers Accords
* Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
* Diplomatic relations with China
* Goldwater v. Carter
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* International trips
* 1980 Summer Olympics boycott
* Executive Order 12036
* Refugee Act
* Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
* FISA Court
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978

|

Domestic policy|

* Cannabis policy
* Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
* Senior Executive Service
* Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978
* Department of Education Organization Act
* U.S. Department of Education
* Executive Order 12148
* Federal Emergency Management Agency
* Executive Order 12172
* U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Economic policy|

* Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
* Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
* Airline Deregulation Act
* Carter bonds
* Community Reinvestment Act
* DIDMC Act
* Electronic Fund Transfer Act
* Executive Order 12086
* Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
* Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977
* Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
* Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
* National security letter
* Right to Financial Privacy Act
* Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
* Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
* Motor Carrier Act of 1980
* National Aquaculture Act of 1980
* Staggers Rail Act
* Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977
* Revenue Act of 1978
* Trade Agreements Act of 1979
* Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980

Energy policy|

* U.S. Department of Energy
* Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
* Energy Security Act
* Synthetic Fuels Corporation
* National Energy Act
* Energy Tax Act
* National Energy Conservation Policy Act
* Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
* Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980
* Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978

Environmental
policy|

* Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
* Antarctic Conservation Act
* Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
* Clean Water Act of 1977
* Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978
* Superfund
* Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
* National Priorities List
* Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
* Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
* Three Mile Island accident investigation
* Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act

Speeches|

* Moral Equivalent of War
* Island of Stability
* A Crisis of Confidence
* State of the Union Address
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980
* 1981

Elections|

| Gubernatorial|

* 1966
* 1970

|

Presidential|

* 1976 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* 1980 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election

Post-presidency|

* Carter Center
* Presidential Library and Museum
* Habitat for Humanity
* Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project
* The Elders
* Jimmy Carter National Historical Park
* Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House
* Nairobi Agreement, 1999
* One America Appeal
* Continuity of Government Commission

Books|

* Everything to Gain (1987)
* The Hornet's Nest (2003)
* Our Endangered Values (2006)
* Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006)
* reaction and commentary
* Beyond the White House (2007)
* We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land (2009)
* White House Diary (2010)
* A Call to Action (2014)
* A Full Life (2015)

Awards
and honors|

* Nobel Peace Prize
* Presidential Medal of Freedom
* Freedom of the City
* Silver Buffalo Award
* Philadelphia Liberty Medal
* United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
* Hoover Medal
* Christopher Award
* Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize
* Grammy Award

Legacy|

* Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue (1976)
* USS Jimmy Carter
* Jimmy Carter National Historical Park (1987)
* Georgia State Capitol statue (1994)

Related|

* Residences
* Birthplace
* Home
* Mary Prince (nanny)
* UFO incident
* Jimmy Carter (2002 television documentary)
* Man from Plains (2007 documentary)

Family|

* Rosalynn Carter (wife)
* Jack Carter (son)
* Amy Carter (daughter)
* Jason Carter (grandson)
* James Earl Carter Sr. (father)
* Lillian Gordy Carter (mother)
* Gloria Carter Spann (sister)
* Ruth Carter Stapleton (sister)
* Billy Carter (brother)

* Emily Dolvin (aunt)
* Hugh Carter (cousin)
* Hugh Carter Jr. (first counsin once removed)

* ← Gerald Ford
* Ronald Reagan →

* Category

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