Privatization in Russia

Post-Soviet reforms of the Russian economy in the 90s

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Russians protest the economic depression caused by the reforms with the banner saying: "Jail the redhead!", 1998.

Privatization in Russia describes the series of post-Soviet reforms that resulted in large-scale privatization of Russia's state-owned assets, particularly in the industrial, energy, and financial sectors. Most privatization took place in the early and mid-1990s under Boris Yeltsin, who assumed the presidency following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Private ownership of enterprises and property had essentially remained illegal throughout the Soviet era, with Soviet Communism emphasizing national control over all means of production but human labor.[1] Under the Soviet Union, the number of state enterprises was estimated at 45,000.[2]

Privatization facilitated the transfer of significant wealth to a relatively small group of business oligarchs and New Russians, particularly natural gas and oil executives.[3] This economic transition has been described as katastroika,[4] which is a combination of catastrophe and the term perestroika, and as "the most cataclysmic peacetime economic collapse of an industrial country in history".[5]

A few strategic assets, including much of the Russian defense industry, were not privatized during the 1990s. The mass privatization of this era remains a highly contentious issue in Russian society, with many Russians calling for revision or reversal of the reforms.[6]

## Privatization during the Soviet Union

[edit]

In the late 1980s, as part of the perestroika reformation movement, legislation championed by Mikhail Gorbachev—who pledged to build a "mixed socialist economy"[7]—effectively transferred some controlling rights over enterprises from the government to the employees and management. In 1987, over the opposition of some of his allies,[8] Gorbachev succeeded in passing a "law on state enterprise" through the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, which granted work collectives a greater role in running enterprises.[9] In 1988, the Law on Cooperatives legitimized "socialist cooperatives," which functionally operated as private companies and were permitted to directly deal with foreign companies, and reduced reliance on central planning.[10] Later that year, private Soviet farmers were permitted to rent land from the state, purchase equipment, and hire workers, a significant step away from mandated collective farming following decades of dominance by state-owned agricultural concerns. The new regulations were seen as an effort to break state farms into smaller units and address critical food shortages in the Soviet Union, which failed to significantly increase food production.[7]

The legislation also enabled these enterprises to withdraw from associations on their own, which led to the process of so-called spontaneous privatization in which control over some industrial assets was acquired by their managers. However, this accounted for only several thousand enterprises, a small fraction of the Soviet industry.[citation needed]

In September 1990, the Soviet parliament granted Gorbachev emergency privatization powers, including the authority to transform state enterprises into joint-stock companies with shares offered on stock exchanges.[11]

One of the largest privatization efforts during the Soviet era was the transformation of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy into a joint stock company known as Rosneftgaz in September 1991.

In the months before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, soon-to-be president Boris Yeltsin began assembling a team of economic reformers led by Yegor Gaidar, then a young reformist economist, and including Anatoly Chubais. The reform team initially considered Swedish social democracy as a model for Russia, but Gaidar opted instead to study Hungary as a template and was influenced by Poland's use of shock therapy. Both Gaidar and Chubais were convinced that despite Russia's uniquely non-capitalist economic history, a market economy could successfully take hold in the country.[12] Following the August 1991 coup d'état attempt, the economic situation in the country dramatically worsened and an acute food shortage emerged. In October, Yeltsin delivered a speech in which he declared that price controls would be lifted on January 1, 1992, over Gaidar's recommendation that no specific date for the freeing of prices be given.[13]

## Voucher privatization (1992–1994)

[edit]

1992 privatization voucher

Privatization took place on a much wider scale in the early 1990s, when the government of Russia deliberately set a goal to sell its assets to the Russian public. Upon the Soviet Union's collapse, the new government was forced to manage the huge state enterprise sector inherited from the Soviet economy. Privatization was carried out by the State Committee for State Property Management of the Russian Federation under Chubais with the primary goal being to transform the formerly state-owned enterprises into profit-seeking businesses, which would not be dependent on government subsidies for their survival. To distribute property quickly and to win over popular support, the reformers decided to rely mostly on the mechanism of free voucher privatization, which was earlier implemented in Czechoslovakia. The Russian government believed that the open sale of state-owned assets, as opposed to the voucher program, would have likely resulted in the further concentration of ownership among the Russian mafia and the nomenklatura, which they sought to avoid. Nevertheless, contrary to the government's expectations, insiders managed to acquire control over most of the assets, which remained largely dependent on government support for years to come. From 1992 to 1994, ownership of 15,000 firms was transferred from state control via the voucher program.[14]

Thus, although several of the initial objectives had not been fully achieved by the end of the vouchers program, a great deal of assets did fall into private ownership remarkably quickly and worked to provide some basis for market competition. Voucher privatization took place between 1992 and 1994, and roughly 98 percent of the population participated. The vouchers, each corresponding to a share in the national wealth, were distributed equally among the population, including minors. They could be exchanged for shares in the enterprises to be privatized. Because most people were not well-informed about the nature of the program or were very poor, they were quick to sell their vouchers for money, unprepared or unwilling to invest.[15] Most vouchers—and, hence, most shares—wound up being acquired by the management of the enterprises. Although Russia's initial privatization legislation attracted widespread popular support given its promise to distribute the national wealth among the general public and ordinary employees of the privatized enterprises, eventually the public felt deceived, with most people selling their vouchers to survive the economic collapse following the soviet dissolution.[16]

### Oil sector

[edit]

Privatization of the oil sector was regulated by presidential decree No.1403 approved on November 17, 1992. Vertically integrated companies were created by joining some oil-producing enterprises and refineries into open-stock companies. Starting in 1994 many former state oil companies were privatized. This privatization had been partial because the federal government had obtained ownership positions in several companies and had also retained full control over the transport of oil to lucrative world markets.[17]

## Loans for shares (1995–1996)

[edit]

Main article: Loans for shares scheme

Yeltsin ahead of the 1996 presidential election

In 1995, facing severe fiscal deficit and in desperate need of funds for the 1996 presidential elections, the government of Boris Yeltsin adopted a "loans-for-share" scheme proposed by banker Vladimir Potanin and endorsed by Anatoly Chubais, then a deputy prime minister, whereby some of the largest state industrial assets (including state-owned shares in Norilsk Nickel, Yukos, Lukoil, Sibneft, Surgutneftegas, Novolipetsk Steel, and Mechel) were leased through auctions for money lent by commercial banks to the government. The auctions were rigged and lacked competition, being largely controlled by favored insiders with political connections or used for the benefit of the commercial banks themselves.[18] As neither the loans nor the leased enterprises were returned in time, this effectively became a form of selling, or privatizing, state assets at very low prices.

## The first decade of the 2000s

[edit]

From 2004 to 2006, the government took control of formerly privatised companies in certain "strategic" sectors: oil, aviation, power generation equipment, machine-building and finance. For example, the state-owned defense equipment company Rosoboronexport took control of Avtovaz, the primary producer of Russian cars. In June 2006, it took 60% control of VSMPO-Avisma, a company that accounts for two-thirds of the world's titanium production. In 2007, United Aircraft Building Corporation, a company that is 51% government controlled, combined all of the Russian companies producing aircraft.[19]

## The 2010s

[edit]

In December 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev had ordered regional governments to decide on privatization of non-core assets by July 2011. Arkady Dvorkovich, then a top Kremlin economic aide, said regional privatization proceeds could amount to several billion rubles in 2011, and regional authorities must prioritize the sale of utility companies, financial institutions, manufacturing and transportation assets and the media.[citation needed]

In May 2012, after becoming prime minister, Medvedev said Russia should carry out its privatization program regardless of market volatility.[20]

After a session of the World Economic Forum in October 2012, Medvedev said "It is vital for our country to continue the course towards privatization". He stressed that had assured participants in the World Economic Forum session that "does not want to see an economy totally controlled by the state".[21]

In October 2017, Russian Minister for Economic Development Maxim Oreshkin told Reuters that "there are almost no fiscal reasons left for privatization", following an improving economy due to increased oil prices.[22]

## The 2020s

[edit]

The 2020s have seen a wave of nationalization, the reverse of the privatization that occurred after the fall of the Soviet Union. At least 200 businesses have been nationalized since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[23]

## Analysis

[edit]

The perceived failure of privatization in the 1990s resulted from a combination of factors:[24]

* Most vouchers were issued to managers and employees of companies. Managers were able to use their positions to acquire disproportionate control of their companies; for example by forcing employees to sell their shares cheaply, and by using intimidation to exclude other buyers from auctions of company shares.
* The largest businesses were not part of the vouchers program at all, but rather were auctioned off at low prices to a handful of well-connected oligarchs.
* The resulting wealthy business owners, feeling that their own property rights were insecure in Russia, engaged in asset stripping to move value from their companies to investments overseas.

Overall, the effect was to concentrate ownership among a small number of private individuals, who in turn raided their companies for personal gain at the expense of their companies, the state, the general populace and the overall economy's success.[24]

## See also

[edit]

* Business oligarch
* Economic history of the Russian Federation
* History of post-Soviet Russia
* State-owned enterprises in Russia
* Semibankirschina (rule of seven bankers)

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Hoffman 2001, p. 185.
2. ^ Jeffrey Sachs (May 1992). "Privatization in Russia: Some Lessons from Eastern Europe" (PDF). AEA Papers and Proceedings.
3. ^ Freeland 2000, p. 73.
4. ^ "A Way with Words - katastroika". 11 July 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
5. ^ Milne, Seumas (16 August 2001). "Catastroika has not only been a disaster for Russia". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
6. ^ Interfax; Interfax (2014-12-29). "Most Russians are negative about outcome of Yeltsin's presidency - poll". www.rbth.com. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
7. ^ a b Michael Parks (August 27, 1988). "Reforms to End Soviet Farm Collectivization". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
8. ^ Bill Keller (June 4, 1987). "New Struggle in the Kremlin: How to Change the Economy". New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
9. ^ "Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on state enterprises (amalgamations) [LS 1987 - USSR 1]". June 30, 1987. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
10. ^ William J. Frenkel (May 1989). "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Law on Cooperatives". International Legal Materials. 28 (3): 719–753\. doi:10.1017/s0020782900021902. JSTOR 20693328.719-753&rft.date=1989-05&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/s0020782900021902&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20693328#id-name=JSTOR&rft.au=William+J.+Frenkel&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Privatization+in+Russia" class="Z3988">
11. ^ Jeffrey M. Hertzfeld (1991). "Joint Ventures: Saving the Soviets from Perestroika". Harvard Business Review.
12. ^ Hoffman 2001, pp. 177–178, 182, 184.
13. ^ Hoffman 2001, pp. 183–184.
14. ^ Nellis, John (June 1999). "Time to Rethink Privatization in Transition Economies?". Finance & Development. 36 (2).
15. ^ Figes, Orlando (September 2022). The Story of Russia. Metropolitan Books. p. 269.
16. ^ Appel, Hilary (December 1997). "Voucher Privatisation in Russia: Structural Consequences and Mass Response in the Second Period of Reform". Europe-Asia Studies. 49 (8): 1433–1449\. doi:10.1080/09668139708412508.1433-1449&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/09668139708412508&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1999/06/nellis.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Privatization+in+Russia" class="Z3988">
17. ^ Privatization with Government Control: Evidence from the Russian Oil Sector, Daniel Berkowitz and Yadviga Semikolenova
18. ^ Privatization in Transition Economies: The Ongoing Story \- ed. Ira W. Lieberman, Daniel J. Kopf, p.112
19. ^ Hanson, Philip. "The Russian Economic Puzzle: Going Forwards, Backwards, or Sideways?" International Affairs. 83(5), p. 876-877.
20. ^ "Medvedev: Privatizations Should Be Carried Out Regardless Of Mkt Volatility", Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2012.
21. ^ "TASS: Archive - Medvedev confirms course towards privatization of state property". TASS. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
22. ^ "Russia's improving economy leaves privatization out in the cold". Reuters. 27 October 2017.
23. ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (2025-02-22). "Emboldened Kremlin Steps Up Efforts to Seize Businesses in Russia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-22.
24. ^ a b Lessons from history: Where did Russia’s post-communism economic reforms go wrong? - Economics Observatory

## General and cited references

[edit]

* Freeland, Chrystia (2000). Sale of the Century: Russia's Wild Ride from Communism to Capitalism. New York: Crown Business. ISBN 978-0812932157.
* Hoffman, David E. (2001). The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-001-1.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Hilary Appel, "Voucher Privatisation in Russia: Structural Consequences and Mass Response in the Second Period of Reform". Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 49, No. 8 (Dec. 1997), pp. 1433–1449.
* Andrew Barnes. "What's the Difference? Industrial Privatisation and Agricultural Land Reform in Russia, 1990-1996". Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 50, No. 5 (Jul. 1998), pp. 843–857.
* Black, Bernard; Kraakman, Reinier; Tarassova, Anna (July 2000). "Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong?". Stanford Law Review. 52 (6): 1731–1808\. doi:10.2307/1229501. hdl:2027.42/41203. JSTOR 1229501.1731-1808&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=info:hdl/2027.42/41203&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229501#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1229501&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Kraakman,+Reinier&rft.au=Tarassova,+Anna&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Privatization+in+Russia" class="Z3988">
* Joseph R. Blasi, Maya Kroumova & Douglas Kruse, Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1997). ISBN 978-0-8014-8396-7
* Maxim Boycko, Andrei Shleifer & Robert Vishny, Privatizing Russia (Cambridge, MA – London: MIT Press, 1995). ISBN 0-262-02389-X
* Roman Frydman, Andrzej Rapaczynski & John S. Earle, The Privatization Process in Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic States (Budapest: Central European University Press, 1993).
* Simon Johnson & Heidi Kroll, "Managerial Strategies for Spontaneous Privatization", Soviet Economy, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1991), pp. 281–316.
* Paul L. Joskow, Richard Schmalensee, Natalia Tsukanova & Andrei Shleifer. "Competition Policy in Russia during and after Privatization". Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics, Vol. 1994, (1994), pp. 301–381.
* Carol S. Leonard and David Pitt-Watson, "Privatization and Transition in Russia in the Early 1990s". (Oxford, UK: Routledge, 2013). ISBN 978-0-415-55608-8.
* Michael McFaul & Tova Perlmutter (eds.), Privatization, Conversion, and Enterprise Reform in Russia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995). ISBN 0-8133-3314-8
* Andrei Shleifer & Daniel Treisman, Without a Map: Political Tactics and Economic Reform in Russia. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000). ISBN 0-262-19434-1
* Pekka Sutela [fi], Insider Privatisation in Russia: Speculations on Systemic Change. Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3 (1994), pp. 417–435.
* Růžena Vintrová, "The general recession and the structural adaptation crisis", Eastern European Economics, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1993).

## External links

[edit]

* The Privatization Programs in Russia in the 1990s
* Catastroika, a crowd-funded documentary on the privatization in Russia and in other countries

* v
* t
* e

Privatization in Russia

Background|

* Perestroika
* Economy of the Soviet Union
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* Economic history of the Russian Federation
* History of the Russian Federation
* Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
* Loans for shares scheme
* Anatoly Chubais
* Goskomimushchestvo
* Banking in Russia (Seven Bankers)
* Mass media in Russia
* Energy in Russia
* Petroleum industry in Russia
* 1996 Russian presidential election
* 1998 Russian financial crisis
* Russia under Vladimir Putin

Oligarchs|

| People|

* Alexander Abramov
* Roman Abramovich
* Vagit Alekperov
* Petr Aven
* Boris Berezovsky
* Len Blavatnik
* Oleg Deripaska
* Mikhail Fridman
* Arcadi Gaydamak
* Vladimir Gusinsky
* Mikhail Gutseriev
* Zarakh Iliev
* Konstantin Kagalovsky
* Viatcheslav Kantor
* Suleyman Kerimov
* German Khan
* Mikhail Khodorkovsky
* Alexander Knaster
* Alexey Kuzmichev
* Iskander Makhmudov
* Vitaly Malkin
* Alexander Mamut
* Leonid Mikhelson
* Mikhael Mirilashvili
* Vadim Moshkovich
* Leonid Nevzlin
* God Nisanov
* Stan Polovets
* Vladimir Potanin
* Mikhail Prokhorov
* Arkady Rotenberg
* Alexander Smolensky
* Eugene Shvidler
* Gennady Timchenko
* Alisher Usmanov
* Viktor Vekselberg
* Vladimir Vinogradov

|

Companies
& groups|

* Sibneft
* ORT
* Bank Menatep
* Yukos
* Alfa Group (Alfa-Bank · X5 Group · Altimo · TNK-BP · Rosvodokanal)
* Interros
* Novatek
* Metalloinvest
* Norilsk Nickel
* Lukoil
* Surgutneftegas
* Novolipetsk Steel
* Mechel
* Renova Group
* Rossiysky Kredit
* Polyus
* SUAL Group
* Rusal
* Access Industries

See also|

* The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
* List of Russian billionaires
* New Russians
* Ukrainian oligarchs
* Liberalism in Russia
* Crime in Russia
* Russian mafia
* Azerbaijan–Russia relations
* Cyprus–Russia relations
* Israel–Russia relations
* Russia–Ukraine relations
* Russia–United States relations
* Russia–United Kingdom relations
* Genesis Prize
* Genesis Philanthropy Group
* Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center
* Killing of Vladimir Petukhov
* Open Russia

* v
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Economy of Russia

History|

* Droughts and famines
* Industrialization in the Russian Empire
* Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom
* Soviet Union
* Privatization
* Financial crises
* 1998
* 2014–2017
* 2022
* Monetary reforms in Russia (1991
* 1993
* 1998
* 2022)
* National Priority Projects
* Stabilization Fund
* Great Recession in Russia
* Medvedev modernisation programme
* Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
* Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war

Natural resources|

* Agriculture
* Energy
* Coal
* Electricity
* Geothermal power
* Natural gas
* Nuclear power
* Oil reserves
* Renewable energy
* Fishery
* Timber
* Hunting
* Mining

Industry|

* Engineering
* Aircraft
* Automotive
* Defence
* Rolling stock manufacturers
* Shipbuilding
* Space industry
* Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery
* Food industry
* Petroleum industry
* Pharmaceutical industry
* Chemical industry
* Metallurgy
* Pipe Industry
* Science and technology

Infrastructure|

* Telecommunications
* Telephone numbers
* Transport
* Rail
* Vehicle registration plates

Services|

* Gambling
* Grocery retailing
* Information technology
* Music industry
* Tourism

Finance|

* Russian ruble (Digital ruble)
* Account Chamber
* Banking (Banks
* Central Bank of Russia
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks)
* Federal budget
* Federal Treasury
* Moscow Exchange
* National Card Payment System
* Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund
* Pension and Social Insurance Fund
* Social Insurance Fund
* Stock market
* Taxation
* Excise stamps
* Billionaires

Regional economies|

* Natural resources of Primorsky Krai
* Federal districts by GDP
* Federal subjects by GRP
* Federal subjects by GDP per capita
* Federal subjects by HDI
* Federal subjects by poverty
* Federal subjects by unemployment rate

Economic regions|

* Central
* Ural
* North Caucasus
* Volga
* West Siberian
* East Siberian
* Volga-Vyatka
* Northwestern
* Central Black Earth
* Far Eastern
* Northern
* Kaliningrad

Other|

* Companies
* Exports (grain)
* Trade unions
* Russian oligarch
* Homelessness
* Income (list)
* Social entrepreneurship
* Social security system
* Exclusive economic zone
* Shadow economy
* Types of business entity

* Category
* Commons

* v
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Privatization in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Privatization in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

* v
* t
* e

Boris Yeltsin

* 1st President of Russia (1991–1999)

Life and politics|

* Birthplace
* Moscow City Committee of the CPSU
* Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
* 28th Congress of the CPSU
* 1989 visit to the United States
* Death and state funeral

Presidency|

* First inauguration
* Second inauguration
* Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar
* State Committee on the State of Emergency
* 1991 Soviet coup attempt
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* Belovezha Accords
* Demographic crisis
* 1993 Russian constitutional crisis
* Constitutional referendum
* "Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident
* Elizabeth II visit
* Privatization
* First Chechen War
* Monetary reform (1993)
* Monetary reform (1998)
* 1998 financial crisis (1998 miners' strike)
* List of trips
* Impeachment attempts

Elections|

* Electoral history
* 1991 presidential election
* campaign
* 1996 presidential election
* campaign (Vote or lose))
* Loans for shares scheme
* Seven Bankers
* Soskovets campaign strategy
* Xerox affair

Commemoration|

* Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center
* Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library
* Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin
* Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin
* Tennis Academy named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin
* Boris Yeltsin Peak
* Boris Yeltsin Street (Yekaterinburg)
* Monument (Yekaterinburg)
* Monument (Cholpon-Ata)
* Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup

Books|

* Confession on a Given Theme
* Notes of President
* Presidential Marathon
* Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk

Films|

* Yeltsin: Three Days in August
* Three Days in August
* Tsar Boris
* President of All Russia
* B. N.
* Boris Yeltsin: Farewell to the Era
* Boris Yeltsin: Life and Fate
* Boris Yeltsin: The First
* Boris Yeltsin: Retreat Is Impossible

Family|

* Nikolay Yeltsin (father)
* Claudia Yeltsina (mother)
* Naina Yeltsina (wife)
* Tatyana Yumasheva (daughter)
* Elena Okulova (daughter)

* ← Mikhail Gorbachev
* Vladimir Putin →

* Category:Boris Yeltsin

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