Press freedom predator

Anti-award attributed to those having a negative effect on press freedom

Press freedom predator is an anti-award distributed every few years by Reporters Without Borders.[1] It is attributed to heads of state or groups who are deemed to have a negative effect on press freedom.[2]

Recipients often vehemently deny that they deserve their place on the list.[3] In 2020, Reporters Without Borders also released a list of 20 press freedom's digital predators.[4]

## 2021

[edit]

In July 2021, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[5][6]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |  Egypt | President of Egypt (2014–present)
| Alexander Lukashenko |  Belarus | President of Belarus (1994–present)
| Ali Khamenei |  Iran | Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
| Bashar al-Assad |  Syria | President of Syria (2000–present)
| Carrie Lam |  Hong Kong
( China) | Chief Executive of Hong Kong (2017-2022)
| Daniel Ortega |  Nicaragua | President of Nicaragua (1979-1990 and 2007–present)
| Emomali Rahmon |  Tajikistan | President of Tajikistan (1994–present)
| Gotabaya Rajapaksa |  Sri Lanka | President of Sri Lanka (2019–2022)
Minister of Defence (2020–2022)
Minister of Technology (2020–2022)
| Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedov |  Turkmenistan | President of Turkmenistan (2007-2022)
Chairman of the People's Council of Turkmenistan (2021–present)
| Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |  Bahrain | King of Bahrain (2002–present)
| Hun Sen |  Cambodia | Prime Minister of Cambodia (1998–2023)
President of the Senate (2024–present)
| Ilham Aliyev |  Azerbaijan | President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
| Imran Khan |  Pakistan | Prime Minister of Pakistan (2018-2022)
| Isaias Afwerki |  Eritrea | President of Eritrea (1993–present)
| Ismaïl Omar Guelleh |  Djibouti | President of Djibouti (1999–present)
| Jair Bolsonaro |  Brazil | President of Brazil (2019–2022)
| Kim Jong-un |  North Korea | Supreme Leader of North Korea (2011–present)
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (2012–present)
| Lee Hsien Loong |  Singapore | Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
| Miguel Díaz-Canel |  Cuba | First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2021–present)
President of Cuba (2019–present)
| Min Aung Hlaing |  Myanmar | Chairman of the State Administration Council (2021–present)
Prime Minister of Myanmar (2021–present)
Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services (2011–present)
| Mohammed bin Salman |  Saudi Arabia | Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (2017–present)
Minister of Defense (2015–present)
| Narendra Modi |  India | Prime Minister of India (2014–present)
| Nguyễn Phú Trọng |  Vietnam | General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2011–2024)
President of Vietnam (2018-2021)
| Nicolás Maduro |  Venezuela | President of Venezuela (2013–present)
| Paul Biya |  Cameroon | President of Cameroon (1982–present)
| Paul Kagame |  Rwanda | President of Rwanda (2000–present)
| Prayut Chan-o-cha |  Thailand | Prime Minister of Thailand (2014–2023)
Minister of Defence (2019–2023)
| Ramzan Kadyrov |  Chechnya
( Russia) | Head of the Chechen Republic (2007–present)
| Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |  Turkey | President of Turkey (2014–present)
Prime Minister of Turkey (2003-2014)
| Rodrigo Duterte |  Philippines | President of the Philippines (2016-2020)
| Salva Kiir Mayardit |  South Sudan | President of South Sudan (2011–present)
| Sheikh Hasina |  Bangladesh | Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1996-2001 and 2009–2024)
Leader of the House (2009–2024)
| Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |  Equatorial Guinea | President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
| Viktor Orbán |  Hungary | Prime Minister of Hungary (1998-2002 and 2010–present)
| Vladimir Putin |  Russia | President of Russia (2000-2008 and 2012–present)
Prime Minister of Russia (2008-2012)
| Xi Jinping |  China | General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–present)
President of the People's Republic of China (2013–present)
| Yoweri Museveni |  Uganda | President of Uganda (1986–present)

## 2016

[edit]

In October 2016, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[7]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |  Egypt | President of Egypt (2014–present)
| Al-Shabaab |  Somalia | Islamic insurgence group active in East Africa
| Alexander Lukashenko |  Belarus | President of Belarus (1994–present)
| Ali Khamenei |  Iran | Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
| Ansar Allah |  Yemen | An Islamist political and armed movement in Yemen
| Ansarullah Bangla Team |  Bangladesh | An Islamic Jihadi organization in Bangladesh
| Bashar al-Assad |  Syria | President of Syria (2000–present)
| Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedov |  Turkmenistan | President of Turkmenistan (2007-2022)
| Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |  Bahrain | King of Bahrain (2002–present)
| Ilham Aliyev |  Azerbaijan | President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
| Isaias Afwerki |  Eritrea | President of Eritrea (1993–present)
| Islamic State |  Iraq
Syria
Afghanistan
Libya | Militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state
| Joseph Kabila |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001-2019)
| Kim Jong-un |  North Korea | Supreme Leader of North Korea (2011–present)
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (2012–present)
| Lee Hsien Loong |  Singapore | Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
| Los Zetas |  Mexico | Mexican criminal syndicate
| Nguyễn Phú Trọng |  Vietnam | General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2011–2024)
President of Vietnam (2018-2021)
| Nicolás Maduro |  Venezuela | President of Venezuela (2013–present)
| Nursultan Nazarbayev |  Kazakhstan | President of Kazakhstan (1991-2019)
| Omar al-Bashir |  Sudan | President of Sudan (1993-2019)
| Inter-Services Intelligence |  Pakistan | Pakistan's intelligence agency
| Paul Kagame |  Rwanda | President of Rwanda (2000–present)
| Pierre Nkurunziza |  Burundi | President of Burundi (2005-2020)
| Prayut Chan-o-cha |  Thailand | Prime Minister of Thailand (2014–2023)
Minister of Defence (2019–2023)
| Ramzan Kadyrov |  Chechnya
( Russia) | Head of the Chechen Republic (2007–present)
| Raúl Castro |  Cuba | First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2011-2021)
President of the Council of State (2008-2018)
| Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |  Turkey | President of Turkey (2014–present)
Prime Minister of Turkey (2003-2014)
| Robert Mugabe |  Zimbabwe | President of Zimbabwe (1987-2017)
| Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud |  Saudi Arabia | King of Saudi Arabia (2015–present)
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (2012-2015)
Minister of Defence (2011-2015)
| Salva Kiir Mayardit |  South Sudan | President of South Sudan (2011–present)
| Taliban |  Afghanistan | Islamic fundamentalist, militant Islamist, and jihadist political movement in Afghanistan
| Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |  Equatorial Guinea | President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
| Vladimir Putin |  Russia | President of Russia (2000-2008 and 2012–present)
Prime Minister of Russia (2008-2012)
| Xi Jinping |  China | General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–present)
President of the People's Republic of China (2013–present)
| Yahya Jammeh |  The Gambia | President of the Gambia (1996-2017)

## 2013

[edit]

In May 2013, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[8]

### Africa

[edit]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Al-Shabaab |  Somalia | Islamic insurgence group active in East Africa
| Boko Haram |  Nigeria | An Islamic terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria
| Hizbul Islam |  Somalia | Somali Islamist group
| Isaias Afwerki |  Eritrea | President of Eritrea (1993–present)
| Mswati III |  Eswatini | King of Eswatini (1986–present)
| Paul Kagame |  Rwanda | President of Rwanda (2000–present)
| Robert Mugabe |  Zimbabwe | President of Zimbabwe (1987-2017)
| Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |  Equatorial Guinea | President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
| Yahya Jammeh |  The Gambia | President of the Gambia (1996-2017)

### Americas

[edit]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Dario Antonio Úsuga |  Colombia | Leader of the drug trafficking group Clan del Golfo
| Los Zetas |  Mexico | Mexican criminal syndicate
| Miguel Facussé Barjum |  Honduras | Honduran businessman and landowner
| Miguel Treviño Morales |  Mexico | Mexican drug lord
| Raúl Castro |  Cuba | First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2011-2021)
President of the Council of State (2008-2018)

### Asia

[edit]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud |  Saudi Arabia | King of Saudi Arabia (2005-2015)
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005-2015)
| Abu Mohammad al-Julani |  Syria | Commander-in-chief of Tahrir al-Sham (2017–present)
Emir of the Al-Nusra Front (2012-2017)
| Ali Khamenei |  Iran | Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
| Balochistan Liberation Army |  Pakistan | A militant group waging a violent armed struggle against Pakistan for what it claims as self-determination for the Baloch people and separation of Balochistan from Pakistan.
| Bashar al-Assad |  Syria | President of Syria (2000–present)
| Choummaly Sayasone |  Laos | General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006-2016)
President of Laos (2006-2016)
| Gotabaya Rajapaksa |  Sri Lanka | President of Sri Lanka (2019–2022)
Minister of Defence (2020–2022)
Minister of Technology (2020–2022)
| Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedov |  Turkmenistan | President of Turkmenistan (2007-2022)
| Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |  Bahrain | King of Bahrain (2002–present)
| Ilham Aliyev |  Azerbaijan | President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
| Inter-Services Intelligence |  Pakistan | Pakistan's intelligence agency
| Islam Karimov |  Uzbekistan | President of Uzbekistan (1991-2016)
| Israel Defence Forces |  Israel | Military forces of the State of Israel
| Kim Jong-un |  North Korea | Supreme Leader of North Korea (2011–present)
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (2012–present)
| Leaders and members of extremist religious groups  |  Maldives |
| Mahinda Rajapaksa |  Sri Lanka | President of Sri Lanka (2005-2015)
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2019-2022)
| Mahmoud Ahmadinejad |  Iran | President of Iran (2005-2013)
| Mullah Omar |  Afghanistan | Founder and leader of Taliban
Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996-2001)
| Muslim Brotherhood |  Egypt | A transnational Sunni Islamist organization
| Nguyễn Phú Trọng |  Vietnam | General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2011–2024)
President of Vietnam (2018-2021)
| Nursultan Nazarbayev |  Kazakhstan | President of Kazakhstan (1991-2019)
| Private militias  |  Philippines |
| Vasif Talibov |  Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
(Azerbaijan) | Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (1993–present)
| Xi Jinping |  China | General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2012–present)
President of the People's Republic of China (2013–present)

### Europe

[edit]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Alexander Lukashenko |  Belarus | President of Belarus (1994–present)
| Camorra |  Italy | Italian Mafia-type criminal organization and criminal society originating in the region of Campania, and is one of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy.
| Ramzan Kadyrov |  Chechnya
( Russia) | Head of the Chechen Republic (2007–present)
| Vladimir Putin |  Russia | President of Russia (2000-2008 and 2012–present)
Prime Minister of Russia (2008-2012)

## 2009-2011

[edit]

The list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders from 2009 to 2011 includes:[9][10][11]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud |  Saudi Arabia | King of Saudi Arabia (2005-2015)
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005-2015)
| Abdulkadir Hussein Mohamed |  Somalia | Minister of Information, Posts and Telecommunications of Somalia
| Alexander Lukashenko |  Belarus | President of Belarus (1994–present)
| Al-Shabaab |  Somalia | Islamic insurgence group active in East Africa
| Ali Abdullah Saleh |  Yemen | President of Yemen (1990-2012)
| Ali Khamenei |  Iran | Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
| Bashar al-Assad |  Syria | President of Syria (2000–present)
| Black Eagles |  Colombia | Colombian paramilitary forces
| Choummaly Sayasone |  Laos | General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006-2016)
President of Laos (2006-2016)
| Euskadi Ta Askatasuna |  Spain | An armed Basque nationalist and separatist terrorist organization
| Gotabaya Rajapaksa |  Sri Lanka | President of Sri Lanka (2019–2022)
Minister of Defence (2020–2022)
Minister of Technology (2020–2022)
| Gulf Cartel |  Mexico | Mexican drug cartel
| Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedov |  Turkmenistan | President of Turkmenistan (2007-2022)
| Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa |  Bahrain | King of Bahrain (2002–present)
| Hamas |  Palestine | A Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist, militant and nationalist organization
| Hizbul Islam |  Somalia | Somali Islamist group
| Hu Jintao |  China | General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2002-2012)
President of the People's Republic of China (2003-2013)
| Ilham Aliyev |  Azerbaijan | President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
| Isaias Afwerki |  Eritrea | President of Eritrea (1993–present)
| Islam Karimov |  Uzbekistan | President of Uzbekistan (1991-2016)
| Israel Defence Forces |  Israel | Military forces of the State of Israel
| Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha |  Nepal | A political organisation in Nepal
| Juárez Cartel |  Mexico | Mexican drug cartel
| Kim Jong-il |  North Korea | Supreme Leader of North Korea (1994-2011)
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1997-2011)
| Madhesh Mukti Tigers |  Nepal | An armed group in Nepal
| Mahinda Rajapaksa |  Sri Lanka | President of Sri Lanka (2005-2015)
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2019-2022)
| Mahmoud Ahmadinejad |  Iran | President of Iran (2005-2013)
| Mswati III |  Eswatini | King of Eswatini (1986–present)
| Mullah Omar |  Afghanistan | Founder and leader of Taliban
Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996-2001)
| Muammar Gaddafi |  Libya | Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1979-2011)
Chairperson of the African Union (2009-2010)
| Nông Đức Mạnh |  Vietnam | General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2001-2011)
| Nursultan Nazarbayev |  Kazakhstan | President of Kazakhstan (1991-2019)
| Ogbonna Okechukwu Onovo |  Nigeria | Inspector General of the Nigerian Police (2009-2010)
| Organized crime |  Italy |
| Palestinian Security Services |  Palestine | Armed forces and intelligence agencies of the State of Palestine
| Paul Kagame |  Rwanda | President of Rwanda (2000–present)
| Private militias  |  Philippines |
| Ramzan Kadyrov |  Chechnya
( Russia) | Head of the Chechen Republic (2007–present)
| Raúl Castro |  Cuba | First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2011-2021)
President of the Council of State (2008-2018)
| Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia |  Colombia | Colombian Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group
| Robert Mugabe |  Zimbabwe | President of Zimbabwe (1987-2017)
| Sinaloa Cartel |  Mexico | Mexican drug cartel
| Tarek Kamel |  Egypt | Minister of Communications and Information Technology of Egypt (2004-2011)
| Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |  Equatorial Guinea | President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
| Than Shwe |  Myanmar | Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (1992-2011)
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Myanmar (1992-2011)
Prime Minister of Myanmar (1992-2003)
100px | Tijuana Cartel |  Mexico | Mexican drug cartel
| Velupillai Prabhakaran |  Sri Lanka | Leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
| Vladimir Putin |  Russia | President of Russia (2000-2008 and 2012–present)
Prime Minister of Russia (2008-2012)
| Yahya Jammeh |  The Gambia | President of the Gambia (1996-2017)
| Zine El Abidine Ben Ali |  Tunisia | President of Tunisia (1987-2011)

## 2001

[edit]

In November 2001, the list of press freedom predators published by Reporters Without Borders includes:[12]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Ali Khamenei |  Iran | Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
| Alexander Lukashenko |  Belarus | President of Belarus (1994–present)
| Bashar al-Assad |  Syria | President of Syria (2000–present)
| Carlos Castaño Gil |  Colombia | Colombian paramilitary leader and founder of the Peasant Self-Defenders of Córdoba and Urabá
| Euskadi Ta Askatasuna |  Spain | An armed Basque nationalist and separatist terrorist organization
| Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud |  Saudi Arabia | King of Saudi Arabia (1982-2005)
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1982-2005)
| Fidel Castro |  Cuba | First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965-2011)
President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976-2008)
President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1976-2008)
Prime Minister of Cuba (1959-1976)
Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement (1979-1983 and 2006–2008)
| François Compaoré |  Burkina Faso | Economic Advisor to the President of Burkina Faso (1989-2014)
| Gnassingbé Eyadéma |  Togo | President of Togo (1967-2005)
| Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu |  Turkey | Chief of the General Staff of Turkey (1998-2002)
| Isaias Afwerki |  Eritrea | President of Eritrea (1993–present)
| Islam Karimov |  Uzbekistan | President of Uzbekistan (1991-2016)
| Jiang Zemin |  China | General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1989-2002)
President of the People's Republic of China (1993-2003)
| Joseph Kabila |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001-2019)
| José Eduardo dos Santos |  Angola | President of Angola (1979-2017)
| Joynal Hazari |  Bangladesh | Bangladeshi politician and member of Jatiya Sangsad, representing the Feni-2 constituency (1986-1987, 1991-1996 and 1996–2001)
| Khamtai Siphandone |  Laos | General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1992-2006)
President of Laos (1998-2006)
| Kidnapping mafia  |  Chechnya
( Russia) |
| Kim Jong-il |  North Korea | Supreme Leader of North Korea (1994-2011)
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1997-2011)
| Kirsan Ilyumzhinov |  Kalmykia
( Russia) | President of Kalmykia (1993-2010)
| Leonid Kuchma |  Ukraine | President of Ukraine (1994-2005)
| Mahatir Mohammad |  Malaysia | Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981-2003 and 2018–2020)
| Manuel Marulanda |  Colombia | Leader of Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
| Meles Zenawi |  Ethiopia | Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995-2012)
| Mswati III |  Eswatini | King of Eswatini (1986–present)
| Muammar Gaddafi |  Libya | Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1979-2011)
Chairperson of the African Union (2009-2010)
| Mullah Omar |  Afghanistan | Founder and leader of Taliban
Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996-2001)
| Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista |  Colombia | Commander of National Liberation Army
| Nông Đức Mạnh |  Vietnam | General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2001-2011)
| Palestinian Security Services |  Palestine | Armed forces and intelligence agencies of the State of Palestine
| Paul Kagame |  Rwanda | President of Rwanda (2000–present)
| Robert Mugabe |  Zimbabwe | President of Zimbabwe (1987-2017)
| Saddam Hussein |  Iraq | President of Iraq (1979-2003)
| Saparmurat Niyazov |  Turkmenistan | President of Turkmenistan (1991-2006)
| Shaul Mofaz |  Israel | Defense Minister of Israel (2002-2006)
| Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |  Equatorial Guinea | President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
| Than Shwe |  Myanmar | Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (1992-2011)
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Myanmar (1992-2011)
Prime Minister of Myanmar (1992-2003)
| Vladimir Putin |  Russia | President of Russia (2000-2008 and 2012–present)
Prime Minister of Russia (2008-2012)
| Zine El Abidine Ben Ali |  Tunisia | President of Tunisia (1987-2011)

## Digital press freedom predators

[edit]

In March 2020, as part of the World Day Against Cyber-Censorship, the Reporters Without Borders published a list of digital press freedom predators. The list includes:[13][14]

### Harassment

[edit]

Name  | Country  | Description

|
|

Electronic Flies  |  Algeria | Army of internet trolls in the Algerian government’s payroll. Their main task is to discredit all journalists critical of the government by engaging in online abuse, posting personal information about them and public reporting of critical posts in online platforms in order to remove them.
Hate Office  |  Brazil | Consisting of close presidential advisers of President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro and coordinated by his son Carlos, the group publishes attacks against journalists on a large scale by engaging in social media campaigns of insults and threats. The existence of such group was revealed by Brazilian parliamentarian and former ally of Bolsonaro Joice Hasselmann.
Modi's Yoddhas  |  India | Internet trolls who either volunteer their services or are paid employees of the ruling Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and are supporters of the current Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi. They engage in social media insults, calls for rape and death threats against critics of Modi. Yoddhas in Hindi language means 'warriors'.
The Kremlin's Troll Army  |  Russia | An internet troll army which have an implicit backing of the Government of Russia and President of Russia Vladimir Putin. They spread false reports and videos, engage in doxing and defamation against critics of Putin, and also spread propaganda about those who denounce their activities.
Troll Gangs  |  Mexico | An internet troll group who have engaged in social media smears, threats and insults against journalists who have questioned President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s decision to release drug lord El Chapo’s son Ovidio Guzmán López.

### State censorship

[edit]

Image  | Name  | Country  | Role

|
|
|

| Cyberspace Administration of China |  China | The central internet regulator, censor, oversight, and control agency for the People's Republic of China. The agency engages in internet censorship and supervision of private-sector platforms such as Baidu, WeChat, Weibo and Douyin, and blocking and deleting content and apps. During the COVID-19 pandemic in China, the agency has suppressed social media accounts of media outlets and bloggers, and censored news outlets critical of the government's handling of the pandemic.
| Ministry of Home Affairs |  India | The ministry of the Government of India, which is mainly responsible for the maintenance of internal security and domestic policy of the country. On 5 August 2019, it completely disconnected internet communication in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, resulting in Kashmiri journalists unable to work freely and depriving all of the state's residents from accessing independently reported news and information. Despite broadband connections being partially restored after six months, access to many sites remains largely uncertain and India is the country that most uses Internet shutdowns, with a total of 121 in 2019.
| National Commission of Telecommunications
(Conatel) |  Venezuela | An agency of the Government of Venezuela that exercises the regulation, supervision and control over telecommunications. It orders the blocking of websites that are critical of the authorities of the government and many have been blocked without any possibility of appeal. The agency also temporarily blocks social media platforms such as Facebook, especially when opposition leader Juan Guaidó’s speeches are being broadcast live on Facebook.
| Roskomnadzor
(Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media) |  Russia | The Russian federal executive agency responsible for monitoring, controlling and censoring Russian mass media. It has blocked more than 490,000 websites without warning and without respecting legal procedure, and maintains a secret blacklist of banned sites. The agency also blocks platforms and apps that refuse to store their data on servers in Russia or provide the Russian authorities the means to decrypt messages.
| Supreme Council of Cyberspace |  Iran | The agency was created in 2012, and consists of senior military and political figures. They engage in online selective access and control, blocking news websites, social media platforms and messaging apps such as Telegram, Signal, WhatsApp, Facebook and Twitter. Internet shutdowns are increasingly used to contain and suppress waves of street protests in the country, and publishing independent information are regarded as “counter-revolutionary” or “subversive” in nature.
| Supreme Council for Media Regulation
(SCMR) |  Egypt | The agency was created in 2017 to "devise and implement the media strategy for the Egyptian state." It engages in the blocking of news sites and messaging apps under the grounds that they publish false information. More than 500 websites and 11 messaging apps are currently inaccessible in Egypt.

### Disinformation

[edit]

Name  | Country  | Description

|
|

Call Centre Hubs  |  Philippines | Consisting of supporters of President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte, they disseminate fake memes, maliciously edited content and conduct targeted harassment campaigns with the aim of smearing the media and manipulating public opinion. They had launched a campaign to smear and boycott the ABS-CBN radio and TV network with the aim of blocking the renewal of its licence.
Cyber Jihadist Unit  |  Sudan | The internet troll army that was created by the National Intelligence and Security Service, which spies on activists, politicians and journalists on social media. It also disseminates messages and articles with false information designed to discredit members of the current transitional government.
Force 47 |  Vietnam | An internet army of 10,100 cyber soldiers run by the Ministry of Public Security. They are tasked with setting up, moderating and posting on pro-state Facebook groups. The group is also considered the largest and most sophisticated influence network in Southeast Asia.[15]
Saudi Electronic Brigade  |  Saudi Arabia | Led by Saud al-Qahtani, the then advisor to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, the network of pro-Saudi Twitter trolls and bots used to produce more than 2,500 tweets a day consisting of false information and hate messages against the critics of the Government of Saudi Arabia.

### Spying Surveillance

[edit]

Name  | Country  | Description

|
|

Gamma Group |  Germany
United Kingdom | An Anglo-German technology company that sells surveillance software to governments and police forces around the world. The FinFisher software, which was developed by the company, has been used by undemocratic regimes to spy on activists and journalists.
Memento Labs
(formerly known as Hacking Team) |  Italy
Saudi Arabia
Switzerland | The company created spyware capable of extracting files from a targeted device, intercepting emails and instant messages, and activating a device's webcam or microphone, which was then sold to law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
Mollitiam Industries  |  Spain | A Spanish software company that developed tools for intercepting phone calls and emails. One of the customers of its product is the Colombian Armed Forces, which used it to illegally spy on supreme court judges, politicians, journalists and journalists’ sources.
NSO Group |  Israel | An Israeli technology firm primarily known for its proprietary spyware Pegasus, which uses a WhatsApp flaw to install on targeted smartphones and send them infected files that open automatically. The spyware has been used to target human rights activists and journalists in various countries.
Zerodium
(formerly known as Vupen) |  United States | An American information security company based in Washington, D.C. and Europe, which pays bounties to hackers and security researchers to be exclusively informed about their discoveries, which is used to spy on journalists to foreign governments.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Pakistan rejects naming of PM Khan as press freedom 'predator'". www.aljazeera.com.
2. ^ "Press freedom: India, Pakistan PMs among 37 world leaders on 'predators' list - Times of India". The Times of India.
3. ^ "Baseless to include Duterte on 'press freedom predator' list". www.pna.gov.ph.
4. ^ "RSF unveils 20/2020 list of press freedom's digital predators". 12 March 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
5. ^ "RSF's 2021 "Press freedom predators" gallery – old tyrants, two women and a European | Reporters without borders". RSF. 2 July 2021.
6. ^ "Predators 2021" (PDF). RSF. 2021.
7. ^ "Press Freedom Predators" (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
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