Principality of Abkhazia

1463–1864 feudal vassal state in the South Caucasus

For the early medieval principality of Abkhazia, see Kingdom of Abkhazia.

Principality of Abkhazia

აფხაზეთის სამთავრო

1463[1]–1864

Top:
State flag (1770–1866)
Bottom:
State flag (1808–1810)

18th-century coat of arms according to Vakhushti

The Principality of Abkhazia (Abassia) in the 1850s

Capital| Zupu (Lykhny)[2]
43°09′N 40°37′E﻿ / ﻿43.150°N 40.617°E﻿ / 43.150; 40.617
Official languages| Georgian (language of governance, literacy and culture)[3][4][5]
Other languages| Abkhaz, Mingrelian
Religion

| Eastern Orthodox Christianity (majority and dynastic 1463–1780; 1810–1864)
Sunni Islam (significant minority and dynastic 1780–1810)
Demonym(s)| Abkhazian, Abkhaz
Government| Principality
Prince;|

• c.1451-1465 (first)

| Rabia Sharvashidze

• 1823–1864 (last)

| Mikhail Sharvashidze
Historical era| Early Modern Period

• Established

| 1463[1]

• Caucasian War

| 1817–64

• Disestablished

| 1864

Map of the territory of Great and Small Abasia (Abkhazia) in 1808[6][7]

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Kingdom of Imereti

|

| Russian Empire |

|

Ottoman Empire |

The Principality of Abkhazia (Georgian: აფხაზეთის სამთავრო, romanized: apkhazetis samtavro) emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the dissolution of the unified Georgian monarchy. The principality retained a degree of autonomy under Ottoman and then Russian rule, but was eventually absorbed into the Russian Empire in 1864, following the Caucasian War.

## Background

[edit]

Abkhazia, as a duchy (saeristavo) within the Kingdom of Georgia, was previously referred as the Duchy of Tskhumi was ruled by the house of Sharvashidze since the 12th century. The sources are very scarce about the Abkhazian history of that time. The Genoese established their trading factories along the Abkhazian coastline in the 14th century, but they functioned for a short time. When the Georgian kingdom was embroiled in a bitter civil war in the 1450s, the Sharvashidzes joined a major rebellion against King George VIII of Georgia, which saw him defeated at the hands of the rebels at Chikhori in 1463. As a result, Georgia split into three rival kingdoms and five principalities. The Abkhazian princes were the vassals of the Principality of Mingrelia under the dynasty of Dadiani(-Bediani), which, in turn, was subordinated to the Kingdom of Imereti. The vassalage was, however, largely nominal, and both Mingrelian and Abkhazian rulers not only successfully fought for their independence, but contested borders with each other and with Imereti. The independence of Abkhazia was largely symbolic as the region was generally left alone as the kings of Imereti had their hands full governing their designated area. In 1490, the split became official as Georgia was split by treaty into the Kingdom of Kartli, Imereti, of which Abkhazia was a part, Kakheti and Principality of Samtskhe.[8]

## The 16th-18th centuries

[edit]

In the 1570s, the Ottoman navy occupied the fort of Tskhumi, turning it into the Turkish fortress of Suhum-Kale. Abkhazia came under the influence of Turkey and Islam, although Christianity was but slowly replaced and it was not until the second half of the 18th century that the ruling Sharvashidze family embraced Islam. Until then, Abkhazia, secured from large-scale invasions by its mountainous location and impassable forests, had retained independence and profited from commerce in traditional Caucasian commodities, that of slaves not excepted.

Signature of Giorgi Sharvashidze in Georgian language, Prince of Principality of Abkhazia

Throughout the 16th–18th centuries, the Abkhazian lords were involved in the incessant border conflicts with the Mingrelian princes. As a result, the Sharvashidze potentates were able to expand their possessions in the east, first to the river Ghalidzga, and then to the Enguri, which serves as today's boundary between Abkhazia and Georgia proper. After the death of the Abkhazian prince Zegnak circa 1700, his principality was divided among his sons. The oldest brother Rostom established himself as a prince of Abkhazia proper, also known as the Bzyb Abkhazia, on the coast from the modern-day Gagra on the Bzyb River to the Ghalidzga river, with the residence in the village of Lykhny; Jikeshia received Abjua between the Ghalidzga and the Kodori; and Kvapu became a lord of a county on the coast extending from the Ghalidzga to the Inguri, subsequently known as the country of Samurzakan’o after Kvapu's son Murzakan. The highlands of Dal-Tzabal (Tzebelda, Tsabal) were without any centralized government, but were dominated by the clan of Marshan. Sadzny, formerly known as Zygia (Jiketi of the Georgian sources) extended north to Abkhazia proper between the modern-day cities of Gagra and Sochi, and was run by Gechba, Arydba and Tsanba clans. These polities included also several minor fiefdoms governed by the representatives of the Sharvashidze-Chachba house or other noble families such as Achba (Anchabadze), Emhaa (Emukhvari), Ziapsh-Ipa, Inal-Ipa, Chabalurkhua and Chkhotua. All these princedoms were more or less dependent on the princes of Abkhazia proper.

## Between the Ottoman and Russian empires

[edit]

The book Sukhum-Kale Istanbul

Kelesh Bey remained neutral between the interests of the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The first attempt to enter into relation with Russia was made by the said Keilash Bey in 1803, shortly after the incorporation of eastern Georgia into the expanding Tsarist empire (1801). When the Ottomans tried to subjugate Abkhazia and sent a naval squadron to its coast in 1806 Kelesh Bey gathered twenty-five thousand soldiers. Seeing that the fortress of Sukhum-Kale was well-defended the Turkish forces ships sailed back.[7][9] After the assassination of this prince by his son Aslan-Bey on May 2, 1808, the pro-Ottoman orientation prevailed but for a short time. On July 2, 1810, the Russian Marines stormed Suhum-Kale and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival brother, Sefer-Bey (1810–1821), who had converted to Christianity and assumed the name of George. Abkhazia joined the Russian empire as an autonomous principality.

However, George's rule, as well of his successors, was limited to the neighbourhood of Suhum-Kale and the Bzyb area garrisoned by the Russians while the other parts had remained under the rule of the Muslim nobles. The next Russo-Turkish war strongly enhanced the Russian positions, leading to a further split in the Abkhaz elite, mainly along religious divisions. During the Crimean War (1853–1856), Russian forces had to evacuate Abkhazia and Prince Michael (1822–1864) seemingly switched to the Ottomans. Later on, the Russian presence strengthened and the highlanders of Western Caucasia were finally subjugated by Russia in 1864. The autonomy of Abkhazia, which had functioned as a pro-Russian "buffer zone" in this troublesome region, was no more needed to the Tsarist government and the rule of the Sharvashidze came to an end; in November 1864, Prince Michael was forced to renounce his rights and resettle in Voronezh. Abkhazia was incorporated in the Russian Empire as a special military province of Suhum-Kale which was transformed, in 1883, into an okrug as part of the Kutais Guberniya.

## Languages

[edit]

Principal language of governance in the principality of Abkhazia was Georgian language.[10]

Evliya Çelebi in his work mentions that the Sharvashidze dynasty spoke Mingrelian language too(along with Abkhaz) "The principal tribe in Abaza are the Chach, who speak Mingrelian too, which is spoken on the opposite shore of the Fasha/Phasis(Rioni)"[11]

Northern Abkhazians who lived in the dol of Sochi[12] and the Sadzen region spoke both their native language, as well as Abaza, Circassian and Ubykh language[13][14][15][16]

## Lykhny revolt

[edit]

Flag of Lykhnensky revolt Gravestone of the last ruler of principality of Abkhazia Mikheil Sharvashidze(Khamut-Bay)in Georgian language, in Georgian alphabet made by son of Mikheil Sharvashidze - Giorgi Sharvashidze[17]

In July 1866 an attempt made by the Russian authorities to collect information concerning the economic conditions of the Abkhaz, for the purpose of taxation, led to the Lykhny revolt. The rebels proclaimed Mikheil Sharvashidze's son Giorgi as prince and marched on Sukhumi. Only the strong Russian reinforcements led by General Dmitry Ivanovich Svyatopolk-Mirsky were able to suppress the revolt by the same August. The harsh Russian reaction led, subsequently, to a considerable emigration of the Abkhaz muhajirs to the Ottoman Empire, especially after the locals took part in the rebellion of the Caucasian mountaineers incited by the landing of Turkish troops in 1877. As a result, many areas became virtually deserted.[18]

## Rulers

[edit]

Main article: List of Princes of Abkhazia

The rulers of the Abkhazian principality among the Abkhazian-Abaza are known as Chachba, which translated meant "prince over prince"[19][20][21]

* Putu Sharvashidze[22] (circa 1580–1620)
* Seteman Sharvashidze (circa 1620–1640)
* Sustar Sharvashidze (circa 1640–1665)
* Zegnak Sharvashidze (circa 1665–1700)
* Rostom Sharvashidze (circa 1700–1730)
* Manuchar Sharvashidze (circa 1730–1750)
* Zurab Sharvashidze (circa 1750–1780)
* Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Sharvashidze[23][24] (circa 1780–1808)
* Aslan-Bey Sharvashidze-[25] (1808–1810)
* Sefer Ali-Bey Sharvashidze (Giorgi) (1810–1821)
* Dmitry Sharvashidze(Umar-Bey) (1821–1822)
* Mikhail Sharvashidze(Hamud-Bey) (1822–1864)

## See also

[edit]

* Kingdom of Abkhazia
* Caucasian War
* Russian Empire
* History of Abkhazia
* Circassian Genocide

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010)
2. ^ "Г. А. Дзидзария. Восстание 1866 года в Абхазии (Сух., 1955)". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
3. ^ Bondyrev, Igor V.; Davitashvili, Zurab V.; Singh, Vijay P. (18 May 2015). The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-05413-1.
4. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (22 October 1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation, Second Edition. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20915-3.
5. ^ Khorava, Bezhan (January 2021). "ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries". Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History.
6. ^ "§12. Владетель Абхазии Келешбей Чачба". www.apsuara.ru. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
7. ^ a b Khorava, Bezhan (2021-01-01). "ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries". Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History.
8. ^ Rayfield (2012), p 162
9. ^ World, Abkhaz (2023-11-19). "Sukhum and the Abkhazians in the Light of 16th Century Ottoman Documents, by Habat Şogan". Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
10. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994-10-22). The Making of the Georgian Nation, Second Edition. Indiana University Press. p. 321\. ISBN 978-0-253-20915-3.
11. ^ Çelebi, Evliya (2020). Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa in the Seventeenth Century. Vol. 2\. Outlook Verlag. p. 56\. ISBN 9783752350876.
12. ^ World, Abkhaz (2018-01-26). "The Ubykhs: Historical and Ethnographical Study, by Leonid I. Lavrov". Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
13. ^ "Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Садзы (Москва, 1995; Сухум, 2014)". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
14. ^ Efendí, Evliyá (2020-07-22). Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa in the Seventeenth Century: Volume 2. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7523-5087-6. "In the north, among the mountains, there is Sadasha, the land belonging to Sidi Ahmed Pasha; the inhabitants speak well both the Abkhazian language and the language of the Circassians, the latter is adjacent to their country, their seven thousand brave and strong men."
15. ^ "Ш.Д. Инал-Ипа. Убыхи и их этно-культурные связи с абхазами". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 2024-04-02. "джигетские садша, и теперь еще именуемые по-абхазски сазуа, говорили на убыхском языке." [A.N. Genko, the Dzhiget sadsha, and now also called sazua in Abkhazian, spoke the Ubykh language.]
16. ^ World, Abkhaz (2013-02-22). "Viacheslav Chirikba. "The Ubykh People Were in Practice Consumed in the Flames of the Fight for Freedom"". Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
17. ^ ""Кавказ"". № 68. 1866.
18. ^ "Т. А. Ачугба. Этническая история абхазов XIX – XX вв. Этнополитические и миграционные аспекты. Глава II". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
19. ^ "§12. Владетель Абхазии Келешбей Чачба". www.apsuara.ru. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
20. ^ "А. Шанава. Статьи". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
21. ^ World, Abkhaz (2024-01-19). "On the Political and Ethnic History of Myrzakan (Samurzakano) in the 19th Century, By Denis Gopia". Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
22. ^ Khorava, Bezhan (2021-01-01). "ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries". Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History.
23. ^ "Михаил Гумба. Келешбей (Сухум, 2014)". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
24. ^ "§12. Владетель Абхазии Келешбей Чачба". www.apsuara.ru. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
25. ^ "Михаил Гумба. Келешбей (Сухум, 2014)". apsnyteka.org. Retrieved 2024-03-03.

## References

[edit]

* Gigineishvili, Levan (April 2003). "Conflicting Narratives in Abkhazia and Georgia: Different Visions of the same History and the Quest for Objectivity". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
* Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abkhazia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
* Kitagawa, Seiichi (1996). The Role of Historiography in the Abkhazo-Georgian Conflict. SRC Winter Symposium Socio-Cultural Dimensions of the Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World.
* Mirsky, Georgiy I.; Mirskii, G. I. (1997). On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union (Contributions in Political Science). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-30044-5.
* Murray, Hugh, ed. (1838). The Encyclopaedia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the Earth, Physical, Statistical, Civil, and Political; Exhibiting its Relation to the Heavenly Bodies, its Physical Structure, The Natural History of Each Country, and the Industry, Commerce, Political Institutions, and Civil and Social State of All Nations. Philadelphia, PA: Carey, Lea, and Blanchard. p. 455.
* Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. London, UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78023-030-6.
* Smith, Graham; Allworth, Edward A.; Law, Vivien A.; Bohr, Annette; Wilson, Andrew (1998). Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59968-7.
* Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). The Making of the Georgian Nation (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20915-3.
* Zverev, Alexei (1996). "Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-1994". In Coppieters, B. (ed.). Contested Borders in the Caucasus. Brussels: Vub Pr. ISBN 978-90-5487-117-0. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2006-02-25.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Khorava, Bezhan (January 2021). "ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries". Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History. Our Abkhazia.