Protected areas of Wales

Designated area for protection in Wales

Llyn y Fan Fach in the Brecon Beacons, one of Wales's three national parks

National Parks (left) and AONBs (right) in Wales, some of the country's protected areas.

Part of a series on the

Biodiversity of Wales

Biota

* Flora
* Fauna
* List of birds

Conservation

Special Areas of Conservation

Organisations

Wildlife Trusts

* Gwent Wildlife Trust
* Montgomeryshire Wildlife Trust
* North Wales Wildlife Trust
* Radnorshire Wildlife Trust
* Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales

Brecknock Wildlife Trust (former)

Areas

* Local nature reserves
* National nature reserves
* Protected areas

* National parks
* AONBs
* Habitats of principal importance

Laws

Wildlife law in England and Wales Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981

* v
* t
* e

Wales, a country that is part of the United Kingdom, contains protected areas under various designations. The largest designation by land area is Wales's three national parks, followed by the five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (sometimes collectively the "Designated Landscapes of Wales").[1]

Among these protected areas is Snowdonia (Eryri), Wales's first and the UK's third designated national park, and the Gower AONB covering parts of the Gower Peninsula being both Wales's and the UK's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), as well as smaller designations.

## National parks

[edit]

Main article: National parks of Wales

Wales is home to three national parks.

Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) – was established in 1951 as the third national park in the UK, following the Peak District and the Lake District. It covers 827 square miles (2,140 km2), and has 37 miles (60 km) of coastline.[2]

Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) – is a national park along the Pembrokeshire coast in West Wales. It was established as a National Park in 1952, and is the only one in the United Kingdom to have been designated primarily because of its spectacular coastline. It covers an area of 629 square kilometres (243 sq mi).[3]

Brecon Beacons National Park (Parc Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog) – founded in 1957, stretching from Llandeilo in the west to Hay-on-Wye in the east, covering 1,344 square kilometres (519 sq mi)[4] and encompassing four main regions – the Black Mountain in the west, Fforest Fawr and the Brecon Beacons in the centre, and the Black Mountains in the east.

## Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty

[edit]

Three Cliffs Bay and Tor Bay on the Gower Peninsula, the first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty to be designated in the United Kingdom

Main articles: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales

Five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) have been designated in Wales, one of which, the Wye Valley AONB, straddles the Anglo-Welsh border.[5]

The Gower (Penrhyn Gŵyr) is a peninsula on the south west coast of Wales, on the north side of the Bristol Channel in the southwest of the historic county of Glamorgan. Referred to colloquially as 'the Gower', this was the first area in the United Kingdom to be designated as an AONB, in 1956, and covers 188 square kilometres (73 sq mi).[6]

Llŷn (Penrhyn Llŷn or Pen Llŷn) is a peninsula which extends 30 miles (48 km) into the Irish Sea from north west Wales, south west of the Isle of Anglesey. Much of the coastline and the ex-volcanic hills are part of the Llŷn AONB, confirming the peninsula as one of the most scientifically important in both Wales and Britain. The AONB was created in 1956, and covers 155 square kilometres (60 sq mi).[7]

Anglesey (Ynys Môn) was designated an AONB in 1966, in order to protect the aesthetic appeal and variety of the island's coastal landscape and habitats from inappropriate development. The AONB covers most of Anglesey's 125 miles (201 km) coastline, as well as inland areas, such as Holyhead Mountain and Mynydd Bodafon.[8] The AONB covers around 221 square kilometres (85 sq mi), about a third of the county, making it Wales' largest AONB.[8]

The Wye Valley AONB (AHNE Dyffryn Gwy), designated in 1971, is an internationally important protected landscape straddling the border between England and Wales.[9] It is one of the most dramatic and scenic landscape areas in southern Britain. The River Wye (Afon Gwy) is the fifth-longest river in the United Kingdom.[10] The upper part of the river passes through the settlements of Rhayader, Builth Wells and Hay-on-Wye, but the area designated as an AONB surrounds only the 58-mile stretch lower down the river,[9] from just south of the city of Hereford to Chepstow.

The Clwydian Range and Dee Valley (Bryniau Clwyd a Dyffryn Dyfrdwy) is a series of hills and mountains in north east Wales that runs from Llandegla in the south to Prestatyn in the north, with the highest point of the Clwydian Range being the popular Moel Famau.[11] It was designated as an AONB in 1985.[12] The Clwydian Range AONB was extended in 2011 to include the hills around Llangollen, including the Eglwyseg escarpment and Llantysilio Mountain, and is 389 square kilometres (150 sq mi) in extent.

## Heritage Coast

[edit]

Marloes Peninsula Heritage Coast, seen from the Pembrokeshire Coast Path

Main article: Heritage Coast (England and Wales)

There are fourteen heritage coasts in Wales. They are "stretches of outstanding, undeveloped coast in England and Wales", which are not protected by law (except where covered by other protected areas), but are given special consideration by planning authorities.[13] They are:[13]

* Glamorgan Heritage Coast – 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi)[14]
* Great Orme Heritage Coast
* Gower Heritage Coast
* North Anglesey Heritage Coast – 28.6 kilometres (17.8 mi)[8]
* Holyhead Mountain Anglesey Heritage Coast – 12.9 kilometres (8.0 mi)[8]
* Aberffraw Bay Anglesey Heritage Coast – 7.7 kilometres (4.8 mi)[8]
* Llŷn Heritage Coast
* South Pembrokeshire Heritage Coast
* Marloes and Dale Pembrokeshire Heritage Coast
* St Brides Bay Pembrokeshire Heritage Coast
* St Davids Peninsula Pembrokeshire Heritage Coast
* Dinas Head Pembrokeshire Heritage Coast
* St Dogmaels & Molygrove Pembrokeshire Heritage Coast
* Ceredigion Heritage Coast – 35 kilometres (22 mi)[15]

## Sites of Special Scientific Interest

[edit]

Main articles: Site of Special Scientific Interest and List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wales

A Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) is a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic building block of site-based nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations in Great Britain are based upon them, including national nature reserves, Ramsar sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation. Sites notified for their biological interest are known as Biological SSSIs, and those notified for geological or physiographic interest are Geological SSSIs. Many SSSIs are notified for both biological and geological interest.

Lists of SSSIs

* Brecknock
* Carmarthen & Dinefwr
* Ceredigion
* Clwyd
* East Gwynedd
* Gwent
* Mid & South Glamorgan
* Montgomery
* Preseli & South Pembrokeshire
* Radnor
* West Glamorgan
* West Gwynedd

## Special Areas of Conservation

[edit]

Borth Bog (Cors Fochno) is a Special Area of Conservation near Borth, Ceredigion.

Further information: List of Special Areas of Conservation in Wales

A Special Area of Conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are to protect the 220 habitats and approximately 1000 species listed in annex I and II of the directive which are considered to be of European interest following criteria given in the directive. They must be chosen from the Sites of Community Importance by the State Members and designated SAC by an act assuring the conservation measures of the natural habitat.[16]

## Special Protection Areas

[edit]

Further information: List of Special Protection Areas in Wales

A Special Protection Area (SPA) is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds.[17] Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union (EU) have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and certain particularly threatened birds.[17] Together with Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), the SPAs form a network of protected sites across the EU, called Natura 2000.[17] Each SPA has an EU code – for example the Burry Inlet SPA has the code UK9015011.

## Scheduled ancient monuments

[edit]

Valle Crucis Abbey is one of a number of Scheduled Monuments maintained by Cadw.

See also: List of Cadw properties and Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales

Scheduled monuments in Wales are in the care of Cadw, the historic environment service of the Welsh Government.

## Local nature reserves

[edit]

Further information: List of local nature reserves in Wales

Local nature reserves (LNR) have their origin in the recommendations of the Wild Life Conservation Special Committee (Conservation of Nature in England and Wales, Command 7122, 1947) which established the framework for nature conservation in the United Kingdom and suggested a national suite of protected areas comprising national nature reserves, conservation areas (which incorporated suggestions for Sites of Special Scientific Interest), national parks, Geological Monuments, local nature reserves and local educational nature reserves. There are now 73 LNRs in Wales, covering 55.6 square kilometres (21.5 sq mi).

## Non-statutory local designations

[edit]

Many areas of nature conservation and geoconservation interest not protected by any of the above designations are notified as SINCs and RIGS respectively.

## Non-statutory international designations

[edit]

Seven areas within Wales are designated by UNESCO including four World Heritage Sites, two UNESCO Global Geoparks and a Biosphere Reserve. There are also two International Dark Sky Reserves.

### World Heritage Sites

[edit]

Caernarfon Castle, part of the first World Heritage Site in Wales, in 1986.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.[18] With the UK ratifying the constitution of UNESCO in 1946.[19]

There are four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales.[20] The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd was first designated in 1986.[21] Followed by the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal, and the newest being the Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales designated in 2021.[22]

All of the World Heritage Sites in Wales are designated as "cultural".[23] The United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO advises the UK Government, which is overall responsible for maintaining World Heritage Sites across the UK, on policies regarding UNESCO.[24] The UK Government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) is the responsible department representing the UK's general compliance with the convention to UNESCO.[25] Nominating sites and co-ordinating directly to UNESCO is reserved to the UK Government, however the powers to oversee, protect and manage historic sites is devolved to Wales. Cadw, on behalf of the Welsh Government, is responsible to identify, submit and discuss potential World Heritage Site contenders or concerns over existing sites to the DCMS for review, as well as Wales's specific compliance to the convention in regards to local protection policy. Local authorities in Wales, through their spatial planning systems, have the responsibilities to oversee any potentially inappropriate development near World Heritage Sites and to develop local protection plans for the sites, if appropriate.[26][27][28][29]

UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria under either "cultural" or "natural". The first four are "cultural", which applies to all of Wales's sites.[30]

List of World Heritage Sites in Wales Site  | Image  | Location  | Year listed  | UNESCO data | Description

|
|
|
|
|

Blaenavon Industrial Landscape |  | Blaenavon[31] | 2000  | 984; 2000;
iii, iv[31] | In the 19th century, Wales was the world's foremost producer of iron and coal. Blaenavon is an example of the landscape created by the industrial processes associated with the production of these materials. The site includes quarries, public buildings, workers' housing, and a railway.[31]
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd |  | Conwy, Isle of Anglesey and Gwynedd[32] | 1986  | 374; 1986;
i, iii, iv[32] | During the reign of Edward I of England (1272–1307), a series of castles was constructed in Wales with the purpose of subduing the population and establishing English colonies in Wales. The World Heritage Site covers many castles including Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy, and Harlech. The castles of Edward I are considered the pinnacle of military architecture by military historians.[32][33]
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal |  | Trevor, Wrexham and Shropshire, England[34] | 2009  | 1303; 2009;
i, ii, iv[34] | The aqueduct was built to carry the Ellesmere Canal over the Dee Valley. Completed during the Industrial Revolution and designed by Scottish Engineer Thomas Telford, the aqueduct made innovative use of cast and wrought iron, influencing civil engineering across the world.[34][35] The heritage site extends into Shropshire in England.[36]
The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales |  | Gwynedd | 2021  | 1633; 2021;
ii, v[37] | The six key areas, all located in Gwynedd, are: Penrhyn Slate Quarry and Bethesda, and the Ogwen Valley to Port Penrhyn; Dinorwig Slate Quarry Mountain Landscape; Nantlle Valley Slate Quarry Landscape; Gorseddau and Prince of Wales Slate Quarries, Railways and Mill; Ffestiniog: its Slate Mines and Quarries, 'city of slates' and Railway to Porthmadog; Bryneglwys Slate Quarry, Abergynolwyn Village and the Talyllyn Railway.[38]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "What's next for Designated Landscapes in Wales?". Senedd. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
2. ^ Alison Culliford (24 July 1999). "National Parks - The complete guide to Britain's national parks". The Independent.
3. ^ Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority (March 2003). "National Park Management Plan 2003-2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-08. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
4. ^ "Welcome to the Brecon Beacons National Park". Brecon Beacons National Park Authority. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
5. ^ "An Introduction to Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty". National Association for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. 12 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
6. ^ "Gower Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty" (PDF). City and County of Swansea. May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
7. ^ "Llŷn AONB". Llŷn AONB. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
8. ^ a b c d e "The Anglesey Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)". Isle of Anglesey County Council. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
9. ^ a b "Our countryside". Wye Valley AONB. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
10. ^ Susan Margaret Owen (2005). Rivers and the British Landscape. Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85936-120-7.
11. ^ "About the Range". Clwydian Range AONB. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
12. ^ "AONB Designation". Clwydian Range AONB. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
13. ^ a b "Heritage Coasts – Wales' unspoilt coastline". Countryside Council for Wales. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
14. ^ "Heritage Coastal Path". Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
15. ^ "Heritage Coast". Ceredigion County Council. 2009. Archived from the original on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
16. ^ "SAC definition in the Directive". Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
17. ^ a b c "The Birds Directive". Environment. European Union.
18. ^ "The World Heritage Convention". UNESCO. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
19. ^ UNESCO Constitution, UNESCO, retrieved 17 August 2009
20. ^ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, UNESCO, retrieved 23 July 2022
21. ^ "The First 7 UK World Heritage Sites". The Historic England Blog. Historic England. 2016-11-24. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
22. ^ "Welsh Slate Landscape UK's newest UNESCO World Heritage Site". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
23. ^ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List, UNESCO, retrieved 16 August 2009
24. ^ About us, The United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO, archived from the original on 28 February 2009, retrieved 17 August 2009
25. ^ "Understanding World Heritage Sites in Wales | Cadw". cadw.gov.wales. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
26. ^ "Understanding World Heritage Sites in Wales | Cadw". cadw.gov.wales. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
27. ^ "Managing World Heritage Sites in Wales | Cadw". cadw.gov.wales. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
28. ^ Concordat between the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and Welsh Assembly Government (PDF). Welsh Assembly Government. 13 May 2011. pp. 16–17.
29. ^ Managing Change in World Heritage Sites in Wales (PDF). Cadw. May 2017.
30. ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre The Criteria for Selection". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
31. ^ a b c Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, UNESCO, retrieved 28 July 2009
32. ^ a b c Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd, UNESCO, retrieved 12 August 2009
33. ^ Liddiard (2005), p. 9.
34. ^ a b c Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal, UNESCO, retrieved 12 August 2009
35. ^ Listed Buildings: Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Trevor, Wrexham County Borough Council, archived from the original on 13 October 2008, retrieved 12 August 2009
36. ^ "Pontcysyllte Aqueduct & Canal World Heritage Site". Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal World Heritage site. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
37. ^ Slate Industry of North Wales, UNESCO, retrieved 17 July 2016
38. ^ Wales Slate World Heritage Site Nomination

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of Wales

* Geography of Wales
* Protected areas of the United Kingdom

National parks|

* Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog)
* Snowdonia (Eryri)
* Pembrokeshire Coast National Park

| Proposed|

* Cambrian Mountains
* North East Wales

|

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty|

* Anglesey
* Clwydian Range and Dee Valley
* Gower
* Llŷn
* Wye Valley (partly in England)

| Proposed|

* Cambrian Mountains
* Ceiriog Valley and Y Berwyn
* Gower expansion
* Gwent Levels

|

Heritage coasts|

* Glamorgan Heritage Coast

Nature reserves|

* Local nature reserves
* list
* National nature reserves
* list

Site of Special Scientific Interest|

* Lists
* by former counties
* Blaenau Gwent
* Bridgend
* Caerphilly
* Cardiff
* Carmarthenshire
* Ceredigion
* Conwy
* Denbighshire
* Flintshire
* Gwynedd
* Isle of Anglesey
* Merthyr Tydfil
* Monmouthshire
* Neath Port Talbot
* Newport
* Pembrokeshire
* Powys
* Rhondda Cynon Taf
* Swansea
* Torfaen
* Vale of Glamorgan
* Wrexham
* Brecon Beacons NP

European designations (–2020)|

* Special Area of Conservation
* list
* Special Protection Areas
* list

Other designations|

* Cadw properties
* Scheduled monuments
* National Trust properties
* Listed buildings
* Registered historic parks and gardens

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Geography of Wales

* Geography of the United Kingdom

Physical|

* Bays
* Beaches
* Blue Flag
* Border with England
* Offa's Dyke
* Wat's Dyke
* Canals
* history
* Caves
* Coastline
* Coastal paths
* heritage
* Dams and reservoirs
* Reservoir management
* by volume
* Desert of Wales
* Dune systems
* Estuaries
* Extreme points
* centre
* Forests
* Broadleaf
* Temperate rainforests
* Geology
* fossiliferous stratigraphic units
* faults
* Islands
* Lakes
* Meadows
* Moorlands
* Mountains and hills
* 3000s
* County tops
* historic
* Furths
* by height
* Hewitt
* highest
* Marilyns
* Nuttall
* P600s
* passes
* ranges
* rescue
* Peninsulas
* Protected areas
* National parks
* AONBs
* SSSIs
* Nature reserves
* Ramsar
* Rivers
* Springs
* Vales
* for military-use
* Extinct volcanoes
* Waterfalls
* Wetlands
* Adjacent waters

Environment|

* Biodiversity
* Fauna
* Breeds
* Flora
* Apples
* Climate
* Conservation areas
* Environmental issues
* Climate change
* Habitats of importance
* Marine Character Area
* Precipitation

Land use|

* Agriculture
* Natural resources
* Mining
* Coal mining
* tips
* Forestry
* re-forestation
* Gold
* Slate quarrying

Administrative|

| Subdivisions|

* Local government
* history
* Cantref
* Commote
* Marches
* lords
* law
* Hundreds
* Historic counties
* by area
* 1831
* 1891
* 1844–1974 exclaves
* by population in 1971
* Poor law unions
* Local districts
* 1848–1894
* 1894–95
* 1896–1974
* UDs
* RDs
* 1973
* Preserved counties
* districts
* Principal areas
* list
* Communities
* list
* Electoral wards
* Built-up areas
* Regions
* for economy

|

Settlements|

* Places
* Cities
* capital
* Towns
* Twin towns
* with Brittany
* all lists

Toponymy|

* General forms of place-names
* Caer
* Llan
* Pil
* Welsh Place-Name Society
* In other countries
* in the United States
* Standardised Welsh

Social|

* Social geography and identity
* North–South divide
* Demography
* Cardiff
* Anglo–Welsh relations
* Y Fro Gymraeg (Welsh-speaking areas)
* Landsker Line
* Little England beyond Wales

Other|

* Geography of Cardiff
* Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil
* Lammas Ecovillage

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Wales articles

* List of topics

History|

* Timeline
* Bibliography
* Prehistory
* Roman Era
* Anglo-Welsh Wars
* Early Middle Ages
* Kingdom of Gwynedd
* Kingdom of Powys
* Deheubarth
* Medieval Welsh law
* Norman invasion
* Edwardian conquest
* Late Middle Ages
* Statute of Rhuddlan
* Glyndŵr rebellion
* Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
* Colonies

Geography|

* Biodiversity
* Fauna
* Flora
* Climate
* Geology
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains and hills
* Protected areas
* National parks
* AONBs
* Rivers
* Wales–England border
* Waterfalls

Politics|

| Government|

| Politics|

* Devolution
* Elections
* First Minister
* Government
* Local government
* History
* Cities
* Mayors
* Local rulers
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* Republicanism
* Secretary of State
* Senedd
* Unionism
* Wales Office

|

Law|

* Counsel General
* Courts
* Modern Welsh law
* Police forces
* British Armed Forces

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Banking and finance
* Coal mining
* Companies
* Forestry
* Housing and construction
* Power stations
* Slate quarrying
* Tourism
* Transport

Society|

| Culture|

* Art
* Castles
* Education
* Eisteddfod
* Gorsedd Cymru
* Literature in Welsh / in English
* Media
* Music
* Museums
* Scheduled monuments
* Sports
* Theatre

|

Demographics|

| Languages|

* Languages
* Welsh
* Welsh English
* British Sign Language

|

People (list)|

* Actors
* Architects
* Artists
* Women
* Inventors
* Musicians
* Poets
* Royalty
* Scientists
* Women
* Writers
* in Welsh
* Women

Welsh Diaspora|

* Welsh Americans
* Welsh Argentines (Y Wladfa)
* Welsh Canadians
* Welsh Chileans
* Welsh Australians
* Welsh New Zealanders

Health|

* Healthcare
* Healthcare service
* Boards

Religion|

* Christianity
* Anglicanism
* Catholicism
* Mormonism
* Presbyterianism
* Non-Christian belief systems
* Bahá'ís
* Buddhism
* Hinduism
* Islam
* Judaism
* Druidry
* Sikhism
* History
* Saint David
* Welsh Methodist revival
* 1904–1905 Welsh revival
* Welsh Church Act 1914

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Flags
* national flag
* Prince of Wales's feathers
* Royal Badge
* Welsh Dragon

Wales portal

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* England
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[UNESCO data]: UNESCO reference number and criteria