Pride

Positive effect from the perceived value of a person

For other uses, see Pride (disambiguation).

16th century print by Georg Pencz, depicting pride as one of the seven vices Part of a series on

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Pride is a human secondary emotion characterized by a sense of satisfaction with one's identity, performance, or accomplishments. It is often considered the opposite of shame or humility[1] and, depending on context, may be viewed as either virtue or vice. Pride may refer to a feeling of satisfaction derived from one's own or another's choices and actions, or one's belonging to a group of people. Typically, pride arises from praise, independent self-reflection and/or a fulfilled feeling of belonging.

The word pride may refer to group identity. Manifestations, including one's ethnicity. It is notably known for Black Pride, which gained historical momentum during the U.S. Civil Rights Movement. Then it became known for independence struggles—Feminist Pride, rooted in the women's rights movement and gender equality struggles and sexual identity (for example, Gay Pride or LGBT Pride, rising in visibility following the Stonewall riots). In this context of minority groups, the display of pride is in defiance of people outside of the minority in question trying to instill them with a sense of shame.

There's also the sense of pride that can accompany national identity (patriotism), regional identity, or other affiliations (for example, proud to be a university alumnus). In this context, the pride is more literal.

It may also refer to foolhardiness,[2] or a corrupt, irrational sense of one's personal value, status, or accomplishments,[3] and in this sense, pride can be used synonymously with hubris or vanity. In this sense it has classical theological interpretation as one of the seven deadly sins.

While some philosophers such as Aristotle (and George Bernard Shaw) consider pride (but not hubris) a profound virtue, some world religions consider pride as a form[4][circular reference] of sin, as stated in Proverbs 11:2 of the Hebrew Bible. In Judaism, pride is called the root of all evil. In Catholicism, it is considered one of the seven deadly sins. When viewed as a virtue, pride in one's abilities is known as virtuous pride, greatness of soul, or magnanimity, but when viewed as a vice, it is often known to be self-idolatry, sadistic contempt or vainglory.[5]

## Etymology

[edit]

Proud comes from late Old English prut, probably from Old French prud "brave, valiant" (11th century) (which became preux in French), from Late Latin term prodis "useful," which is compared with the Latin prodesse "be of use."[6] The sense of "having a high opinion of oneself," not in French, may reflect the Anglo-Saxons' opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves "proud."[7]

## Ancient Greek philosophy

[edit]

Aristotle identified pride (megalopsuchia, variously translated as proper pride, the greatness of soul and magnanimity)[8] as the crown of the virtues, distinguishing it from vanity, temperance and humility, thus:

> By a high-minded man we seem to mean one who claims much and deserves much: for he who claims much without deserving it is a fool; but the possessor of a virtue is never foolish or silly. The man we have described, then, is high-minded. He who deserves little and claims little is temperate [or modest], but not high-minded: for high-mindedness [or greatness of soul] implies greatness, just as beauty implies stature; small men may be neat and well proportioned, but cannot be called beautiful.[9]

He then concludes that,

> High-mindedness, then, seems to be the crowning grace, as it were, of the virtues; it makes them greater, and cannot exist without them. And on this account it is a hard thing to be truly high-minded; for it is impossible without the union of all the virtues.[9]

By contrast, Aristotle defined the vice of hubris as follows:

> to cause shame to the victim, not in order that anything may happen to you, nor because anything has happened to you, but merely for your own gratification. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries; this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this: naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater.[10]

Thus, although pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing, for Aristotle and many philosophers hubris is an entirely different thing from pride.[11]

## Psychology

[edit]

Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates, is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with.[3] The field of psychology classifies it with guilt and shame as a self-conscious emotion that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards.[12] Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it.

### Emotion

[edit]

In psychological terms, positive pride is a "pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation."[13] It was added to the University of California, Davis, "Set of Emotion Expressions", as one of three "self-conscious" emotions known to have recognizable expressions (along with embarrassment and shame).[14]

The term "fiero" was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity.[15] Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, or arms on hips to demonstrate victory. Individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies indicate that the nonverbal expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a person's high social status in a group.[16]

Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and the arms extended out from the body. This postural display is innate, as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others.[17]

### Positive outcomes

[edit]

Pride results from self-directed satisfaction with meeting personal goals; for example, positive performance outcomes elicit pride in a person when the event is appraised as having been caused by that person alone.[18][full citation needed]

Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict.[19]

Pride involves exhilarated pleasure and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud."[20][full citation needed] Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and outward promotion[clarification needed]. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused efforts, helping individuals prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended.[21][full citation needed] Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and altruism.[22][full citation needed] Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher GPA in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA.[23]

### Economics

[edit]

In the field of economic psychology, pride is conceptualized on a spectrum ranging from "proper pride," associated with genuine achievements, and "false pride," which can be maladaptive or even pathological. Lea et al. examined the role of pride in various economic situations. They claim that in all cases pride is involved because economic decisions are not taken in isolation from one another, but are linked together by the selfhood of the people who take them[clarification needed].[24] Understood in this way, pride is an emotional state that works to ensure that people take financial decisions that are in their long-term interests, even when in the short term they would appear irrational.

### Sin and self-acceptance

[edit]

See also: Self-esteem § Contingent vs. non-contingent

Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins by Jacob Matham c. 1592

Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride".[25] Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thus[non sequitur] high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, "humanistic psychology" diagnosed the primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth." Carl Rogers observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem.[26]: 40, 87, 95

In the King James Bible, people exhibiting excess pride are labeled with the term, "Haughty".

> Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall.

— King James Version of the Bible (1611), Book of Proverbs, 16:18

Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe the human condition. He examines and compares the Augustinian-Niebuhrian conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the humanistic psychology position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self.[26]

He considers that the work of certain Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts, namely Karen Horney, and offers promise in addressing what he describes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self."[26]: 112–13

Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem:

> The "idealized self," the "tyranny of the should," the "pride system," and the nature of self-hate all point toward the intertwined relationship between neurotic pride and self-contempt. Understanding how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem.[sentence fragment][26]: 112–13

Thus, hubris, which is an exaggerated form of self-esteem, is sometimes actually a lie used to cover the lack of self-esteem the hubristic person feels deep down.

### Hubris and group narcissism

[edit]

Main article: Hubris

See also: Group narcissism

Hubris is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and is commonly related to[clarification needed] expressions of aggression and hostility.[27][full citation needed] Hubris is not necessarily associated with high self-esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self-esteem. Excessive feelings of hubris tend to create conflict and sometimes to terminate close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions.[28][full citation needed]

A group that boasts, gloats, or denigrates others tends to become a group with low social status or to be vulnerable to threats from other groups.[29][better source needed] "[H]ubristic, pompous displays of group pride might be a sign of group insecurity rather than a sign of strength,"[This quote needs a citation] while those who express pride by being filled with humility whilst focusing on members' efforts and hard work tend to achieve high social standing in both the adult public and personal eyes.

Research from the University of Sydney found that hubristic pride correlates with arrogance and self-aggrandizement, and promotes prejudice and discrimination. But authentic pride is associated with self-confidence and accomplishment and promotes more positive attitudes toward outgroups and stigmatized individuals.[30]

## Ethnic

[edit]

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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### Across the world

[edit]

Pride in ones own ethnicity or ones own culture seems to universally have positive connotations,[dubious - discuss][31] though like earlier discussions on pride, when pride tips into hubris, people have been known to commit atrocities.[32]

Types of pride across the world seem to have a broad variety. The difference of type may have no greater contrast than that between the U.S. and China.[ambiguous][33] In the U.S., individual pride tends[clarification needed] and seems to be held more often in thought. The people in China seem to hold greater views[clarification needed] for the nation as a whole.[34]

The value of pride in the individual or the society as a whole seems to be a running theme and debate among cultures.[35] This debate shadows the discussion on pride so much so that perhaps the discussion on pride should not be about whether pride is necessarily good or bad, but about which form of it is the most useful.[35]

Pride has gained a lot of negative recognition in the western cultures, largely due to its status as one of the Seven Deadly Sins. It was popularized by the Pope Gregory I of the Catholic Church in the late sixth century, but before that it was recognized by a Christian Monk named Evagrius Ponticus in the fourth century as one of the evils human beings should resist. [36]

### German

[edit]

Main article: German nationalism

In Germany, "national pride" ("Nationalstolz") is often associated with Nazism. Strong displays of national pride are therefore considered to be in poor taste by many Germans. There is an ongoing public debate about the issue of German patriotism. The World Cup in 2006, held in Germany, saw a wave of patriotism sweep the country in a manner not seen for many years. Although many were hesitant to show such blatant support as the hanging of the national flag from windows, as the team progressed through the tournament, so too did the level of support across the nation.[37]

### Asian

[edit]

Main article: Asian pride

The term "Asian pride" in modern usage refers mostly to those of East Asian descent, though it can include anyone of Asian descent. Asian pride was originally fragmented, as Asian nations have long had conflicts with each other; examples are the old Japanese and Chinese religious beliefs about their superiority. Asian pride emerged prominently during European colonialism.[38] At one time, Europeans controlled 85% of the world's land through colonialism, resulting in anti-Western feelings among Asian nations.[38] Today, some Asians still look upon European involvement in their affairs with suspicion.[38] In contrast, Asian empires are proudly remembered by adherents of Asian Pride.

### Black

[edit]

Main article: Black pride

"Black pride" is a slogan used primarily in the United States to raise awareness for a black racial identity. The slogan has been used by African Americans of sub-Saharan African origin or ancestry to denote a feeling of self-confidence, self-respect, celebrating one's heritage, and being proud of one's worth.

### White

[edit]

Main article: White pride

White pride is a slogan mainly (but not exclusively) used by white separatist, white nationalist, neo-Nazi, and white supremacist organizations in the United States for a white race identity.[39][full citation needed] White pride also consists of white ethnic/cultural pride.

## Mad Pride

[edit]

Main article: Mad pride

Bed Push at Mad Pride parade in Cologne, Germany, in 2016

Mad pride is a worldwide movement and philosophy that individuals with mental illnesses, disorders or difficulties should be proud of their ‘madness’. The movement advocates for mutual support and rallies for the rights of individuals who define themselves as ‘mad’,[40] and aims to popularize and destigmatize the word "mad" as a self-descriptor.[41]

## LGBT Pride

[edit]

Main article: LGBT pride

Pride parade, Düsseldorf 2017

LGBT pride is a worldwide movement which recognizes that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) individuals should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity. LGBT pride includes advocacy for equal rights and benefits for LGBT people.[42] The movement has three main premises: that people should be proud of their sexual orientation and gender identity; that sexual diversity is a gift; and that sexual orientation and gender identity are inherent and cannot be intentionally altered.[43][better source needed]

The word "pride" is used in this case as an antonym for "shame." It is an affirmation of self and community. The modern gay pride movement began after the Stonewall riots—the nearly week-long uprising between New York City youth and police officers following a raid of Stonewall Inn—of the late 1960s. In June 1970, the first pride parade in the United States commemorated the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots.[44] Today, there are pride parades and celebrations in many cities and towns throughout the world, and numerous countries recognize an annual Pride Month, most commonly in June.

## Vanity

[edit]

Main article: Vanity

In conventional parlance, vanity is sometimes used in a positive sense to refer to a rational concern for one's appearance, attractiveness, and dress, and is thus not the same as pride. It can also refer to an excessive or irrational belief in or concern with one's abilities or attractiveness in the eyes of others and may, in that sense, be compared to pride. The term vanity originates from the Latin word vanitas meaning emptiness, untruthfulness, futility, foolishness, and empty pride.[45] Here, empty pride means a fake pride, in the sense of vainglory, unjustified by one's own achievements and actions, but sought by pretense and appeals to superficial characteristics.

In many religions, vanity is considered a form of self-idolatry, in which one rejects God for the sake of one's own image, and thereby becomes divorced from the graces of God. The stories of Lucifer and Narcissus (who gave us the term narcissism), and others, attend to a pernicious aspect of vanity.

In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a peacock, Biblical terms, and by the Whore of Babylon. During the Renaissance, it was invariably represented as a naked woman, sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with a comb and mirror. The mirror is sometimes held by a demon or a putto. Other symbols include jewels, gold coins, a purse, and Death himself.

Often depicted is an inscription on a scroll that reads Omnia Vanitas ("All is Vanity"), a quote from the Latin translation of the Book of Ecclesiastes.[46] Although that phrase—itself depicted in a type of still life called vanitas—originally referred not to an obsession with one's appearance, but to the ultimate fruitlessness of man's efforts in this world, the phrase summarizes the complete preoccupation of the subject of the picture. "The artist invites us to pay lip-service to condemning her", writes Edwin Mullins, "while offering us full permission to drool over her. She admires herself in the glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her."[47] The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the non-allegorical one of a reclining Venus.

In his table of the seven deadly sins, Hieronymus Bosch depicts a bourgeois woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her is an open jewelry box. A painting attributed to Nicolas Tournier, which hangs in the Ashmolean Museum, is An Allegory of Justice and Vanity. A young woman holds a balance, symbolizing justice; she does not look at the mirror or the skull on the table before her. Vermeer's famous painting Girl with a Pearl Earring is sometimes believed to depict the sin of vanity, as the young girl has adorned herself before a glass without further positive allegorical attributes.[48] All is Vanity, by Charles Allan Gilbert (1873–1929), carries on this theme. An optical illusion, the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror of her vanity table. Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the ephemeral nature of youthful beauty, as well as the brevity of human life and the inevitability of death.

* Detail of "Pride" in The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymus Bosch

* The Fallen Angel (1847) by Alexandre Cabanel, depicting Lucifer

* The Father and Mother by Boardman Robinson depicting War as the offspring of Greed and Pride

* Jacques Callot, Pride (Vanity), probably after 1621

* "All Is Vanity" by C. Allan Gilbert, evoking the inevitable decay of life and beauty toward death

## See also

[edit]

* Philosophy portal
* Psychology portal

* Confidence – Feeling of trust in someone or something
* Dignity – Person's right to be valued, respected and treated ethically
* Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill
* Grandiose delusions – Subtype of delusionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Groupthink – Psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people
* Haughtiness – Positive effect from the perceived value of a personPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Hubris – Extreme pride or overconfidence, often in combination with arrogance
* Icarus complex – Psychological complex
* Narcissism – Excessive preoccupation with oneself
* Overconfidence effect – Personal cognitive bias
* Selfishness – Concern for self above that of others
* Self-serving bias – Distortion to enhance self-esteem, or to see oneself overly favorably
* The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things – Paintings by Hieronymus Bosch or a follower
* Seven virtues – Seven virtues in Christian tradition
* Vanity – Excessive concern for one's own appearance, or importance
* Vanity gallery – Art gallery that charges artists fees to exhibit their work
* Victory disease – Disastrous military action after victory

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "PRIDE synonyms". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
2. ^ "hubris". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
3. ^ a b Steinvorth, Ulrich (2016). Pride and Authenticity. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 10\. ISBN 9783319341163.
4. ^ "LGBTQ", Wikipedia, 2024-10-21, retrieved 2024-10-24
5. ^ Babblu, Sambi reddy (2021-07-17). "PRIDE". Medium. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
6. ^ "proud". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
7. ^ "proud". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
8. ^ Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. IV.2–3.
9. ^ a b Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. IV.3.
10. ^ Aristotle. Rhetoric. 1378b.
11. ^ "Hubris Greek Mythology | Definition, Examples & Use". study.com. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
12. ^ Bechtel, Robert; Churchman, Arza (2002). Handbook of Environmental Psychology. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 547. ISBN 978-0471405948.
13. ^ Lewis, M.; Takai-Kawakami, K.; Kawakami, K.; Sullivan, M. W. (2010). "Cultural differences in emotional responses to success and failure". International Journal of Behavioral Development. 34 (1): 53–61\. doi:10.1177/0165025409348559. PMC 2811375. PMID 20161610.
14. ^ Tracy, J. L.; Robins, R. W.; Schriber, R. A. (2009). "Development of a FACS-verified set of basic and self-conscious emotion expressions". Emotion. 9 (4): 554–559\. doi:10.1037/a0015766. PMID 19653779.
15. ^

* Lazzaro, Nicole (8 March 2004). "Why We Play Games: Four Keys to More Emotion Without Story" (PDF). XEODesign. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
* Brown, Jack (23 October 2010). "Sincerity Secret # 20: Fiero Feels Good". Body Language Success. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.

16. ^ Shariff, Azim F.; Tracy, Jessica L. (2009). "Knowing who's boss: Implicit perceptions of status from the nonverbal expression of pride". Emotion. 9 (5): 631–639\. doi:10.1037/a0017089. PMID 19803585.
17. ^ Tracy, Jessica L.; Matsumoto, David (19 August 2008). "The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (33): 11655–11660\. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511655T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802686105. JSTOR 25463738. PMC 2575323. PMID 18695237.
18. ^ Weiner et al.
19. ^ Oveis, C.; Horberg, E. J.; Keltner, D. (2010). "Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 98 (4): 618–630\. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.307.534. doi:10.1037/a0017628. PMID 20307133.
20. ^ Weiner, 1985
21. ^ Fredrickson, 2001
22. ^ Bagozzi et al.
23. ^ Byrd, C. M.; Chavous, T. M. (2009). "Racial identity and academic achievement in the neighborhood context: a multilevel analysis". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 38 (4): 544–559\. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9381-9. PMID 19636727. S2CID 45063561.
24. ^ Lea, S. E. G.; Webley, P. (1996). "Pride in economic psychology". Journal of Economic Psychology. 18 (2–3): 323–340\. doi:10.1016/s0167-4870(97)00011-1.2–3&rft.pages=323-340&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0167-4870(97)00011-1&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=S.+E.+G.&rft.au=Webley,+P.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pride" class="Z3988">
25. ^ "pride". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. n.1. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2022. "A high, esp. an excessively high, opinion of one's own worth or importance which gives rise to a feeling or attitude of superiority over others; inordinate self-esteem."
26. ^ a b c d Cooper, Terry D. (2003). Sin, Pride & Self-Acceptance: The Problem of Identity in Theology & Psychology. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.
27. ^ Tangney, 1999
28. ^ Rhodwalt, et al.
29. ^ Study by UC Davis psychologist Cynthia Picket currently in revision
30. ^ Ashton-James, Claire (2011). "Pride and Prejudice: How Feelings About the Self Influence Judgments of Others". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 38 (4): 466–76\. doi:10.1177/0146167211429449. PMID 22109249. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
31. ^

* Specia, Megan; Kwai, Isabella (24 October 2022). "Sunak's Ascent Is a Breakthrough for Diversity, With Privilege Attached". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
* Gemechu, Berhanu (7 June 2022). "The Ethiopians changing their names as a show of pride". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
* Pullar, Gordon L. (1992). "Ethnic identity, cultural pride, and generations of baggage: a personal experience". Arctic Anthropology. 29 (2): 182–191\. JSTOR 40316321. OCLC 5547262802.
* Castro, Felipe González; Stein, Judith A.; Bentler, Peter M. (July 2009). "Ethnic Pride, Traditional Family Values, and Acculturation in Early Cigarette and Alcohol Use Among Latino Adolescents". The Journal of Primary Prevention. 30 (3–4): 265–292\. doi:10.1007/s10935-009-0174-z. PMC 2818880. PMID 19415497.3–4&rft.pages=265-292&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818880#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/19415497&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s10935-009-0174-z&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Felipe+González&rft.au=Stein,+Judith+A.&rft.au=Bentler,+Peter+M.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818880&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pride" class="Z3988">

32. ^ Dimijian, Gregory G. (July 2010). "Warfare, genocide, and ethnic conflict: a Darwinian approach". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 23 (3): 292–300\. doi:10.1080/08998280.2010.11928637. PMC 2900985. PMID 21240320.
33. ^ Liu, Conghui; Li, Jing; Chen, Chuansheng; Wu, Hanlin; Yuan, Li; Yu, Guoliang (19 May 2021). "Individual Pride and Collective Pride: Differences Between Chinese and American Corpora". Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 513779. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.513779. PMC 8170025. PMID 34093292.
34. ^ Robson, David (19 January 2017). "How East and West think in profoundly different ways". BBC Future. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
35. ^ a b Van Osch, Yvette M. J.; Breugelmans, Seger M.; Zeelenberg, Marcel; Fontaine, Johnny R. J. (2013). "The meaning of pride across cultures". Components of Emotional Meaning. pp. 377–387\. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592746.003.0026. ISBN 978-0-19-959274-6.
36. ^ Glausser, Wayne (2018-03-22). "The Seven Deadly Sins". Oxford Scholarship Online. 1. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190864170.003.0006.
37. ^ Sullivan, G. B. (2009). "Germany during the 2006 World Cup: The role of television in creating a national narrative of pride and 'party patriotism'". In Castelló, E.; Dhoest, A.; O'Donnell, H. (eds.). The Nation on Screen, Discourses of the National in Global Television. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.
38. ^ a b c Langguth, Gerd (1996). "Dawn of the 'Pacific' Century?". German Foreign Affairs Review. 47 (4). Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
39. ^ Dobratz & Shanks-Meile 2001 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDobratzShanks-Meile2001 (help)
40. ^ Cohen, Oryx (9 March 2017). "The Power of 'Healing Voices'". The Mighty. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
41. ^ Graham, Ben (5 June 2018). "MAD Pride". WayAhead. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
42. ^

* Wockner, Rex (12 July 2007). "Pride celebrated worldwide". PrideSource. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
* Ireland, Doug (5 July 2007). "Gay Pride in Europe Looks Globally". Direland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
* "Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Equality—an Issue for us All". www.ucu.org.uk. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2007.

43. ^ "Gay and Lesbian History Month" (PDF). www.bates.ctc.edu. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
44. ^ Wythe, Bianca (9 June 2011). "WGBH American Experience – Inside American Experience". American Experience. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
45. ^ "vanitas". William Whitaker's Words. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
46. ^ Hall, James (1974). Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art. New York: Harper & Row. p. 318.
47. ^ Mullins, Edwin (1985). The Painted Witch: How Western Artists Have Viewed the Sexuality of Women. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, Inc. pp. 62–63.
48. ^ Wheelock, Arthur; Nash, John. "Information about Johannes Vermeer's 'Woman with a Pearl Necklace'". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2008.

## References

[edit]

* Cairns, Douglas L (1996). "Hybris, Dishonour, and Thinking Big" (PDF). Journal of Hellenic Studies. 116: 1–32\. doi:10.2307/631953. hdl:20.500.11820/d7c5e485-cef7-490a-b67d-1b1eb4a200ef. JSTOR 631953. S2CID 59361502.
* MacDowell, Douglas (1976). "Hybris in Athens". Greece and Rome. 23: 14–31\. doi:10.1017/s0017383500018210. S2CID 163033169.
* Owen, David (2007). The Hubris Syndrome: Bush, Blair and the Intoxication of Power. Politico's, Methuen Publishing Ltd.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Jessica Tracy (2016). Take Pride: Why the Deadliest Sin Holds the Secret to Human Success. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0544273177.

* v
* t
* e

Emotions (list)

Emotions|

* Acceptance
* Admiration
* Adoration
* Aesthetic
* Affection
* Agitation
* Agony
* Amusement
* Anger
* Angst
* Anguish
* Annoyance
* Anticipation
* Antipathy
* Anxiety
* Apathy
* Arousal
* Attraction
* Awe
* Belongingness
* Boredom
* Calmness
* Comfort
* Compassion
* Confidence
* Confusion
* Contempt
* Contentment
* Courage
* Cruelty
* Curiosity
* Defeat
* Depression
* Desire
* Disappointment
* Disgust
* Distrust
* Doubt
* Ecstasy
* Embarrassment
* vicarious
* Emotion work
* Empathy
* Emptiness
* Enthrallment
* Enthusiasm
* Envy
* Euphoria
* Excitement
* Faith
* Fear
* Flow
* Frustration
* Fun
* Gratification
* Gratitude
* Greed
* Grief
* Guilt
* Happiness
* Joie de vivre
* Hatred
* self-hatred
* Hiraeth
* Homesickness
* Hope
* Horror
* Hostility
* Humiliation
* Hygge
* Hysteria
* Ikigai (sense of purpose)
* Indulgence
* Infatuation
* Insecurity
* Insignificance
* Inspiration
* Interest
* Irritation
* Isolation
* Jealousy
* Joy
* Kindness
* Loneliness
* Love
* at first sight
* limerence
* obsessive
* parental
* passionate and companionate
* Lust
* Mono no aware
* Neglect
* Nostalgia
* Outrage
* Panic
* Passion
* Pity
* self-pity
* Pleasure
* Pride
* grandiosity
* hubris
* insult
* vanity
* Rage
* Regret
* Rejection
* Relaxation
* Relief
* Remorse
* Resentment
* Revenge
* Sadness
* melancholy
* Saudade
* Schadenfreude
* Sehnsucht
* Sentimentality
* Shame
* Shock
* Shyness
* Solitude
* Social connection
* Sorrow
* Spite
* Stress
* chronic
* Suffering
* Surprise
* Suspense
* Suspicion
* Sympathy
* Trust
* Wonder
* sense of wonder
* Worry
* Zest

Worldviews|

* Cynicism
* Defeatism
* Fatalism
* Misanthropy
* Nihilism
* Optimism
* Pessimism
* Reclusion
* Weltschmerz

Related|

* Affect
* consciousness
* in education
* measures
* in psychology
* Affective
* computing
* forecasting
* neuroscience
* science
* spectrum
* Affectivity
* positive
* negative
* Appeal to emotion
* Amygdala hijack
* Emotion
* and art
* and memory
* and music
* and sex
* and sleep
* classification
* circumplex
* EmojiGrid
* Lövheim
* PAD
* Plutchik
* evolution
* expressed
* functional accounts
* group
* homeostatic
* in animals
* perception
* recognition
* in conversation
* regulation
* interpersonal
* work
* Emotional
* aperture
* bias
* blackmail
* competence
* conflict
* contagion
* detachment
* dysregulation
* eating
* exhaustion
* expression
* and gender
* intelligence
* and bullying
* Empathy quotient
* intimacy
* isolation
* lability
* labor
* lateralization
* literacy
* prosody
* reasoning
* responsivity
* security
* symbiosis
* thought method
* well-being
* Emotionality
* bounded
* Emotions
* and culture
* history
* in decision-making
* in the workplace
* in virtual communication
* moral
* self-conscious
* social
* social sharing
* sociology
* Feeling
* Group affective tone
* Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
* Jealousy in art
* Mental state
* Meta-emotion
* Pathognomy
* Pathos
* Social emotional development
* Stoic passions
* Theory
* affect
* affect as information
* appraisal
* Cannon-Bard
* constructed emotion
* discrete emotion
* James-Lange
* somatic
* somatic marker
* two-factor

Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages

Category

* v
* t
* e

Seven deadly sins

The sins|

* Lust
* Gluttony
* Envy
* Greed
* Sloth
* Pride
* Wrath

Describing the sins|

* Evagrius Ponticus
* John Cassian
* Pope Gregory I
* Dante Alighieri
* Peter Binsfeld

In art and culture|

* Divine Comedy
* Inferno
* Purgatorio
* The Keys to the Kingdom (book series)
* The Seven Deadly Sins (1585 play)
* The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things (painting)
* The Seven Deadly Sins (1933 ballet)
* The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film)
* The Seven Deadly Sins (1962 film)
* The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975)
* Seven (1995 film)
* Fullmetal Alchemist (manga series)
* Fullmetal Alchemist (2003 anime)
* Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (2009 anime)
* The Seven Deadly Sins (manga series)
* The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times (painting)
* Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World (light novel series)
* Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World (2016 anime)
* Four Last Things (video game)
* Graveyard Keeper (2018 video game)
* Shazam! (comic book)
* Seven Deadly Enemies of Man
* Shazam! (2019 film)
* Helluva Boss (2020 animated series)
* Limbus Company (2023 video game)
* Hazbin Hotel (2024 animated series)

Related|

* Seven Heavenly Virtues
* Seven Social Sins
* Sin
* Christian views on sin
* Christian views on the Old Covenant
* Hamartiology
* Peter Binsfeld

* Catholicism portal

* v
* t
* e

Seven virtues in Christian ethics

Four
cardinal virtues|

* Prudence (Prudentia)
* Justice (Iustitia)
* Fortitude (Fortitudo)
* Temperance (Temperantia)

* Sources: Plato
* Republic, Book IV
* Cicero
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Thomas Aquinas

Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)

Three
theological virtues|

* Faith (Fides)
* Hope (Spes)
* Love (Caritas)

* Sources: Paul the Apostle
* 1 Corinthians 13

Seven lively virtues
versus
Seven deadly sins|

* Chastity (Castitas)
* Temperance (Temperantia)
* Charity (Caritas)
* Diligence (Diligentia)
* Kindness (Humanitas)
* Patience (Patientia)
* Humility (Humilitas)

* Lust (Luxuria)
* Gluttony (Gula)
* Greed (Avaritia)
* Sloth (Acedia)
* Wrath (Ira)
* Envy (Invidia)
* Pride (Superbia)

* Source: Prudentius, Psychomachia

* People: Evagrius Ponticus
* John Cassian
* Pope Gregory I
* Dante Alighieri
* Peter Binsfeld

Related concepts|

* Ten Commandments
* Great Commandment
* Eschatology
* Sin
* Original sin
* Old Covenant
* Hamartiology

* Christian philosophy

* v
* t
* e

Virtues

About virtues|

* Endowment
* Moral character
* Nicomachean Ethics
* Positive psychology
* Trait theory
* Virtue ethics

Virtue families|

* Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
* Brahmavihārās
* Bushidō
* Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
* Emi Omo Eso
* Epistemic virtues
* Five virtues
* Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
* Intellectual virtues
* Moral virtues
* Nine Noble Virtues
* Omoluwabi
* Pāramīs
* Prussian virtues
* Scout Law
* Seven virtues
* Cardinal
* Theological
* Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
* Three Treasures
* Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
* Yamas

Individual virtues|

* Accountability
* Alertness
* Altruism
* Authenticity
* Calmness
* Charisma
* Charity
* Chastity
* Chivalry
* Cleanliness
* Compassion
* Conscientiousness
* Courage
* Civil
* Moral
* Courtesy
* Diligence
* Discernment
* Discipline
* Duty
* Empathy
* Endurance
* Equanimity
* Etiquette
* Faith
* Faithfulness
* Fidelity
* Foresight
* Forgiveness
* Frugality
* Generosity
* Glory
* Good faith
* Gratitude
* Heroism
* Honesty
* Honour
* Hope
* Hospitality
* Humanity
* Humility
* Impartiality
* Innocence
* Insight
* Integrity
* Intelligence
* Emotional
* Social
* Judgement
* Justice
* Kindness
* Love
* Loyalty
* Magnanimity
* Magnificence
* Meekness
* Mercy
* Moderation
* Modesty
* Nonattachment
* Patience
* Patriotism
* Perspicacity
* Philanthropy
* Piety
* Filial
* Pity
* Politeness
* Prudence
* Punctuality
* Religion
* Renunciation
* Resilience
* Respect
* Reverence
* Righteous indignation
* Righteousness
* Self-control
* Self-cultivation
* Self-transcendence
* Simplicity
* Sincerity
* Solidarity
* Sportsmanship
* Sympathy
* Taste
* Temperance
* Tranquillity
* Trust
* Wisdom
* Wit
* Workmanship

| Chinese|

* De
* Jing
* Li
* Ren
* Yi

|

Greek|

* Agape
* Arete
* Ataraxia
* Eutrapelia
* Philotimo
* Phronesis
* Sophia
* Sophrosyne

Indian|

* Adhiṭṭhāna
* Ahimsa
* Akrodha
* Aparigraha
* Ārjava
* Asteya
* Brahmacharya
* Dāna
* Dhṛti
* Hrī
* Karuṇā
* Kshama
* Kshanti
* Mettā
* Muditā
* Nishkama Karma
* Prajñā
* Samatva
* Satya
* Shaucha
* Sevā
* Śraddhā/Saddhā
* Upekṣā
* Vīrya

Latin|

* Auctoritas
* Caritas
* Decorum
* Dignitas
* Fides
* Gravitas
* Humanitas
* Pietas
* Virtus

Other|

* Ganbaru
* Giri
* Sadaqah
* Seny
* Sisu
* Virtù

Pride at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

Authority control databases

National|

* Latvia

Other|

* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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