Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Consort of Queen Elizabeth II from 1952 to 2021

"Prince Philip" redirects here. For other uses, see Prince Philip (disambiguation).

Prince Philip

Duke of Edinburgh (more)

Portrait by Allan Warren, 1992

Consort of the British monarch
Tenure| 6 February 1952 - 9 April 2021

Born| Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark
(1921-06-10)10 June 1921[fn 1]
Mon Repos, Corfu, Greece
Died| 9 April 2021(2021-04-09) (aged 99)
Windsor Castle, Windsor, England
Burial| 17 April 2021

Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

19 September 2022

King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel

Spouse|

Elizabeth II

(m. 1947)​

Issue
Detail|

* Charles III
* Anne, Princess Royal
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

House|

* Glücksburg (until 1947)
* Mountbatten (from 1947)

Father| Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Mother| Princess Alice of Battenberg
Signature|
Education|

* Gordonstoun
* Royal Naval College, Dartmouth

Military career
Allegiance| United Kingdom
Branch|

* Royal Navy
* British Army
* Royal Air Force

Years of active service| 1939–1952
Rank| Full list
Commands| HMS Magpie
Battles / wars|

* Second World War
* Battle of Crete
* Battle of Cape Matapan
* Allied invasion of Sicily
* Operation Dragoon
* Operation Robson
* Operation Lentil
* Battle of Okinawa

Awards|

* Mentioned in dispatches
* Croix de Guerre with Palm
* War Cross

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark,[1] later Philip Mountbatten; 10 June 1921[fn 1] - 9 April 2021), was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. As such, he was the consort of the British monarch from his wife's accession on 6 February 1952 until his death in 2021, making him the longest-serving royal consort in history.

Philip was born in Greece into the Greek and Danish royal families; his family was exiled from the country when he was eighteen months old. After being educated in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Navy in 1939, when he was 18 years old. In July 1939, Philip began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, the elder daughter and heir presumptive of King George VI. During the Second World War, he served with distinction in the British Mediterranean and Pacific fleets.

In the summer of 1946, the King granted Philip permission to marry Elizabeth, then aged 20. Before the official announcement of their engagement in July 1947, Philip stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles and styles, became a naturalised British subject, and adopted his maternal grandparents' surname Mountbatten. In November 1947, he married Elizabeth, was granted the style His Royal Highness and was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich. Philip left active military service when Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1952, having reached the rank of commander. In 1957, he was created a British prince. Philip had four children with Elizabeth: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

A sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He was patron, president, or member of over 780 organisations, including the World Wide Fund for Nature, and served as chairman of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award, a youth awards programme for people aged 14 to 24.[2] Philip is the longest-lived male member of the British royal family. He retired from royal duties in 2017, aged 96, having completed 22,219 solo engagements and 5,493 speeches since 1952, and died two months before his centenary at Windsor Castle.

## Early life and education

[edit]

### Family, infancy and exile from Greece

[edit]

At age one, July 1922

Prince Philip (Greek: Φίλιππος, romanised: Phílippos)[3] of Greece and Denmark was born on 10 June 1921 on the dining room table in Mon Repos, a villa on the Greek island of Corfu.[4] He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and his wife, Princess Alice of Battenberg.[5] Philip's father was the fourth son of King George I and Queen Olga of Greece,[6] and his mother was the eldest child of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, and Victoria Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven (formerly Prince Louis of Battenberg and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine).[7] A member of the House of Glücksburg, Philip was a prince of both Greece and Denmark by virtue of his patrilineal descent from George I of Greece and George's father, Christian IX of Denmark; he was from birth in the line of succession to both thrones.[fn 2] Philip's four elder sisters were Margarita, Theodora, Cecilie, and Sophie. He was baptised in the Greek Orthodox rite at St. George's Church in the Old Fortress in Corfu. His godparents were his paternal grandmother, Queen Olga of Greece; his cousin George, Crown Prince of Greece; his uncle Lord Louis Mountbatten; and the municipality of Corfu, represented by its mayor, Alexandros Kokotos,[9] and by the president of the council, Stylianos Maniarizis.[10]

Shortly after Philip's birth, his maternal grandfather died in London. The Marquess of Milford Haven was a naturalised British subject who, after a career in the Royal Navy, had renounced his German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten—an Anglicised version of Battenberg—during the First World War, owing to anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom. After visiting London for his grandfather's memorial service, Philip and his mother returned to Greece, where Prince Andrew had remained to command a Greek Army division embroiled in the Greco-Turkish War.[11]

Greece suffered significant losses in the war and the Turks made substantial gains. Philip's uncle and high commander of the Greek expeditionary force, King Constantine I, was blamed for the defeat and was forced to abdicate in September 1922. The new military government arrested Andrew, along with others. General Georgios Hatzianestis, who was commanding officer of the army, and five senior politicians were arrested, tried, and executed in the Trial of the Six. Andrew's life was also believed to be in danger and Alice was under surveillance. Finally, in December, a revolutionary court banished Andrew from Greece for life.[12] The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Andrew's family, with Philip carried to safety in a fruit box.[13]

### Upbringing in France, Britain and Germany

[edit]

Philip's family settled in a house in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud lent to them by his wealthy aunt, Princess George of Greece and Denmark.[13] During his time there, Philip was first educated at The Elms, an American school in Paris run by Donald MacJannet, who described Philip as a "know it all smarty person, but always remarkably polite".[14] In 1930 Philip was sent to Britain to live with his maternal grandmother at Kensington Palace and his uncle George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven, at Lynden Manor in Bray, Berkshire.[15] He was then enrolled at Cheam School.[15] Over the next three years, his four sisters married German princes and moved to Germany, his mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia and placed in an asylum,[16] and his father took up residence in Monte Carlo.[17] Philip had little contact with his mother for the remainder of his childhood.[18]

In 1933 Philip was sent to Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, which had the "advantage of saving school fees", because it was owned by the family of his brother-in-law Berthold, Margrave of Baden.[19] With the rise of Nazism in Germany, Salem's Jewish founder, Kurt Hahn, fled persecution and founded Gordonstoun School in Scotland, to which Philip moved after two terms at Salem.[20] In 1937, his sister Cecilie; her husband, Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse; their two sons; and Georg Donatus's mother were killed in an air crash at Ostend; Philip, then 16 years old, attended the funeral in Darmstadt.[21] Cecilie and Georg Donatus were members of the Nazi Party.[22] The following year, Philip's uncle and guardian Lord Milford Haven died of bone marrow cancer.[23] Milford Haven's younger brother Lord Louis took parental responsibility for Philip for the remainder of his youth.[24]

Philip did not speak Greek because he had left Greece as an infant. In 1992 he said that he "could understand a certain amount".[25] He stated that he thought of himself as Danish and spoke mostly English, while his family was multilingual.[25] Known for his charm in his youth, Philip was linked to several women, including Osla Benning.[26]

## Naval and wartime service

[edit]

Philip served aboard HMS Valiant in the Battle of the Mediterranean.

After leaving Gordonstoun in early 1939, Philip completed a term as a cadet at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, then repatriated to Greece, living with his mother in Athens for a month in mid-1939. At the behest of King George II of Greece, his first cousin, he returned to Britain in September to resume training for the Royal Navy.[27] He graduated from Dartmouth the next year as the best cadet in his course.[28] During the Second World War, he continued to serve in the British forces, while two of his brothers-in-law, Prince Christoph of Hesse and Berthold, Margrave of Baden, fought on the opposing German side.[29] Philip was appointed as a midshipman in January 1940. He spent four months on the battleship HMS Ramillies, protecting convoys of the Australian Expeditionary Force in the Indian Ocean, followed by shorter postings on HMS Kent, on HMS Shropshire, and in British Ceylon.[30] After the invasion of Greece by Italy in October 1940, he was transferred from the Indian Ocean to the battleship HMS Valiant in the Mediterranean Fleet.[31]

Philip was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant on 1 February 1941 after a series of courses at Portsmouth, in which he gained the top grade in four out of five sections of the qualifying examination.[32][33] Among other engagements, he was involved in the Battle of Crete and was mentioned in dispatches for his service during the Battle of Cape Matapan, in which he controlled the battleship's searchlights. He was also awarded the Greek War Cross.[28] In June 1942, he was appointed to the destroyer HMS Wallace, which was involved in convoy escort tasks on the east coast of Britain, as well as the Allied invasion of Sicily.[34]

In Melbourne, 1945

Promotion to lieutenant followed on 16 July 1942.[35] In October of the same year, aged 21, Philip became first lieutenant of HMS Wallace. He was one of the youngest first lieutenants in the Royal Navy. During the invasion of Sicily, in July 1943, as second-in-command of Wallace, he saved his ship from a night bomber attack. He devised a plan to launch a raft with smoke floats that successfully distracted the bombers, allowing the ship to slip away unnoticed.[34] In 1944, he moved on to the new destroyer, HMS Whelp, where he saw service with the British Pacific Fleet in the 27th Destroyer Flotilla.[36][37] He was present in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed. Philip returned to the United Kingdom on the Whelp in January 1946 and was posted as an instructor at HMS Royal Arthur, the Petty Officers' School in Corsham, Wiltshire.[38]

## Marriage

[edit]

Further information: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten

In 1939 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth toured the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. During the visit, the Queen and Lord Louis Mountbatten asked his nephew Philip to escort the royal couple's daughters, 13-year-old Elizabeth and 9-year-old Margaret, who were Philip's third cousins through Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark.[39] Philip and Elizabeth had first met as children in 1934 at the wedding of Elizabeth's uncle Prince George, Duke of Kent, to Philip's first cousin, Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark. After their 1939 meeting, Elizabeth fell in love with Philip, and they began to exchange letters.[40]

Eventually, in the summer of 1946, Philip asked George VI for his daughter's hand in marriage. The King granted his request, provided that any formal engagement be delayed until Elizabeth's 21st birthday the following April.[41] By March 1947, Philip had adopted the surname Mountbatten from his mother's family and had stopped using his Greek and Danish royal titles upon becoming a naturalised British subject. The engagement was announced to the public on 9 July 1947.[42]

The engagement attracted some controversy; Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born, and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[43] Marion Crawford wrote: "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[44] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "the Hun".[45] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[46]

Wedding portrait of Philip and Elizabeth

Though Philip appeared "always to have regarded himself as an Anglican",[47] and he had attended Anglican services with his classmates and relations in England and throughout his Royal Navy days, he was baptised in the Greek Orthodox Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, wanted to "regularise" Philip's position by officially receiving him into the Church of England,[48] which he did in October 1947.[49] The day before the wedding, the King bestowed the style of Royal Highness on Philip, and, on the morning of the wedding, 20 November 1947, he was made the Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich of Greenwich in the County of London.[50] Consequently, being already a Knight of the Garter, between 19 and 20 November 1947, he bore the unusual style Lieutenant His Royal Highness Sir Philip Mountbatten and is so described in the letters patent of 20 November 1947.[50]

Philip and Elizabeth were married in a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, recorded and broadcast by BBC radio to 200 million people around the world.[51] In post-war Britain, it was unacceptable for any of Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. After their marriage, Philip and Elizabeth took residence at Clarence House. Their first two children were born before Elizabeth's accession in 1952: Prince Charles in November 1948 and Princess Anne in August 1950. The couple's marriage was the longest of any British monarch, lasting over 73 years until Philip died in 2021.[52][53] Concerned by her father's poor health, Elizabeth insisted that Philip give up smoking, which he did cold turkey on their wedding day.[54]

Philip was introduced to the House of Lords on 21 July 1948,[55] immediately before his uncle Louis Mountbatten, who had been made Earl Mountbatten of Burma.[56] Philip ostensibly never spoke in the House of Lords.[57] He, his sons and other royals ceased to be members of the House of Lords following the House of Lords Act 1999, although Philip's former brother-in-law, Lord Snowdon, remained in the House.[58]

## Early duties

[edit]

With Elizabeth on their 1951 tour of Canada, meeting Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (right)

After his honeymoon at the Mountbatten family home, Broadlands, Philip returned to the navy, at first in a desk job at the Admiralty and later on a staff course at the Naval Staff College, Greenwich.[59] From 1949 he was stationed in Malta (residing at Villa Guardamangia) after being posted as the first lieutenant of the destroyer HMS Chequers, the lead ship of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet.[60] He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 16 July 1950 and given command of the frigate HMS Magpie.[61][62] Philip was promoted to commander on 30 June 1952,[63] though his active naval career had ended in July 1951.[64][65]

With the King in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip were both appointed to the Privy Council on 4 November 1951, after a coast-to-coast tour of Canada. At the end of January 1952, the couple set out on a tour of the Commonwealth. They were in Kenya when Elizabeth's father died on 6 February 1952, and she became queen. Philip broke the news to Elizabeth at Sagana Lodge, and the royal party immediately returned to the United Kingdom.[66]

In December 1952, Philip was initiated into Freemasonry by the Worshipful Master of Navy Lodge No 2612, honouring a commitment he had made to George VI, who had made it clear that he expected Philip to maintain the tradition of royal patronage of Freemasonry. However, according to one journalist writing in 1983, Philip's mother-in-law and his uncle Lord Mountbatten had unfavourable views of Freemasonry; after his initiation, Philip took no further part in the organisation. Although as the consort of the Queen, he might in time have been made Grand Master of British Freemasonry, Elizabeth's cousin Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, assumed that role in 1967. Philip's son Charles apparently never joined Freemasonry.[67]

## Consort of the Queen

[edit]

### Royal house

[edit]

Coronation portrait of Elizabeth II with Philip, June 1953, by Cecil Beaton

Elizabeth's accession to the throne brought up the question of the name of the royal house, as Elizabeth would typically have taken Philip's last name upon marriage. Lord Mountbatten advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh after his ducal title.[68] When Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary heard of this, she informed Winston Churchill, who later advised Elizabeth to issue a royal proclamation declaring that the royal house was to remain known as the House of Windsor. Philip privately complained, "I am nothing but a bloody amoeba. I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[69]

In February 1960, the Queen issued an Order in Council declaring that Mountbatten-Windsor would be the surname of the couple's male-line descendants who are not styled as Royal Highness or titled as prince or princess.[70] While it seems Elizabeth had "absolutely set her heart" on such a change and had it in mind for some time, it occurred only 11 days before the birth of their third child, Prince Andrew, and only after three months of protracted correspondence between English constitutional expert Edward Iwi (who averred that, without such a change, the royal child would be born with "the Badge of Bastardy") and Harold Macmillan, who had attempted to refute Iwi's arguments.[71] Elizabeth and Philip's fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964.[72]

Six months after she acceded to the throne, Elizabeth announced that Philip was to have "place, pre-eminence and precedence" next to her "on all occasions and in all meetings, except where otherwise provided by Act of Parliament".[73] She also intervened to ensure that Philip would serve as regent for their son Charles in the event of her unexpected death.[74] Parliament passed a bill to that effect in 1953.[75] Contrary to rumours over the years, Elizabeth and Philip were said by insiders to have had a strong relationship throughout their marriage, despite the challenges of Elizabeth's reign.[76][77] Elizabeth referred to Philip in a speech on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 as her "constant strength and guide".[77]

Philip received a Parliamentary annuity (of £359,000 since 1990[fn 3]) to meet official expenses in carrying out public duties. The annuity was unaffected by the reform of royal finances under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011.[78][79] Any part of the allowance that was not used to meet official expenditure was liable for tax. In practice, the entire allowance was used to fund his official duties.[80]

### Supporting the Queen

[edit]

With Elizabeth in New Zealand, 1954

As consort, Philip supported his wife in her duties as sovereign, accompanying her to ceremonies such as the State Opening of Parliament in various countries, state dinners, and tours abroad. As chairman of the Coronation Commission, he was the first member of the royal family to fly in a helicopter, visiting the troops that were to take part in the ceremony.[81] Philip was not himself crowned in the coronation service, but knelt before Elizabeth, with her hands enclosing his, and swore to be her "liege man of life and limb".[82] For six months, spanning 1953 and 1954, they toured the Commonwealth; as was customary during previous tours, the children remained in Britain.[83]

In the early 1950s, Philip's sister-in-law, Princess Margaret, considered marrying a divorced older man, Peter Townsend. The press accused Philip of being hostile to the match, to which he replied: "I haven't done anything."[84] Eventually, Margaret and Townsend parted.[83] In 1960 Margaret married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; Margaret did not remarry.[85]

In 1956 Philip and Kurt Hahn founded The Duke of Edinburgh's Award to give young people "a sense of responsibility to themselves and their communities". In the same year, he also established the Commonwealth Study Conferences. From 1956 to 1957, he travelled around the world aboard the newly commissioned HMY Britannia, during which he opened the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne and visited the Antarctic, becoming the first royal to cross the Antarctic Circle.[86] Elizabeth and the children remained in Britain. On the return leg of the journey, Philip's private secretary, Mike Parker, was sued for divorce by his wife. As with Townsend, the press still portrayed divorce as a scandal, and eventually, Parker resigned. He later said that Philip was very supportive and "the Queen was wonderful throughout. She regarded divorce as a sadness, not a hanging offence."[87] In a public show of support, Elizabeth created Parker a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.[88]

With Elizabeth in Ottawa, 1957

Further press reports claimed that the royal couple were drifting apart, which enraged Philip and dismayed Elizabeth, who issued a strongly worded denial.[89] She granted him the style and title of a Prince of the United Kingdom by Letters Patent on 22 February 1957; it was gazetted that Philip was to be known as "His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh".[90] Philip was appointed to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 14 October 1957, taking his Oath of Allegiance before the Queen in person at her Canadian residence, Rideau Hall.[91] Remarks he made two years later to the Canadian Medical Association on the subject of youth and sport were taken as a suggestion that Canadian children were out of shape. This was at first considered "tactless", but Philip was later admired for his encouragement of physical fitness.[92] While in Canada in 1969, he spoke about his views on republicanism:

> It is a complete misconception to imagine that the monarchy exists in the interests of the monarch. It doesn't. It exists in the interests of the people. If at any time any nation decides that the system is unacceptable, then it is up to them to change it.[93]

In 1960 Philip attended the National Eisteddfod of Wales wearing a long green robe, where he was initiated as an Honorary Ovate by the Archdruid of Wales Edgar Phillips through his bardic name Philip Meirionnydd, to reflect his title of Earl of Merioneth.[94] In 1961 he became the first member of the royal family to be interviewed on television, after he appeared on Panorama to answer questions by Richard Dimbleby about the Commonwealth Technical Training Week, an initiative of which he was patron.[95] In 1969 he made a similar appearance on Meet the Press during a tour of North America.[96]

### Charities and patronages

[edit]

Visiting Salford University, 1967

Philip was patron of some 800 organisations, particularly focused on the environment, industry, sport, and education. His first solo engagement as Duke of Edinburgh was in March 1948, presenting prizes at the boxing finals of the London Federation of Boys' Clubs at the Royal Albert Hall.[97] He was president of the National Playing Fields Association (now known as Fields in Trust) for 64 years, from 1947 until his grandson Prince William took over the role in 2013.[98] He was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society in 1951.[99][100] In 1952, he became patron of The Industrial Society (since renamed The Work Foundation).[101] In the same year, and after his father-in-law's death, he took over the role of the Ranger of Windsor Great Park, overseeing its protection and maintenance.[102] From 1955 to 1957, Philip was president of The Football Association and also served two terms as president of the Marylebone Cricket Club, with his tenures starting in 1949 and 1974, respectively.[103][104] In the same decade, he became the first patron of Lord's Taverners, a youth cricket and disability sports charity, for which he organised fundraising events.[105] Between 1959 and 1965 Philip was the president of BAFTA.[106] He helped found the Australian Conservation Foundation in 1963 and the World Wildlife Fund in 1961 and served as the latter's UK president from 1961 to 1982, international president from 1981, and president emeritus from 1996.[86][107] He was also president of the Zoological Society of London for two decades and was appointed an honorary fellow in 1977.[108][109] Despite his involvement in initiatives for conserving nature, he was also criticised for practices such as fox hunting and shooting of game birds[107] and the killing of a tiger in India in 1961.[110] He was president of the International Equestrian Federation from 1964 to 1986.[111] In 1980 he became world champion in four-in-hand driving with the British national team.[112] He served as chancellor of the universities of Cambridge, Edinburgh, Salford, and Wales.[113] In 1965, at the suggestion of Harold Wilson, Philip became chair to a scheme set up for awarding industrial innovations, which later became known as The Queen's Awards for Enterprise.[114] In the same year, Philip became president of the Council of Engineering Institutions and in that capacity he assisted with the inception of the Fellowship of Engineering (later the Royal Academy of Engineering), of which he later became the senior fellow.[115] He also commissioned the Prince Philip Designers Prize and the Prince Philip Medal to recognise designers and engineers with exceptional contributions.[115][116] In 1970 he was involved with the founding of The Maritime Trust for restoring and preserving historic British ships.[117] In 2017 the British Heart Foundation thanked Philip for being its patron for 55 years, during which time, in addition to organising fundraisers, he "supported the creation of nine BHF-funded centres of excellence".[118] He was an honorary fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.[119]

### Charles and Diana

[edit]

At the beginning of 1981 Philip wrote to his son Charles counselling him to make up his mind to either propose to Lady Diana Spencer or break off their courtship.[120] Charles felt pressured by his father to make a decision and did so, proposing to Diana in February.[121] They married five months later. By 1992 the marriage had broken down. Elizabeth and Philip hosted a meeting between Charles and Diana, trying to effect a reconciliation, but without success.[122] Philip wrote to Diana, expressing his disappointment at Charles's and her extra-marital affairs and asking her to examine both his and her behaviour from the other's point of view.[123] She found the letters hard to take but appreciated that he acted with good intent.[124] Charles and Diana separated in 1992[125] and divorced in 1996.[126]

A year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. At the time, Philip was on holiday at Balmoral with the extended royal family. In their grief, Diana's sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[127] For five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the ensuing press interest by keeping them at Balmoral, where they could grieve in private.[127] The royal family's seclusion caused public dismay,[127] but the public mood changed after a live broadcast made by Elizabeth on 5 September.[128] Uncertain as to whether they should walk behind their mother's coffin during the funeral procession, William and Harry hesitated.[128] Philip told William: "If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?"[128] On the day of the funeral, Philip, William, Harry, Charles, and Diana's brother, Earl Spencer, walked through London behind her gun carriage.[128] Over the next few years, Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son Dodi Fayed was also killed in the crash, claimed that Philip had ordered the death of Diana and that the accident was staged. The inquest into Diana's death concluded in 2008 that there was no evidence of a conspiracy.[129]

### Longevity

[edit]

With Elizabeth during a visit to Titanic Belfast, June 2012

In April 2009, Philip became the longest-serving British royal consort, surpassing Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, wife of George III.[130] He became the oldest-ever male British royal in February 2013 and the third-longest-lived member of the British royal family (following Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) in April 2019.[131] Personally, he was not enthused about living an extremely long life, remarking in a 2000 interview (when he was 79) that he could not "imagine anything worse" and had "no desire whatsoever" to become a centenarian, saying "bits of me are falling off already".[132]

At the official opening of the Fifth Assembly of the Senedd in Cardiff, 2016. Clockwise and facing from left to right: Senedd speaker Elin Jones, Philip's daughter-in-law Camilla, his son Charles, Welsh first minister Carwyn Jones, Philip and Elizabeth

In 2008 Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital, London, for a chest infection; he walked into the hospital unaided, recovered quickly,[133] and was discharged three days later.[134] After the Evening Standard reported that Philip had prostate cancer, Buckingham Palace—which usually refuses to comment on health rumours—denied the story[135] and the paper retracted it.[136][137]

In June 2011, in an interview marking his 90th birthday, Philip said that he would now slow down and reduce his duties, stating that he had "done [his] bit".[138] The Queen gave him the title Lord High Admiral for his 90th birthday.[139] While staying at Sandringham House in December 2011, Philip suffered chest pains and was taken to the cardio-thoracic unit at Papworth Hospital, Cambridgeshire, where he underwent successful coronary angioplasty and stenting.[140] He was discharged a few days later.[141]

In June 2012, during the celebrations in honour of his wife's diamond jubilee, Philip was taken from Windsor Castle to King Edward VII's Hospital suffering from a bladder infection.[142] He was subsequently discharged.[143] After a recurrence of infection in August 2012, while staying at Balmoral Castle, he was admitted to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary for five nights as a precautionary measure.[144] In June 2013, Philip was admitted to the London Clinic for an exploratory operation on his abdomen, spending 11 days in hospital.[145] In May 2014, he appeared in public with a bandage on his right hand after a "minor procedure" was performed in Buckingham Palace the preceding day.[146] In June 2017, Philip was taken from Windsor to London and admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital after being diagnosed with an infection.[147] He spent two nights in the hospital and was unable to attend the State Opening of Parliament and Royal Ascot.[148][149]

### Final years and retirement

[edit]

Trooping the Colour, 2015

Philip retired from royal duties on 2 August 2017, meeting Royal Marines in his final solo public engagement, aged 96. Since 1952, he had completed 22,219 solo engagements. British prime minister Theresa May thanked him for "a remarkable lifetime of service".[150][151] On 20 November 2017, he celebrated his 70th wedding anniversary with Elizabeth, which made her the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[152]

In April 2018, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital for a planned hip replacement. This came after the Duke missed the annual Maundy and Easter Sunday services. Princess Anne spent about 50 minutes in the hospital and afterwards said her father was "on good form". He was discharged the next day.[153] In May that year, he attended the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle and was able to walk with Elizabeth unaided.[154] That October, he also accompanied Elizabeth to the wedding of their granddaughter Princess Eugenie of York with Jack Brooksbank,[155] with The Telegraph reporting that Philip works on a "wake up and see how I feel" basis when deciding whether to attend an event or not.[156]

In January 2019, Philip was involved in a car collision as he drove out onto a main road near the Sandringham Estate. An official statement said he was uninjured. An eyewitness who helped him out of his car said there was "a little bit of blood".[157] The driver and a passenger of the other car were injured and taken to hospital.[158] Philip attended hospital the next morning as a precaution.[159] He apologised,[160] and three weeks later voluntarily surrendered his driving licence.[161][162] In February, the Crown Prosecution Service announced that prosecuting Philip would not be in the public interest.[163] Philip was still allowed to drive around private estates, and was seen behind the wheel in the grounds of Windsor Castle in April 2019.[164]

In December 2019, Philip stayed at King Edward VII's Hospital and received treatment for a "pre-existing condition" in a visit described by Buckingham Palace as a "precautionary measure".[165] He had not been seen in public since attending Lady Gabriella Windsor's wedding in May 2019.[166] A photo of the royal couple as they isolated at Windsor Castle during the COVID-19 pandemic was released ahead of his 99th birthday in June 2020.[167] In July 2020, he stepped down as Colonel-in-Chief of The Rifles, a position he had held since 2007. He was succeeded by his daughter-in-law Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.[168]

In January 2021, Philip and Elizabeth were vaccinated against COVID-19 by a household doctor at Windsor Castle.[169] In February 2021, Philip was admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital as a "precautionary measure" after feeling unwell;[170] he was visited by Prince Charles.[171] Buckingham Palace confirmed that Philip was "responding to treatment" for an infection.[172][173] In March, Philip was transferred by ambulance to St Bartholomew's Hospital to continue treatment for an infection, and to undergo "testing and observation" relating to a pre-existing heart condition.[174] He underwent a successful procedure for his heart condition[175] and was transferred back to King Edward VII's Hospital.[176] He was discharged a week later and returned to Windsor Castle.[177]

## Death

[edit]

Further information: Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Buckingham Palace on 9 April 2021; the Union Flag is flown at half-mast as crowds gather.

Philip died of "old age"[178][fn 4] on the morning of 9 April 2021 at Windsor Castle, at the age of 99. He was the longest-serving royal consort in world history.[180] Elizabeth, who was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[181] described his death as "having left a huge void in her life".[182]

The palace said Philip died peacefully,[183] which was confirmed by his daughter-in-law Sophie, Countess of Wessex, who told the press it was "so gentle. It was just like somebody took him by the hand and off he went."[184] His death led to the commencement of Operation Forth Bridge, the plan for publicly announcing his death and organising his funeral.[183][185] The usual public ceremonial could not take place because of the regulations for the COVID-19 pandemic which restricted the number of mourners to thirty; it was later reported in the press that Elizabeth had rejected a government offer to relax the rules.[186] The funeral took place on 17 April 2021 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and Philip was temporarily interred alongside 25 other coffins, including that of George III, in the Royal Vault inside St George's.[187][188] Representatives of countries around the world sent condolences to the royal family upon his death.[189]

As with other senior members of the royal family, Philip's last will and testament will be sealed for at least 90 years, according to a High Court ruling, which deemed it necessary to protect the Sovereign's "dignity and standing".[190] This led to speculation that the will might contain material harmful to the reputation of the royal family.[191] The order was made by the President of the Family Division after a private hearing in July 2021, who said that he had neither seen the will nor been informed of any of its contents. In January 2022, The Guardian challenged the judge's decision to exclude the press from that hearing, arguing that the judge had "erred by failing to consider any lesser interference with open justice than a private hearing", and the newspaper was granted leave to appeal.[192][193] In July 2022, the Court of Appeal dismissed the newspaper's arguments, stating that the press could not have been informed of the hearing "without risking the media storm that was feared".[194] The court added that "a perceived lack of transparency might be a matter of legitimate public debate, but the (Non-Contentious Probate Rules) allow wills and their values to be concealed from the public gaze in some cases".[194]

A service of thanksgiving for Philip's life took place at Westminster Abbey on 29 March 2022, with Elizabeth, foreign royalty and politicians in attendance.[195] Elizabeth died on 8 September 2022 and the royal couple's bodies were interred in the King George VI Memorial Chapel at St George's on the evening of 19 September after her state funeral.[196]

## Legacy

[edit]

### Interests

[edit]

At the World Championship Coach-and-fours, 1982

Philip played polo until 1971 when he started to compete in carriage driving, a sport which he helped to expand; the sport's early rule book was drafted under his supervision.[197] He was also a keen yachtsman and struck up a friendship in 1949 with boat designer and sailing enthusiast Uffa Fox in Cowes.[198]

Philip's first airborne flying lesson took place in 1952, and by his 70th birthday, he had accrued 5,150 pilot hours.[199] He was presented with Royal Air Force wings in 1953, helicopter wings with the Royal Navy in 1956, and his private pilot's licence in 1959.[117] After 44 years as a pilot, he retired in August 1997 with 5,986 hours spent in 59 different aircraft.[117] In April 2014, it was reported that an old British Pathé newsreel film had been discovered of Philip's 1962 two-month flying tour of South America. Filmed sitting alongside him at the aircraft's controls was his co-pilot Captain Peter Middleton, the grandfather of Philip's granddaughter-in-law Catherine.[200] In 1959, Philip flew solo in a Druine Turbulent, becoming the first and, as of April 2021,[update] the only member of the royal family to have flown a single-seat aircraft.[201]

Her Majesty the Queen at Breakfast painted by Philip in 1957. His biographer Robert Lacey described the painting as "a tender portrayal, impressionistic in style, with brushstrokes that are charmingly soft and fuzzy".[202]

Philip painted with oils and collected artworks, including contemporary cartoons, which hang at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Sandringham House, and Balmoral Castle. Hugh Casson described Philip's own artwork as "exactly what you'd expect ... totally direct, no hanging about. Strong colours, vigorous brushstrokes."[203] He was patron of the Royal Society of Arts from 1952 until 2011.[204] He was "fascinated" by cartoons about the monarchy and the royal family and was a patron of The Cartoon Museum.[205]

### Personality and image

[edit]

Philip typically walked a few steps behind Elizabeth in public.

Philip's down-to-earth manner was attested to by a White House butler, who recalled that, on a visit in 1976, Philip engaged him and a fellow butler in a conversation and poured them drinks.[206][fn 5] As well as a reputation for bluntness and plain speaking,[208] Philip was noted for occasionally making observations and jokes that have been construed as either funny, or as gaffes: awkward, politically incorrect, or even offensive, but sometimes perceived as stereotypical of someone of his age and background.[209][210][211][212][213] In an address to the General Dental Council in 1960, he jokingly coined a new word for his blunders: "Dontopedalogy is the science of opening your mouth and putting your foot in it, a science which I have practised for a good many years."[214] Later in life, he suggested his comments may have contributed to the perception that he was "a cantankerous old sod".[215]

In a private conversation with British students from Xi'an's Northwest University during a state visit to China in 1986, Philip joked: "If you stay here much longer, you'll go slit-eyed."[216] The British press reported on the remark as indicative of racial intolerance, but the Chinese authorities were reportedly unconcerned. Chinese students studying in the UK, an official explained, were often told in jest not to stay away too long, lest they go "round-eyed".[217] His comment did not affect Sino-British relations, but it shaped his reputation.[218] Philip also made comments on the eating habits of Cantonese people, stating: "If it has four legs and is not a chair, has wings and is not an airplane, or swims and is not a submarine, the Cantonese will eat it."[219] In Australia he asked an Indigenous Australian entrepreneur: "Do you still throw spears at each other?"[220]

In 2011 historian David Starkey described Philip as a kind of "HRH Victor Meldrew".[221] For example, in May 1999, British newspapers accused Philip of insulting deaf children at a pop concert in Wales by saying: "No wonder you are deaf listening to this row."[222] Later, Philip wrote: "The story is largely invention. It so happens that my mother was quite seriously deaf and I have been Patron of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf for ages, so it's hardly likely that I would do any such thing."[223] When he and Elizabeth met Stephen Menary, an army cadet blinded by a Real IRA bomb, and Elizabeth enquired how much sight he retained, Philip quipped: "Not a lot, judging by the tie he's wearing." Menary later said: "I think he just tries to put people at ease by trying to make a joke. I certainly didn't take any offence."[224] Philip's comparison of prostitutes and wives was also perceived as offensive after he reportedly stated: "I don't think a prostitute is more moral than a wife, but they are doing the same thing."[219]

### Centenary

[edit]

To mark the centenary of Philip's birth in June 2021, the Royal Collection Trust held an exhibition at Windsor Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse. Titled Prince Philip: A Celebration, it showcased around 150 personal items related to him, including his wedding card, wedding menu, midshipman's logbook from 1940 to 1941, Chair of Estate, and the coronation robes and coronet that he wore for his wife's coronation in 1953.[225][226] George Alexis Weymouth's portrait of Philip in the ruins of Windsor Castle after the fire of 1992 formed part of a focus on Philip's involvement with the subsequent restoration.[226]

The Royal Horticultural Society also marked Philip's centenary by breeding a new rose in his honour, christened "The Duke of Edinburgh Rose", created by British rose breeder Harkness Roses. Elizabeth, as patron of the society, was given the deep pink commemorative rose in honour of her husband, and she remarked that "It looks lovely". A Duke of Edinburgh Rose has since been planted in the mixed rose border of Windsor Castle's East Terrace Garden. Philip played a major role in the garden's design.[227][228]

In September 2021, the Royal National Lifeboat Institution honoured Philip by naming their new state-of-the-art lifeboat Duke of Edinburgh. The tribute was initially planned to mark his 100th birthday.[229] In the same month, a documentary initially planned for his centenary was broadcast on BBC One under the title Prince Philip: The Royal Family Remembers, with contributions from his children, their spouses, and seven of his grandchildren.[230]

### Portrayals

[edit]

Philip has been portrayed by several actors, including Stewart Granger (The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana, 1982), Christopher Lee (Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story, 1982), David Threlfall (The Queen's Sister, 2005), James Cromwell (The Queen, 2006), and Finn Elliot, Matt Smith, Tobias Menzies, and Jonathan Pryce (The Crown, 2016 onwards).[231][232] He also appears as a fictional character in Nevil Shute's novel In the Wet (1952), Paul Gallico's novel Mrs. 'Arris Goes to Moscow (1974), Tom Clancy's novel Patriot Games (1987), and Sue Townsend's novel The Queen and I (1992).[233]

## Books

[edit]

Philip authored:

* Selected Speeches – 1948–55 (1957; revised paperback edition published by Nabu Press, 2011), ISBN 978-1-245-67133-0
* Selected Speeches – 1956–59 (1960)
* Birds from Britannia (1962; published in the United States as Seabirds from Southern Waters), ISBN 978-1-163-69929-4
* Wildlife Crisis with James Fisher (1970), ISBN 978-0-402-12511-2
* The Environmental Revolution: Speeches on Conservation, 1962–1977 (1978), ISBN 978-0-8464-1453-7
* Competition Carriage Driving (1982; published in France, 1984; second edition, 1984; revised edition, 1994), ISBN 978-0-85131-594-2
* A Question of Balance (1982), ISBN 978-0-85955-087-1
* Men, Machines and Sacred Cows (1984), ISBN 978-0-241-11174-1
* A Windsor Correspondence with Michael Mann (1984), ISBN 978-0-85955-108-3
* Down to Earth: Collected Writings and Speeches on Man and the Natural World 1961–87 (1988; paperback edition, 1989; Japanese edition, 1992), ISBN 978-0-8289-0711-8
* Survival or Extinction: A Christian Attitude to the Environment with Michael Mann (1989), ISBN 978-0-85955-158-8
* Driving and Judging Dressage (1996), ISBN 978-0-85131-666-6
* 30 Years On, and Off, the Box Seat (2004), ISBN 978-0-85131-898-1

Forewords to:

* Royal Australian Navy 1911–1961 Jubilee Souvenir issued by authority of the Department of the Navy, Canberra (1961)
* The Concise British Flora in Colour by William Keble Martin, Ebury Press / Michael Joseph (1965)
* Birds of Town and Village by William Donald Campbell and Basil Ede (1965)
* Kurt Hahn by Hermann Röhrs and Hilary Tunstall-Behrens (1970)
* The Doomsday Book of Animals by David Day (1981)
* Saving the Animals: The World Wildlife Fund Book of Conservation by Bernard Stonehouse (1981)
* The Art of Driving by Max Pape (1982), ISBN 978-0-85131-339-9
* Yachting and the Royal Prince Alfred Yacht Club by Graeme Norman (1988), ISBN 978-0-86777-067-4
* National Maritime Museum Guide to Maritime Britain by Keith Wheatley (2000)
* The Royal Yacht Britannia: The Official History by Richard Johnstone-Bryden, Conway Maritime Press (2003), ISBN 978-0-85177-937-9
* 1953: The Crowning Year of Sport by Jonathan Rice (2003)
* British Flags and Emblems by Graham Bartram, Tuckwell Press (2004), ISBN 978-1-86232-297-4
* Chariots of War by Robert Hobson, Ulric Publication (2004), ISBN 978-0-9541997-1-5
* RMS Queen Mary 2 Manual: An Insight into the Design, Construction and Operation of the World's Largest Ocean Liner by Stephen Payne, Haynes Publishing (2014)
* The Triumph of a Great Tradition: The Story of Cunard's 175 Years by Eric Flounders and Michael Gallagher, Lily Publications (2014), ISBN 978-1-906608-85-9

## Titles, styles, honours, and arms

[edit]

Further information: List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Royal monogram

Philip held many titles throughout his life. Originally holding the title and style of a prince of Greece and Denmark, Philip abandoned these royal titles before he married and was thereafter created a British duke, among other noble titles.[50] Elizabeth formally issued letters patent in 1957 making him a British prince.[90]

### Honours and honorary military appointments

[edit]

Philip was awarded medals from Britain, France, and Greece for his service during the Second World War, as well as ones commemorating the coronations of George VI and Elizabeth II and the silver, gold and diamond jubilees of Elizabeth.[234] George VI appointed him to the Order of the Garter on the eve of his wedding on 19 November 1947. Since then, Philip received 17 appointments and decorations in the Commonwealth and 48 from foreign states. The inhabitants of some villages on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu, worship Philip as a god-like spiritual figure; the islanders possess portraits of him and hold feasts on his birthday.[235]

Presenting the 3rd Battalion with their regimental colours as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Regiment in Toronto, 2013

Upon his wife's accession to the throne in 1952, Philip was appointed Admiral of the Sea Cadet Corps, Colonel-in-Chief of the British Army Cadet Force, and Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Corps.[236] The following year, he was appointed to the equivalent positions in Canada and made Admiral of the Fleet, Captain General Royal Marines, Field Marshal, and Marshal of the Royal Air Force in the United Kingdom.[237] Subsequent military appointments were made in New Zealand and Australia.[238] In 1975 he was appointed colonel of the Grenadier Guards, a position he handed over to his son Andrew in 2017.[239] On 16 December 2015, he relinquished his role as Honorary Air Commodore-in-Chief and was succeeded by his granddaughter-in-law Catherine, then Duchess of Cambridge, as Honorary Air Commandant.[240]

To celebrate Philip's 90th birthday, Elizabeth appointed him Lord High Admiral,[241] as well as to the highest ranks available in all three branches of the Canadian Armed Forces.[242] On their 70th wedding anniversary, 20 November 2017, she appointed him Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, making him the first British national since his uncle Lord Mountbatten of Burma to be entitled to wear the breast stars of four orders of chivalry in the United Kingdom.[243]

### Arms

[edit]

Coat of arms of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh  |

Adopted
1949
Crest
A plume of ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent issuant from a ducal coronet or.[244]
Torse
Mantled or and ermine.[244]
Escutcheon
From 1949:
Quarterly: First: Or semée of hearts gules, three lions passant in pale azure ducally crowned or (for Denmark), Second: Azure a cross argent (for Greece), Third: Argent two pallets sable (for Battenberg and Mountbatten), Fourth: Argent upon a rock proper a castle triple towered sable masoned argent windows port turret-caps and vanes gules (for Edinburgh).[244]
Supporters
Dexter, a savage crowned with a chaplet of oak leaves girt about the loins with a lion skin and supporting in the dexter hand a club proper (from the royal Greek arms); Sinister, a lion queue fourché ducally crowned or and gorged with a naval coronet azure (based on Battenberg arms).[244]
Motto
GOD IS MY HELP[244]
Orders
The Order of the Garter ribbon
HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE
(Anglo-Norman for 'Shamed be he who thinks evil of it')
Banner
A banner of Philip's arms was used as his personal standard.[245]
Symbolism
The arms of Denmark and Greece, as well as Mountbatten, represent the Duke of Edinburgh's familial lineage. The arms of the City of Edinburgh represent Philip's dukedom. The naval crown collar alludes to Philip's naval career.
Previous versions

From 1947 to 1949: "Arms of Greece surmounted by an inescutcheon of the arms of Denmark; and over all in the first quarter the arms of Princess Alice, daughter of Queen Victoria, viz, the Royal Arms differenced with a label of three points argent, the middle point charged with a rose gules and each of the others with an ermine spot. The shield is encircled by the Garter and ensigned with a princely coronet of crosses pattée and fleurs-de-lis, above which is placed a barred helm affronte, and thereon the crest; out of a ducal coronet or, a plume of five ostrich feathers alternately sable and argent. The supporters are, dexter, the figure of Hercules proper, and sinister, a lion queue fourché ducally crowned or, gorged with a naval coronet azure."[246]
Other versions
Scottish version of Philip's arms as a Knight of the Order of the Thistle.

|

## Issue

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Elizabeth II § Issue.[edit]

Name  | Birth  | Marriage  | Children  | Grandchildren

|
|
|
|

Date  | Spouse
Charles III |  (1948-11-14) 14 November 1948 (age 76) | 29 July 1981

Divorced 28 August 1996

| Lady Diana Spencer | William, Prince of Wales |

* Prince George of Wales
* Princess Charlotte of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales

Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex |

* Prince Archie of Sussex
* Princess Lilibet of Sussex

9 April 2005  | Camilla Parker Bowles | None
Anne, Princess Royal |  (1950-08-15) 15 August 1950 (age 75) | 14 November 1973

Divorced 23 April 1992

| Mark Phillips | Peter Phillips |

* Savannah Phillips
* Isla Phillips

Zara Tindall |

* Mia Tindall
* Lena Tindall
* Lucas Tindall

12 December 1992  | Timothy Laurence | None
Prince Andrew, Duke of York |  (1960-02-19) 19 February 1960 (age 65) | 23 July 1986

Divorced 30 May 1996

| Sarah Ferguson | Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi |

* Sienna Mapelli Mozzi
* Athena Mapelli Mozzi

Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank |

* August Brooksbank
* Ernest Brooksbank

Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh |  (1964-03-10) 10 March 1964 (age 61) | 19 June 1999  | Sophie Rhys-Jones | Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor | None
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex | None

## Ancestry

[edit]

See also: Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX

Queen Victoria is the great-great-grandmother of Elizabeth II (line of descent in red) and Philip (line of descent in green).

Both Philip and Elizabeth were great-great-grandchildren of Queen Victoria, Elizabeth by descent from Victoria's eldest son, King Edward VII, and Philip by descent from Victoria's second daughter, Princess Alice. Both were also descended from King Christian IX of Denmark.[39] Philip was also related to the House of Romanov through all four of his grandparents. His paternal grandmother was the granddaughter of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia.[247] His paternal grandfather was a brother of Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark), wife of Emperor Alexander III. His maternal grandmother was a sister of Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), wife of Emperor Nicholas II, and Elizabeth Feodorovna (Elisabeth of Hesse), wife of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia. His maternal grandfather was the nephew of Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), who was the wife of Emperor Alexander II.

In 1993 scientists were able to confirm the identity of the remains of several members of the Romanov family, more than seventy years after their murder in 1918, by comparing their mitochondrial DNA to living matrilineal relatives, including Philip. Philip, Alexandra Feodorovna, and her children were all descended from Princess Alice through a purely female line.[248]

Ancestors of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh[249]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Christian IX of Denmark

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. George I of Greece|

|  |  |
| 9\. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel

| 2\. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia

| 5\. Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg

| 1\. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine

| 6\. Prince Louis of Battenberg|

|  |  |
| 13\. Countess Julia von Hauke

| 3\. Princess Alice of Battenberg|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine

| 7\. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine|

|  |  |
| 15\. Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Philip was born on 10 June 1921 according to the Gregorian calendar. Until March 1923, Greece used the Julian calendar, in which his birth date was 28 May 1921.
2. ^ The Danish Act of Succession 1953 removed the succession rights of his branch of the family in Denmark.[8]
3. ^ The amount was set by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1990. It was initially set at £40,000 in the Civil List Act 1952, raised to £65,000 by the Civil List Act 1972, and raised to £165,000 by the Civil List (Increase of Financial Provision) Order 1984.
4. ^ In England and Wales, "old age" may be given as a cause of death for a decedent aged 80 or older by a doctor who has "cared for the deceased over a long period" and "observed a gradual decline in [the] patient's general health", if there is no known "identifiable disease or injury that contributed to the death".[179]
5. ^ The elderly retired butler quoted in the Guardian article was mistaken: the Queen and the Duke visited the White House in July 1976, during the term of President Ford, not President Carter.[207]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^

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* Davies, Caroline (20 April 2006), "Philip, the one constant through her life", The Telegraph, archived from the original on 9 January 2022, retrieved 23 September 2009;
* Brandreth 2004, p. 314

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61. ^ Heald 1991, p. 95
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63. ^ "No. 39597", The London Gazette, 15 July 1952, p. 3821
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67. ^ Knight 1984, p. 211
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### Bibliography

[edit]

* Alexandra (1959), Prince Philip: A Family Portrait, London: Hodder and Stoughton
* Boothroyd, Basil (1971), Prince Philip: An Informal Biography, New York: McCall, ISBN 978-0-84-150116-4
* Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002), Fifty Years the Queen, Toronto: Dundurn Press, ISBN 978-1-55-002360-2, archived from the original on 24 October 2023, retrieved 12 April 2021
* Boutell, Charles; Brooke-Little, John Philip (1983) [1973], Boutell's Heraldry, F. Warne, ISBN 978-0-7232-3093-9
* Brandreth, Gyles (2004), Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage, London: Century, ISBN 978-0-71-266103-4
* Crawford, Marion (1950), The Little Princesses, Cassell & Co.
* Dolby, Karen (2015), The Wicked Wit of Queen Elizabeth II, London: Michael O'Mara Books
* Eade, Philip (2011), Prince Philip: The Turbulent Early Life of the Man Who Married Queen Elizabeth II, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, ISBN 978-1-250-01363-7
* Hamilton, Alan (1985), The Royal Handbook, London: Mitchell Beazley, ISBN 978-0-85533-566-3
* Heald, Tim (1991), The Duke: A Portrait of Prince Philip, London: Hodder and Stoughton, ISBN 978-0-34-054607-9
* Heald, Tim (2007), Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2
* Knight, Stephen (1984), The Brotherhood: The Secret World of the Freemasons, Stein and Day, ISBN 978-0-8128-2994-5
* Lacey, Robert (2002), Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, London: Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-31-685940-0
* Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1999) [1981], Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe (2nd ed.), London: Little, Brown, ISBN 978-0-316-84820-6
* Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1977), Burke's Royal Families of the World (1st ed.), London: Burke's Peerage, ISBN 978-0-85-011023-4
* Tågholt, Knud (1963), Det glücksburgske kongehus, fra Christian IX til prinsesse Margrethe: Den danske kongeslægt gennem hundrede år, 1863–1963 (in Danish), Aros
* Vickers, Hugo (2000), Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 978-0-24-113686-7
* Ziegler, Philip (2004), "Alice, Princess [Princess Alice of Battenberg; married name Princess Andrew of Greece]", in Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian (eds.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/66337, ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1 (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)

## External links

[edit]

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* The Duke of Edinburgh at the Royal Family website
* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at the website of the Royal Collection Trust
* The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
* Obituary at BBC News Online
* Newspaper clippings about Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
* Portraits of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at the National Portrait Gallery, London
* Prince Philip at IMDb
* Appearances on C-SPAN

British royalty

Preceded by

Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

as queen consort |  Consort of the British monarch
6 February 1952 - 9 April 2021  | Vacant

Title next held by

Camilla Shand
as queen consort
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation |  Duke of Edinburgh
1947–2021  | Succeeded by

The Prince of Wales

Academic offices
Preceded by

The Marquess of Linlithgow

|  Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh
1953–2010  | Succeeded by

The Princess Royal

New institution |  Chancellor of the University of Salford
1967–1991  | Succeeded by

The Duchess of York

Preceded by

The Lord Adrian

|  Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
1976–2011  | Succeeded by

The Lord Sainsbury of Turville

Honorary titles
Preceded by

Queen Mary

|  Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire
24 March 1953 - 9 April 2021  | Vacant

Title next held by

Queen Camilla
Preceded by

King George VI

|  Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Corps
1953–2015  | Succeeded by

The Duchess of Cambridge

as Air Commandant
New title |  Colonel-in-Chief of The Rifles
2007–2020  | Succeeded by

The Duchess of Cornwall

Military offices
Preceded by

The Queen

|  Lord High Admiral
10 June 2011 - 9 April 2021  | Succeeded by

The Queen

* v
* t
* e

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

10 June 1921 – 9 April 2021 (1921-06-10 – 2021-04-09)

Titles|

* Duke of Edinburgh
* Earl of Merioneth
* Baron Greenwich

Ancestry|

* House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
* Battenberg
* Mountbatten

Family|

* Elizabeth II (wife)
* Charles III (son)
* Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (son)
* Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (father)
* Princess Alice of Battenberg (mother)
* Margarita, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (sister)
* Theodora, Margravine of Baden (sister)
* Cecilie, Hereditary Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine (sister)
* Sophie, Princess George William of Hanover (sister)
* Mountbatten-Windsor family

Events and roles|

* Wedding
* wedding cake
* The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
* Commonwealth Study Conference
* Prince Philip Designers Prize
* World Wildlife Fund
* Prince Philip Medal
* 1953–1954 royal tour of New Zealand
* 2002 royal tour of Canada
* Lord High Admiral
* Death and funeral

Popular culture|

| Film and television|

* Royal Family (1969 film)
* Spitting Image (1984–1996 TV series)
* Willi und die Windzors (1996 film)
* The Queen (2006 film)
* The Queen (2009 TV serial)
* The Crown (2016–2023 TV series)
* The Prince (2021 TV series)

|

Portraits|

* William Dargie (1956)
* Pietro Annigoni (1957)
* Aubrey Davidson-Houston (1971)
* Bryan Organ (1983)
* John Wonnacott (2000)
* Richard Stone (2002 and 2007)
* Ralph Heimans (2017)

Books|

* Philip: The Final Portrait (2021)

Miscellaneous|

* Prince Philip movement
* Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment
* Men, Machines and Sacred Cows
* HMS Magpie
* Prince Philip Hospital
* Prince Philip Dental Hospital
* Rosa 'Duke of Edinburgh'
* Personal standard
* Statue of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Antrim

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

English, Scottish and British royal consorts

| Royal consorts in England until 1603| Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603

|

* Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
* Æthelflæd of Damerham
* Ælfgifu
* Ælfthryth
* Ælfgifu of York
* Sigrid the Haughty/Świętosława
* Ealdgyth
* Emma of Normandy
* Edith of Wessex
* Edith of Mercia
* Matilda of Flanders
* Matilda of Scotland
* Adeliza of Louvain
* Matilda of Boulogne
* Geoffrey Plantagenet
* Eleanor of Aquitaine
* Margaret of France
* Berengaria of Navarre
* Isabella of Angoulême
* Blanche of Castile
* Eleanor of Provence
* Eleanor of Castile
* Margaret of France
* Isabella of France
* Philippa of Hainault
* Anne of Bohemia
* Isabella of Valois
* Joan of Navarre
* Catherine of Valois
* Margaret of Anjou
* Elizabeth Woodville
* Anne Neville
* Elizabeth of York
* Catherine of Aragon
* Anne Boleyn
* Jane Seymour
* Anne of Cleves
* Catherine Howard
* Catherine Parr
* Guildford Dudley

* Gruoch
* Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
* Margaret of Wessex
* Ethelreda of Northumbria
* Sybilla of Normandy
* Maud of Northumbria
* Ermengarde de Beaumont
* Joan of England
* Marie de Coucy
* Margaret of England
* Yolande de Dreux
* Elizabeth de Burgh
* Joan of the Tower
* Margaret Drummond
* Euphemia de Ross
* Anabella Drummond
* Joan Beaufort
* Mary of Guelders
* Margaret of Denmark
* Margaret Tudor
* Madeleine of Valois
* Mary of Guise
* Francis II of France
* Henry Stuart
* James Hepburn
* Anne of Denmark

* Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603

* Anne of Denmark
* Henrietta Maria of France
* Catherine of Braganza
* Mary of Modena
* George of Denmark and Norway

* British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707

* George of Denmark and Norway
* Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
* Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
* Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Alexandra of Denmark
* Mary of Teck
* Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
* Philip of Greece and Denmark
* Camilla Shand

Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics

* v
* t
* e

British princes

The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family.

1st generation|

* King George II

2nd generation|

* Frederick, Prince of Wales
* Prince George William
* Prince William, Duke of Cumberland

3rd generation|

* King George III
* Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany
* Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
* Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
* Prince Frederick

4th generation|

* King George IV
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
* King William IV
* Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
* King Ernest Augustus of Hanover
* Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex
* Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
* Prince Octavius
* Prince Alfred
* Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

5th generation|

* Prince Albert1
* King George V of Hanover
* Prince George, Duke of Cambridge

6th generation|

* King Edward VII
* Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
* Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
* Prince Ernest Augustus

7th generation|

* Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
* King George V
* Prince Alexander John of Wales
* Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Arthur of Connaught
* Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince George William of Hanover
* Prince Christian of Hanover
* Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

8th generation|

* King Edward VIII
* King George VI
* Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
* Prince George, Duke of Kent
* Prince John
* Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
* Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover
* Prince George William of Hanover

9th generation|

* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2
* Prince William of Gloucester
* Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
* Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
* Prince Michael of Kent

10th generation|

* King Charles III
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

11th generation|

* William, Prince of Wales
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
* James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex

12th generation|

* Prince George of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales
* Prince Archie of Sussex

1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.
Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics.

* v
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* e

Chancellors of the University of Cambridge

* Richard of Wetheringsett
* Hugh de Hotton
* Reginald Gerninghall
* Stephen Hepworth
* William de Ludham
* Richard de Gedney
* Richard Dryfield
* John de Asgarby
* John Hooke
* Roger de Fulbourn
* Andrew de Gisleham
* Thomas Sheringham
* Stephen Hepworth
* Ralph de Leicester
* Henry de Boyton
* John de Bradenham
* Thomas de Sheringham
* Stephen Hepworth
* Stephen Haslingfield
* Stephen de Segrace
* Stephen Haslingfield
* Richard de Ashton
* Roger Northburgh
* Richard de Badew
* Thomas de Foxton
* Robert de Winwick
* Robert de Winwick
* John de Langley
* Robert de Mildenhall
* Henry de Herwarden
* Richard Harling
* Robert de Claydon
* Thomas de Northwood
* Thomas de Northwood
* John de Crakhall
* Thomas de Grantchester
* William de Lymbergh
* Richard Harling
* Anthony of Grantchester
* William Tynkell
* Thomas Sutton
* Richard de Wetherset
* Michael de Haynton
* Michael de Causton
* William de Gotham
* Thomas de Stewkley
* John de Donwich
* Adam de Lakenheath
* John de Donwich
* William de Gotham
* Richard Scrope
* Eudo Zouche
* John Cavendish
* Guy Zouche
* John de Bromyard
* John of Neketon
* John de Burgh
* Thomas Hetherset
* John de Burgh
* William Colvile
* Richard Dereham
* William Colvile
* John de Neketon
* William Colvile
* Guy Zouche
* Richard Billingford
* Richard Dereham
* Richard Billingford
* Stephen le Scrope
* John de Rickingale
* Thomas of Cobham
* Robert Fitzhugh
* William Wymbell
* Marmaduke Lumley
* John Holeroke
* William Lascells
* Richard Billingford
* Richard Cawdray
* John Langton
* Nicholas Kenton
* John Langton
* Robert Ascogh
* Nicholas Close
* William Percy
* Lawrence Booth
* William Wilflete
* Robert Woodlark
* Richard Scroope
* Robert Woodlark
* John Booth
* William Wilflete
* John Harrison
* William Wilflete
* Edward Story
* Thomas Rotherham (or Scot)
* Edward Story
* Thomas Rotherham
* John Boynton
* Thomas Rotherham
* Thomas Cosyn
* John Blythe
* George Fitzhugh
* Thomas Rotherham
* Richard Fox
* George Fitzhugh
* Thomas Ruthall (or Rowthall)
* John Fisher
* Thomas Cromwell
* Stephen Gardiner
* Edward Seymour
* The Duke of Northumberland
* Stephen Gardiner
* Reginald Pole
* The Lord Burghley
* The Earl of Essex
* The Earl of Salisbury
* The Earl of Northampton
* The Earl of Suffolk
* The Duke of Buckingham
* The Earl of Holland
* The Earl of Manchester
* Oliver St John
* The Duke of Manchester
* The Duke of Buckingham
* The Duke of Monmouth
* The Duke of Albemarle
* The Duke of Somerset
* The Duke of Newcastle
* The Duke of Grafton
* HRH The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
* The Marquess Camden
* The Duke of Northumberland
* HRH The Prince Consort
* The Duke of Devonshire
* The Duke of Devonshire
* The Lord Rayleigh
* The Earl of Balfour
* The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley
* Jan Smuts
* The Lord Tedder
* The Lord Adrian
* HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
* The Lord Sainsbury of Turville

* v
* t
* e

Greek princes

Generations are numbered by descent from George I. All princes were also Princes of Denmark.

1st generation|

* King Constantine I
* Prince George
* Prince Nicholas
* Prince Andrew
* Prince Cristopher

2nd generation|

* King George II
* King Alexander
* King Paul
* Prince Peter
* Prince Philip
* Prince Michael

3rd generation|

* King Constantine II

4th generation|

* Crown Prince Pavlos
* Prince Nikolaos
* Prince Philippos

5th generation|

* Prince Constantine-Alexios
* Prince Achileas-Andreas
* Prince Odysseas-Kimon
* Prince Aristidis-Stavros

See also House of Glücksburg and Greek royal family

* v
* t
* e

Danish princes

The generations are numbered from the implementation of hereditary monarchy by Frederick III in 1660.

1st generation|

* King Christian V1
* Prince George, Duke of Cumberland1

2nd generation|

* King Frederick IV1
* Prince Christian1
* Prince Charles1
* Prince William1
* Prince William, Duke of Gloucester1

3rd generation|

* King Christian VI1

4th generation|

* King Frederick V1

5th generation|

* King Christian VII1
* Hereditary Prince Frederick1

6th generation|

* King Frederick VI1
* King Christian VIII1
* Hereditary Prince Ferdinand1

7th generation|

* King Frederick VII1
* King Christian IX5

8th generation|

* King Frederick VIII5
* King George I of Greece5
* Prince Valdemar3

9th generation|

* King Christian X
* King Haakon VII of Norway
* Prince Harald3
* Prince Gustav3
* King Constantine I of Greece2
* Prince George2
* Prince Nicholas2
* Prince Andrew2
* Prince Christopher2
* Prince Aage
* Prince Axel3
* Prince Erik3
* Prince Viggo3

10th generation|

* King Frederik IX3
* Hereditary Prince Knud3
* King Olav V of Norway1
* Prince Gorm3
* Prince Oluf3
* King George II of Greece2
* King Alexander I of Greece2
* King Paul I of Greece2
* Prince Peter2
* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2 4
* Prince Michael2
* Prince Georg3
* Prince Flemming3

11th generation|

* Prince Henrik5
* Prince Ingolf3
* Prince Christian3
* King Constantine II of Greece2

12th generation|

* King Frederik X
* Prince Joachim
* Crown Prince Pavlos of Greece2
* Prince Nikolaos2
* Prince Philippos2

13th generation|

* Crown Prince Christian of Denmark
* Prince Vincent
* Prince Nikolai
* Prince Felix
* Prince Henrik
* Prince Constantine-Alexios2
* Prince Achileas-Andreas2
* Prince Odysseas-Kimon2
* Prince Aristidis-Stavros2

1 Also prince of Norway
2 Also prince of Greece
3 Also prince of Iceland
4 Also prince of the United Kingdom
5 Not Danish prince by birth, but created prince of Denmark
Princes that lost their title are shown in italics

* v
* t
* e

Battenberg/Mountbatten family

Generations are numbered by their descent from Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia, Princess of Battenberg

1st generation|

* Marie, Princess of Erbach-Schönberg
* Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven
* Alexander I, Prince of Bulgaria
* Prince Henry
* Prince Francis Joseph

2nd generation|

* Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark
* Louise, Queen of Sweden
* George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven
* Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
* Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke
* Victoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain
* Lord Leopold Mountbatten
* Prince Maurice

3rd generation|

* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh*
* David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven
* Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma
* Lady Pamela Hicks
* Lady Iris Kemp

4th generation|

* George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven
* Lord Ivar Mountbatten

5th generation|

* Lady Tatiana Dru
* Henry Mountbatten, Earl of Medina

*Not Mountbatten or Battenberg by birth. Adopted the surname Mountbatten from his maternal line on abandoning his patrilineal Greek and Danish princely titles.

* v
* t
* e

Mountbatten-Windsor family

Generations are numbered by their descent from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Elizabeth II

1st generation|

* Charles III
* Anne, Princess Royal
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

2nd generation|

* William, Prince of Wales
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
* Princess Beatrice
* Princess Eugenie
* Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
* James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex

3rd generation|

* Prince George of Wales
* Princess Charlotte of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales
* Prince Archie of Sussex
* Princess Lilibet of Sussex

* v
* t
* e

Dukes of Edinburgh

* Frederick (1726–1751)
* George (1751–1760)
* Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764–1834)
* Alfred (1866–1900)
* Philip (1947–2021)
* Charles (2021–2022)
* Edward (2023–present)

* v
* t
* e

The Football Association

Founder members|

* Barnes
* Blackheath
* Blackheath Proprietary School
* Civil Service
* Crusaders
* Crystal Palace
* Kensington School
* Leytonstone Forest
* No Names Club
* Perceval House
* Surbiton

Presidents|

* Arthur Pember
* Ebenezer Morley
* Francis Marindin
* Arthur Kinnaird
* Charles Clegg
* William Pickford
* The Earl of Athlone
* HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
* HRH The Duke of Gloucester
* The Earl of Harewood
* HRH The Duke of Kent
* HRH The Duke of York
* HRH The Prince of Wales

Chairmen|

* Charles Clegg
* A. G. Hines
* M. Frowde
* Amos Brook Hirst
* Arthur Drewry
* Graham Doggart
* Joe Mears
* Andrew Stephen
* Harold Warris Thompson
* Bert Millichip
* Keith Wiseman
* Geoff Thompson
* Lord Triesman
* David Bernstein
* Greg Dyke
* Greg Clarke
* Debbie Hewitt

Secretaries|

* Ebenezer Morley
* Robert Willis
* Robert Graham
* Charles W. Alcock
* Frederick Wall
* Stanley Rous
* Denis Follows
* Ted Croker

Chief Executives|

* Graham Kelly
* Adam Crozier
* Mark Palios
* David Davies
* Brian Barwick
* Ian Watmore
* Martin Glenn

Treasurers|

* Francis Campbell
* James Turner
* Robert Graham
* Alfred Stair
* Charles W. Alcock
* Arthur Kinnaird
* C. E. Hart
* Daniel Woolfall
* Arthur Kingscott
* Harry Huband
* L. C. Tyte
* Denis Follows
* Sidney Donaldson

* v
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* e

Members of the Order of New Zealand

Current|

| Ordinary members|

* Kiri Te Kanawa
* Jim Bolger
* Lloyd Geering
* Kenneth Keith
* Don McKinnon
* Helen Clark
* Bob Charles
* Albert Wendt
* Ron Carter
* Peter Gluckman
* Richie McCaw
* Joy Cowley
* Mason Durie
* Anne Salmond

|

Additional members|

* Michael Duffy
* C. K. Stead
* Margaret Bazley
* Peter Jackson
* Malvina Major
* Silvia Cartwright
* Tipene O'Regan
* Queen Camilla

Deceased|

| Ordinary members|

* Arnold Nordmeyer
* C. E. Beeby
* Te Atairangikaahu
* Edmund Hillary
* Sonja Davies
* Jim Knox
* Frederick Turnovsky
* Richard Matthews
* Douglas Lilburn
* June Blundell
* Manuhuia Bennett
* Henry Lang
* Whina Cooper
* Jack Somerville
* Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan
* Margaret Mahy
* Miriam Dell
* Thaddeus McCarthy
* Roy McKenzie
* Miles Warren
* James Fletcher
* Ivan Lichter
* Cliff Whiting
* Ken Douglas
* Mike Moore
* Thomas Williams
* Alan MacDiarmid
* David Lange
* Jonathan Hunt
* Doreen Blumhardt
* Murray Halberg
* Ralph Hotere

|

Additional members|

* Guy Powles
* Allen Curnow
* Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
* Janet Frame
* Arthur Lydiard
* Ann Ballin
* Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon
* Hugh Kāwharu
* Paul Reeves
* Owen Woodhouse
* Brian Lochore
* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
* Catherine Tizard

Honorary members|

* Shridath Ramphal
* Bill Pickering

* v
* t
* e

Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1951

Fellows|

* Carlyle Smith Beals
* John Boyd
* David Catcheside
* Arthur Herbert Cook
* Sydney John Folley
* Herbert Fröhlich
* Geoffrey Gee
* Hans Heilbronn
* Gerhard Herzberg
* Joseph Hutchinson
* Raymond Ing
* David Lack
* Thaddeus Mann
* Kurt Mendelssohn
* Albert Neuberger
* Leonard Bessemer Pfeil
* James Arthur Prescott
* Maurice Pryce
* William John Pugh
* John Ashworth Ratcliffe
* Thomas Alan Stephenson
* William Homan Thorpe
* Petrus Johann du Toit
* Alan Turing
* Alfred Ubbelohde

Statute 12|

* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Foreign|

* Herbert McLean Evans
* Karl Lashley
* Carl Størmer
* Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff

Portals:

* British Empire
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Academics|

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Other|

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