Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

Prussian prince and admiral

Prince Heinrich of Prussia

Photograph by Ernest Flagg, 1914

Born| (1862-08-14)August 14, 1862
Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation
Died| April 20, 1929(1929-04-20) (aged 66)
Schloss Hemmelmark, Barkelsby, Schleswig-Holstein, Weimar Republic
Burial| 24 April 1929

Schloss Hemmelmark, Barkelsby, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

Spouse|

Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine

(m. 1888)​

Issue|

Prince Waldemar

* Prince Sigismund
* Prince Henry

| Names

German: Albert Wilhelm Heinrich
English: Albert William Henry
House| Hohenzollern
Father| Frederick III, German Emperor
Mother| Victoria, Princess Royal
Signature|
Military career
Allegiance|  Kingdom of Prussia
German Empire
Service/branch|  Imperial German Navy
Years of service| 1872–1919
Rank| Großadmiral (grand admiral)
Commands|

* Commander of the Baltic Naval Station
* Commander of the High Seas Fleet
* Inspector General of the Navy
* Commander in Chief of Baltic Naval Forces

Awards|

* Order of the Black Eagle
* Pour le Merite with Oak leaves

Prussian Royalty

House of Hohenzollern
Frederick III

Children
Wilhelm II
Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
Prince Henry
Prince Sigismund
Princess Viktoria
Prince Waldemar
Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes
Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
Grandchildren
Prince Waldemar
Prince Sigismund
Prince Heinrich
Great Grandchildren
Princess Barbara
Prince Alfred

* v
* t
* e

Prince Heinrich of Prussia (German: Albert Wilhelm Heinrich; 14 August 1862 – 20 April 1929) was a younger brother of German Emperor Wilhelm II and a Prince of Prussia. Through his mother, he was also a grandson of Queen Victoria. A career naval officer, he held various commands in the Imperial German Navy and eventually rose to the rank of Grand Admiral and Generalinspekteur der Marine.

## Biography

[edit]

Born in Berlin, Prince Heinrich was the third child and second son of eight children born to Crown Prince Frederick William (later Emperor Frederick III), and Victoria, Princess Royal (later Empress Victoria and in widowhood Empress Frederick), eldest daughter of the British Queen Victoria. Henry was three years younger than his brother, the future Emperor William II (born 27 January 1859). He was born on the same day as King Frederick William I "Soldier-King" of Prussia.

After attending the gymnasium in Kassel, which he left in the middle grades in 1877, the 15-year-old Heinrich entered the Imperial Navy cadet program. His naval education included a two-year voyage around the world (1878–1880), the naval officer examination (Seeoffizierhauptprüfung) in October 1880, and attending the German naval academy (1884–1886).

### Early commands

[edit]

As an imperial prince, Henry quickly achieved command. In 1887, he commanded a torpedo boat and simultaneously the First Torpedo Boat Division; in 1888 the Imperial yacht SMY Hohenzollern; from 1889 to 1890 the protected cruiser SMS Irene, the coastal defense ship Beowulf, the ironclad Sachsen and the pre-dreadnought battleship Wörth.

### Squadron commands

[edit]

From 1897, Prince Henry commanded several naval task forces; these included an improvised squadron that took part with the East Asia Squadron in consolidating and securing the German hold on the region of Kiaochow and the port of Tsingtao in 1898. The prince's success was more of the diplomatic than the military variety; he became the first European potentate ever to be received at the Chinese imperial court. In 1899 he became officially the commander of the East Asia Squadron, later of a capital-ship squadron and in 1903 commander of the Baltic Sea naval station. From 1906 to 1909, Henry was commander of the High Seas Fleet. In 1909, he was promoted to Grand Admiral.[citation needed]

### World War I

[edit]

Prince Henry of Prussia in Santiago de Chile, early April 1914, on the occasion of the visit of the Detached Division of the Imperial Navy to Chile A portrait of Prince Henry of Prussia

At the beginning of World War I, Prince Henry was named as Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic Fleet. Although the means provided to him were far inferior to Russia's Baltic Fleet, he succeeded, until the 1917 Revolution, in putting Russian naval forces far on the defensive and hindered them from making attacks on the German coast. After the end of hostilities with Russia, his mission was ended, and Prince Henry simply left active duty. With the war's end and the dissolution of the monarchy in Germany, Prince Henry left the navy.

## Family

[edit]

On 24 May 1888, Henry married Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, his first cousin. His dying father, German Emperor Frederick III and his mother Empress Victoria were in attendance. The marriage produced three children:

Name | Picture | Birth | Death | Notes

|
|
|
|

Waldemar William Louis Frederick Victor Henry |  | 20 March 1889 | 2 May 1945 | Married Princess Calixta of Lippe-Biesterfeld, but had no issue.
William Victor Charles Augustus Henry Sigismund |  | 27 November 1896 | 14 November 1978 | Married Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg, had issue.
Henry Victor Louis Frederick |  | 9 January 1900 | 26 February 1904 | Was a haemophiliac and died aged four after bumping his head[citation needed]
Prince Henry with his wife, Princess Irene, and their sons Waldemar and Sigismund

Their sons Waldemar and Heinrich were both hemophiliacs, a disease which they inherited through Irene from the maternal grandmother of both of their parents, Queen Victoria, who was a carrier.

Main article: Haemophilia in European royalty

## Personality and private life

[edit]

Henry received one of the first pilot's licenses in Germany, and was judged a spirited and excellent seaman. He was dedicated to modern technology and was able to understand quickly the practical value of technical innovations. A yachting enthusiast, Prince Henry became one of the first members of the Yacht Club of Kiel, established by a group of naval officers in 1887, and quickly became the club's patron.

Henry was interested in motor cars as well and supposedly invented a windshield wiper[1] and, according to other sources, the car horn.

In his honor, the Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt (Prince Heinrich Tour) was established in 1908, like the earlier Kaiserpreis a precursor to the German Grand Prix. Henry and his brother William gave patronage to the Kaiserlicher Automobilclub (Imperial Automobile Club). From 1911 to 1914 the British car makers Vauxhall Motors produced a model, the C-10, which was called the "Vauxhall Prince Henry" in his honour after initially being built for participation in the 1911 race.

After the German Revolution, Henry lived with his family in Hemmelmark near Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein. He continued with motor sports and sailing and even in old age was a very successful participant in regattas. He popularized the Prince Henry cap, which is still worn, especially by older sailors.

In 1899, Henry received an honorary doctorate (Doctor of Engineering honoris causa) from the Technische Hochschule in Charlottenburg (now Technische Universität Berlin) . Also in foreign countries he received numerous similar honors, including an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) from Harvard University in March 1902, during his visit to the United States.[2]

Prince Henry died of throat cancer on 20 April 1929 in Hemmelmark.[3]

George Burroughs Torrey painted a portrait of him.

## Naval career and advancement

[edit]

* Unterleutnant zur See, 14 August 1872; Basic Training and Naval Academy 1877-1878
* Leutnant zur See, 18 October 1881; Training Cruises and Naval Academy 1878-1882
* Kapitänleutnant, 18 October 1884; Executive Officer, ironclad corvette SMS Oldenburg, 1886
* Korvettenkapitän, 18 October 1887; Commander, 1st Torpedo Boat Division, 1887; Commander, Imperial Yacht SMY Hohenzollern, 1888
* Kapitän zur See, 27 January 1889; Commander, protected cruiser SMS Irene, 1889–1890; Commander, Armored Coastal Defense Ship SMS Beowulf, 1892; Commander, ironclad corvette SMS Sachsen, 1892–1894; Commander, pre-dreadnought battleship SMS Wörth, 1894–1895
* Konteradmiral, 15 September 1895; Commander, 2nd Division, 1st Battle Squadron, 1896–1897; Commander, 2nd Division, Cruiser Squadron, 1897–1899
* Vizeadmiral, 5 December 1899; Commander, Cruiser Squadron, 1899–1900; Commander, 1st Battle Squadron, 1900–1903
* Admiral, 13 September 1901;[4] Commanding Admiral, Baltic Sea Naval Command, 1903–1906, Commander, High Seas Fleet, 1906–1909
* Großadmiral, 4 September 1909; Inspector General of the Imperial Navy, 1909–1918; Commander-in-Chief, Baltic Fleet, 1914–1918

## Regimental commissions and honorary ranks

[edit]

### German

[edit]

* 1\. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß (Royal Prussian 1st Regiment of Foot Guards) – Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) through Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls (Colonel-General in the Rank of Field Marshal), 1871 - 1918[5]
* Kgl. Sächs. 2. Grenadier-Regiment Kaiser Wilhelm, König von Preußen Nr. 101 (Royal Saxon 2nd Grenadier Regiment)
* Kgl. Bayerisches Artillerie-Regiment Nr. 8 (Royal Bavarian 8th Artillery Regiment) – Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls and Chef (Colonel in Chief)[6]
* 1\. Großherzogl. Hessisches Feldartilleree-Regiment 25 (Grand Duchy of Hesse 2nd Artillery Regiment)[5]
* Fußilier-Regiment "Prinz Heinrich von Preußen" (Brandenburgisches) Nr 35 (The Brandenburg Fusilier Regiment) - Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls and Chef (Colonel in Chief)[7]

### Foreign

[edit]

* Austria-Hungary: K.u.K. Infantry Regiment Nr. 20 – Oberstinhaber (Colonel in Chief)[5]
* Austria-Hungary: K.u.K. Kriegsmarine (Navy) – Vizeadmiral (vice admiral)[5]
* Austria-Hungary: K.u.K. Kriegsmarine - Konteradmiral (rear-admiral) 1899[8]
* United Kingdom: Royal Navy – Admiral (Honorary) 13 September 1901[4][5]
* Royal Navy - Vice-Admiral (Honorary) 5 February 1901.[9]
* Russian Empire: Imperial Dragoon Regiment Nr. 33 – Colonel[5]

## Honours

[edit]

National[5][10]

* Prussia:
* Knight of the Black Eagle, 14 August 1872; with Collar, 1881[11]
* Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, 1872
* Knight of the Royal Crown Order, 1st Class, 14 August 1872[11]
* Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 14 August 1872[11]
* Knight of Justice of the Johanniter Order[12]
* Long Service Award
* Pour le Mérite (military), 1 August 1916; with Oak Leaves, 24 January 1918[13]
* Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class
* Anhalt: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 1884[14]
* Baden:[15]
* Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1881
* Knight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1881
* Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1886[12][16]
* Brunswick: Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion, 1888[17]
* Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1885[18]
* Free Hanseatic Cities: Hanseatic Crosses
* Hesse and by Rhine:
* Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 1 April 1875[19]
* Knight of the Golden Lion, with Collar, 24 May 1888[19]
* Medal of Bravery
* Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore and Diamonds
* Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 18 February 1878[20]
* Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1882[21]
* Saxony:
* Knight of the Rue Crown, 1882[22]
* Grand Cross of the Albert Order, with Crown and Swords
* Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1882[23]

Foreign[5]

* Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1872[24]
* Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
* Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross
* Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander
* China: Order of the Double Dragon, Class I Grade II
* Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 30 July 1888[25]
* Finland: Grand Cross of the Cross of Liberty, 1918[26]
* Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
* Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kalākaua
* Italy:
* Knight of the Annunciation, 18 October 1875[27]
* Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 18 October 1875
* Tuscan Grand Ducal family: Grand Cross of St. Joseph
* Holy See: Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ
* Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 10 June 1879[28]
* Korea: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Ruler, 1904[29]
* Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I
* Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
* Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class with Diamonds
* Portugal:
* Grand Cross of the Sash of the Two Orders
* Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
* Romania: Grand Cross of the Star of Romania
* Russia:
* Knight of St. Andrew[12]
* Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
* Knight of the White Eagle
* Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class
* Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class
* Serbia: Grand Cross of the White Eagle
* Johor: First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor, 24 February 1898[30]
* Siam: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 24 December 1899[31]
* Spain:
* Knight of the Golden Fleece, 3 October 1883[32]
* Grand Cross of Naval Merit, with White Decoration, 1903[33]
* Sweden-Norway:
* Knight of the Seraphim, 17 October 1887[34]
* Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 1 August 1888[35]
* United Kingdom:
* Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (civil), 13 August 1881[36] (expelled in 1915)
* Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 8 August 1889[37] (expelled in 1915)
* Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain, 9 August 1902[38] (revoked in 1915)
* Venezuela: Collar of the Order of the Liberator

### Honorary degrees and offices

[edit]

* Freedom of the City of New York, 25 February 1902, during his visit to the city.[39]
* Freedom of the City of Philadelphia, 10 March 1902, during his visit to the city.[40]
* Honorary doctorate (LL.D.) from Harvard University, 6 March 1902.[2]

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Frederick William III of Prussia

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. William I, German Emperor|

|  |  |
| 9\. Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

| 2\. Frederick III, German Emperor|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

| 5\. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|

|  |  |
| 11\. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia

| 1\. Prince Henry of Prussia|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

| 6\. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg

| 3\. Victoria, Princess Royal|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

| 7\. Victoria of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "untitled". The Day Book. Chicago. June 13, 1914. p. 10. Retrieved August 20, 2014. "Admiral Prince Henry of Prussia, brother of the kaiser, has invented and patented an electrical device for cleaning windows of automobiles in rainy or frosty weather. The device is set in operation by the pressing of a button."
2. ^ a b "Latest intelligence - Prince Henry in America". The Times. No. 36709\. London. 7 March 1902. p. 3.
3. ^ "Died". Time. 29 April 1929. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
4. ^ a b "No. 27365". The London Gazette. 15 October 1901. p. 6711.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat, 1908, p. 2
6. ^ Der Rittmeister Militaria, LLC: http://www.derrittmeister.com/royalty.htm Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ Handbuch..., 1908, p. 2, and Der Rittmeister Militaria, LLC: http://www.derrittmeister.com/royalty.htm Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ "The Triple Alliance". The Times. No. 36062\. London. 10 February 1900. p. 7.
9. ^ "No. 27281". The London Gazette. 5 February 1901. p. 766.
10. ^ Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat (1918), Genealogy p. 3
11. ^ a b c "Königlich Preussische Ordensliste", Preussische Ordens-Liste (in German), 1, Berlin: 7, 552, 934, 1886 - via hathitrust.org
12. ^ a b c Justus Perthes, Almanach de Gotha (1914) p. 71
13. ^ "Albert Wilhelm Heinrich Prinz von Preußen, K.H." the Prussian Machine. Archived from the original on 2017-10-23. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
14. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für des Herzogtum Anhalt (1894), "Herzoglicher Haus-Orden Albrecht des Bären" p. 17
15. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1888), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 61, 73
16. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern (1906), "Königliche-Orden" p. 8
17. ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1897, "Herzogliche Orden Heinrich des Löwen" p. 10
18. ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 46
19. ^ a b Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, pp. 2, 5 - via hathitrust.org
20. ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg0: 1879. Schulze. 1879. p. 34.
21. ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach Archived 2020-09-06 at the Wayback Machine (1900), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
22. ^ Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 4 - via hathitrust.org.
23. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 27
24. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468\. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
26. ^ Tom C. Bergroth (1997). Vapaudenristin ritarikunta: Isänmaan puolesta (in Finnish). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. p. 65\. ISBN 951-0-22037-X.
27. ^ Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 54.
28. ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.
29. ^ "조선왕조실록".
30. ^ "Johor di Persada Global – Portal Kesultanan Johor". Portal Kesultanan Johor. Johor Royal Council.
31. ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (24 December 1899). "การรับฮิสรอแยลไฮเนส ปรินศเฮนรี สมเด็จพระเจ้าน้องยาเธอ กรุงปรุสเซีย" (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 2019-05-08. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
32. ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p. 147. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
33. ^ "Caballeros Grandes Cruces de la Orden del Mérito Naval". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1908. p. 546. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
34. ^ Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1925, p. 807, retrieved 2018-01-06 - via runeberg.org
35. ^ Norway (1908), "Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), p. 869-870, retrieved 17 September 2021
36. ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 211
37. ^ Shaw, p. 68
38. ^ Shaw, p. 416
39. ^ "Prince Henry in America". The Times. No. 36701\. London. 26 February 1902. p. 5.
40. ^ "Latest intelligence - Prince Henry in America". The Times. No. 36712\. London. 11 March 1902. p. 5.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Harald Eschenburg. Prinz Heinrich von Preußen - Der Großadmiral im Schatten des Kaisers. Heide, 1989, ISBN 3-8042-0456-2. [Translation of title: Prince Heinrich of Prussia - The Grand Admiral in the Shadow of the Emperor.]
* John Van der Kiste. Prince Henry of Prussia. 2015

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929).

* Newspaper clippings about Prince Henry of Prussia in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
* Portraits of Prince Henry of Prussia at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Political offices

Preceded by

New post

|  Commander-in-Chief of High Seas Fleet of the Imperial German Navy
1907–1909  | Succeeded by

Henning von Holtzendorff

* v
* t
* e

Princes of Prussia

The generations are numbered from the ascension of Frederick I as King in Prussia in 1701.

1st generation|

* Frederick William I

2nd generation|

* Frederick II
* Prince Augustus William
* Prince Henry
* Prince Augustus Ferdinand

3rd generation|

* Frederick William II
* Prince Henry
* Prince Louis Ferdinand
* Prince Augustus

4th generation|

* Frederick William III
* Prince Louis
* Prince Henry
* Prince William

5th generation|

* Frederick William IV
* William I
* Prince Charles
* Prince Albert
* Prince Frederick
* Prince Adalbert
* Prince Waldemar

6th generation|

* Frederick III
* Prince Friedrich Karl
* Prince Albert
* Prince Alexander
* Prince George

7th generation|

* William II
* Prince Henry
* Prince Sigismund
* Prince Waldemar
* Prince Friedrich Leopold
* Prince Friedrich Heinrich Albrecht
* Prince Joachim Albert
* Prince Friedrich Wilhelm

8th generation|

* Crown Prince Wilhelm
* Prince Eitel Friedrich
* Prince Adalbert
* Prince August Wilhelm
* Prince Oskar
* Prince Joachim
* Prince Waldemar
* Prince Sigismund
* Prince Henry
* Prince Friedrich Sigismund
* Prince Frederick Charles
* Prince Friedrich Leopold

9th generation|

* Prince Wilhelm^•
* Prince Louis Ferdinand
* Prince Hubertus
* Prince Frederick
* Prince Wilhelm Viktor
* Prince Alexander Ferdinand^•
* Prince Wilhelm-Karl^§
* Prince Karl Franz

10th generation|

* Prince Michael^§ ^•
* Prince Oskar^§
* Prince Franz Wilhelm^§

11th generation|

* Prince Georg Friedrich^§
* Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia^§

^§ born after the abolishment of monarchy by the Weimar Constitution
^• Forfeit rights to the succession

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Latvia
* Poland

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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