Proto-Romance language

Reconstructed ancestor of the Romance languages

Proto-Romance

Reconstruction of| Romance languages
Region| Roman Empire

Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Indo-European

* Proto-Italic

Lower-order reconstructions|

* Common Romanian
* Proto-Italo-Western Romance

Proto-Romance is the result of applying the comparative method to reconstruct the latest common ancestor of the Romance languages. To what extent, if any, such a reconstruction reflects a real état de langue is controversial. The closest real-life counterpart would have been (vernacular) Late Latin.

## Phonology

[edit]

### Vowels

[edit]

#### Monophthongs

[edit]

| Front | Central | Back

|
|
|

Close | i |  | u
Near-close | ɪ |  | ʊ
Close-mid | e |  | o
Open-mid | ɛ |  | ɔ
Open |  | a |

#### Diphthong

[edit]

/au̯/ appears to be the only phonemic diphthong that can be reconstructed.[1]

#### Phonetics

[edit]

* Vowels were lengthened in stressed open syllables.[2]
* Stressed /ɛ ɔ/ may have yielded incipient diphthongs like [e͡ɛ o͡ɔ] in metaphonic conditions.[3][i]
* Metaphony, if it can be projected back to Proto-Romance, may have initially been limited to open syllables. That is, it would have targeted allophonically lengthened /ɛ ɔ/.[4]

#### Constraints

[edit]

* /ɛ ɔ/ did not occur in unstressed position.[5]
* /i u/ did not occur in the second syllable of words with the structure ˌσσˈσσ.[6][ii]

### Consonants

[edit]

Burger (1955:25)  | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal

|
|
|

Nasal | m | mʲ | n | nʲ |
Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | tʲ | k | kʲ
voiced | b | bʲ | d | dʲ | ɡ | ɡʲ
Fricative | voiceless | f | fʲ | s | sʲ |
voiced | β | βʲ |  |
Approximant |  | l | lʲ | (j w)[7]
Trill |  | r | rʲ |

#### Palatalized consonants

[edit]

For more information, see Palatalization_in_the_Romance_languages § /Cj/.

* There is scholarly disagreement over whether palatalization was phonemic in Proto-Romance.[8][iii]
* Palatalized consonants tended to geminate between vowels. The extent of this varied by consonant.[9][iv]
* /tʲ/ would have been an affricate like [t͡sʲ][10] or [t͡zʲ].[11]

#### Phonetics

[edit]

* /sC/ in word-initial position was assigned a prop-vowel [ɪ], as in /ˈstare/ [ɪsˈtaːɾe].[12][v]
* /ɡn/ was likely [ɣn] at first, with later developments varying by region.[13][vi]
* /d ɡ/ might have been fricatives or approximants between vowels.[14]
* /ll/ might have been retroflex.[15][vii]
* /f/ might have been bilabial.[16]

#### Constraints

[edit]

* /b/ did not occur in intervocalic position.[17][viii]

## Morphology

[edit]

The forms below are spelt as they are in the cited sources, either in Latin style or in phonetic notation. The latter may not always agree with the phonology given above.

### Nouns

[edit]

Nouns are reconstructed as having three cases: a nominative, an accusative, and a genitive-dative:[18][ix]

Type  |  | -a (f)  |  | -o (m)  |  | -C (m)  |  | -C (f)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Number  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
NOM  | capra  | capras  | caballus  | caballi  | frater  | fratres/-i  | noctis  | noctes
ACC  | caballu  | caballos  | fratre  | fratres  | nocte
GEN-DAT  | caprae  | capris  | caballo  | caballis  | fratri  | fratris  | nocti  | noctis
Gloss  | ‘goat’  | ‘horse’  | ‘brother’  | ‘night’

Some nouns of the –C type had inflections with alternating stress or syllable count:[19]

Type  |  | -C (m)  |  | -C (f)

|
|
|
|

Number  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
NOM  | hómo  | hómines/-i  | múlier  | muliéres
ACC  | hómine  | hómines  | muliére
GEN-DAT  | hómini  | hóminis  | muliéri  | muliéris
Gloss  | ‘man’  | ‘woman’

There were also ‘neuter’ nouns. In the singular they would have been treated as masculine and in the plural as feminine, often with a collective sense.[20]

Type  |  | -o (n)  |  | -C (n)

|
|
|
|

Number  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
NOM  | bracchiu  | bracchia  | corpus  | corpora
ACC
GEN-DAT  | bracchio  | bracchiis  | corpori  | corporis
Gloss  | ‘arm’  | ‘body’

### Adjectives

[edit]

#### Positive

[edit]

Lausberg (1973:§§668–73) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help) Type  |  | -o/-a  |  |

|
|
|
|

Gender  | M  |  | F  | M  |  | F
Number  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
NOM  | bonus  | boni  | bona  | bonas  | virdis  | virdes/-i  | virdis  | virdes
ACC  | bonu  | bonos  | virde  | virdes  | virde
GEN-DAT  | bono  | bonis  | bonae  | bonis  | virdi  | virdis  | virdi  | virdis
Gloss  | ‘good’  | ‘green’

#### Comparative

[edit]

For the most part, the typical way to form a comparative would have been to add magis or plus (‘more’) to a positive adjective. A few words can be reconstructed as having a comparative ending -ior, which would have been inflected as follows:[21]

Number  |  | SG

|
|

Gender  | M or F  | N
NOM  | mélior  | mélius
ACC  | melióre
Gloss  | ‘better’

#### Superlative

[edit]

Superlatives would have been formed by adding definite articles to comparatives.[22]

### Pronouns

[edit]

#### Personal

[edit]

##### Tonic

[edit]

The stressed or 'strong' forms:[23]

Person  |  | 1  |  | 2

|
|
|
|

Number  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
NOM  | ego  | nos  | tu  | vos
ACC  | me/mene  | te/tene
DAT  | mi/mibi  | nobis  | ti/tibi  | vobis
Person  |  | 3 (m)  |  | 3 (f)

|
|
|
|

Number  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
NOM  | ille/illi/ipse  | illi/ipsi  | illa/ipsa  | illas/ipsas
ACC  | illu/ipsu  | illos/ipsos
(GEN-)DAT  | illui/ipsui  | illoru/ipsoru  | illaei/ipsaei  | illoru/ipsoru

##### Atonic

[edit]

The unstressed or 'weak' forms:[24]

Person  |  | 1  |  | 2  |  | 3 (m)  |  | 3 (f)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Number  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
ACC  | me  | nos  | te  | vos  | lu  | los  | la  | las
DAT  | mi  | tī  | li  | lis  | li  | lis

#### Interrogative/relative

[edit]

As follows:[25]

Gender  |  | M or F  | N

|
|
|

NOM  | qui  | quid

(/quod?)

ACC  | quem
DAT  | cui  | –

### Verbs

[edit]

#### Present

[edit]

van den Bussche (1985:§2.3.2)  Verb class  |  | 1P  |  | 2P  |  | 3P  |  | Infinitive

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
I  | kánto  | kantámųs  | kántas  | kantátįs  | kántat  | kántant  | kantáre
IIa  | dǫ́rm(j)o  | dormímųs  | dǫ́rmįs  | dormítįs  | dǫ́rmįt  | dǫ́rmųnt/-ent  | dormíre
IIb  | florésko/-í-  | florímųs  | floréskįs/-í-  | florítįs  | floréskįt/-í-  | floréskųnt/-í-  | floríre
IIIa  | wį́dd’o  | wįdémųs  | wį́des  | wįdétįs  | wį́det  | wį́dųnt/-ent (wį́dd’ųnt)  | wįdére
IIIb  | wę́ndo  | wę́ndįmųs  | wę́ndįs  | wę́ndįtįs  | wę́ndįt  | wę́ndųnt/-ent  | wę́ndere
Irregular  | dáo  | dámųs  | dás  | dátįs  | dát  | dánt/dáųnt/dáent  | dáre
ábjo/ájjo  | abémųs  | áes/ás  | abétįs  | áet/át  | ánt/áųnt/áent  | abére

#### Preterite

[edit]

van den Bussche (1985:§2.3.3)  Verb class  |  | 1P  |  | 2P  |  | 3P  |  | Infinitive

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

SG  | PL  | SG  | PL  | SG  | PL
I  | kantáj  | kantámmųs  | kantásti  | kantástįs  | kantáwt/-át  | kantárųnt  | kantáre
IIa  | dormíj  | dormímmųs  | dormísti  | dormístįs  | dormíwt/-ít  | dormírųnt  | dormíre
IIIb  | battę́j  | battę́mmųs  | battę́sti | battę́stįs  | battę́wt/-ę́t  | battę́rųnt  | báttere
Irregular  | féki  | fékįmųs/-kį́mm-  | fekį́sti  | fekį́stįs  | fékįt  | fékerųnt/-ér-  | fákere
díksi  | díksįmųs/-kį́mm-  | dikį́sti  | dikį́stįs  | díksįt  | díkserųnt  | díkere

#### Participles

[edit]

van den Bussche (1985:§2.3.4)  Verb Class  |  | present  | preterite

|
|
|

I  | kantánte  | kantátų
II  | dormę́nte  | dormítų
III  | wendę́nte  | (wę́ndįtų/-útų)

## See also

[edit]

* Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ That is, when followed by a syllable containing a close vowel.
2. ^ Diachronically this reflects the ‘weakening’ of vowels in this context, for which see Lausberg 1970:§§292–6. An example, per the latter, is Latin dormītorium > French dortoir.
3. ^ In representing it as such this article follows Burger 1955 and Petrovici 1956. Similarly, van den Bussche 1985 proposes a Proto-Romance consonant inventory with /ʎʎ ɲɲ (t)tʲ (d)dʲ (k)kʲ (ɡ)ɡʲ/ (p. 226) and Pope 1952 reconstructs Proto-Gallo-Romance with a series of palatalized consonants (§168). Gouvert 2015 prefers a phonetic palatalization rule for Proto-Romance, as in /basiˈare/ [baˈsʲaːɾe] (p. 83).
4. ^ Gouvert assumes regular (phonetic) gemination of palatalized intervocalic /n l k/ to [ɲɲ ʎʎ cc]. Repetti points out that there exists (mixed) Romance evidence for the gemination of all consonants in this context other than original /s/.
5. ^ Example from Gouvert. Per Lausberg the prop-vowel would have been added only after a consonant or pause.
6. ^ Lausberg supposes an initial [ɣn~i̯n].
7. ^ For further discussion on /ll/, see Zampaulo 2019:71–7 and Lausberg 1970:§§494–9.
8. ^ Diachronically this reflects the development of Latin intervocalic [b] to [β], and likewise [bj] to [βj], for which see Lausberg 1970:§§366, 475.
9. ^ de Dardel & Gaeng (1992:104) differ from Lausberg on the following points: 1) They believe that the genitive-dative case was limited to animate nouns. 2) They reconstruct a universal gen-dat. plural ending -orum. 3) They reconstruct, for class -a type nouns, a nominative plural -ae, albeit one in competition with -as according to de Dardel & Wüest (1993:57). They are in agreement with Lausberg regarding the remaining inflections.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ferguson 1976:84; Gouvert 2015:81
2. ^ Gouvert 2015:118‒9; Loporcaro 2015
3. ^ Ferguson 1976:chapter 7
4. ^ Maiden 2016
5. ^ Ferguson 1976:76; Gouvert 2015:78–81, 121–2
6. ^ Gouvert 2015:78–9
7. ^ van den Bussche 1985:226 harvcolnb error: no target: CITEREFvan_den_Bussche_1985 (help)
8. ^ Operstein 2010:107
9. ^ Lausberg 1970:§§451–478; Gouvert 2015:95, 111, 115; Repetti 2016:659; Barbato 2022:§1
10. ^ Gouvert 2015:86, 92
11. ^ Lausberg 1970:§452
12. ^ Lausberg 1970:§353; Gouvert 2015:125–6
13. ^ Lausberg 1970:§444–8; Chambon 2013 apud Gouvert 2015:95; Zampaulo 2019:80–2
14. ^ Gouvert 2016:48
15. ^ Gouvert 2015:15
16. ^ Gouvert 2016:§1
17. ^ Gouvert 2015:86
18. ^ Lausberg (1973:§§590–600, 616–27) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)
19. ^ Lausberg (1973:§§628–38) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)
20. ^ Lausberg (1973:§§601–15, 639–45, 668) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)
21. ^ Lausberg (1973:§§679–81) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)
22. ^ Lausberg (1973:§687) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)
23. ^ Lausberg (1973:§§707–22) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)
24. ^ Lausberg (1973:§§723–37) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)
25. ^ Lausberg (1973:§§746–7) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLausberg1973 (help)

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Adams, James Noel (2013). Social variation and the Latin language. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511843433. ISBN 978-0-511-84343-3.
* Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010). Romance languages: A historical introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88915-5.
* Barbato, Marcello (2022). "The early history of Romance palatalizations". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.750. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5.
* Burger, André (1955). "Phonématique et diachronie à propos de la palatalisation des consonnes romanes". Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure. 13 (13): 19–33. JSTOR 27757997.
* Chambon, Jean-Pierre (2013). "Notes sur un problème de la reconstruction phonétique et phonologique du protoroman: Le groupe */ɡn/". Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. CVIII (1): 273–282. doi:10.2143/BSL.108.1.3019219.
* de Dardel, Robert & Gaeng, Paul Ami (1992). "La declinaison nominale du latin non classique: Essai d'une methode de synthese". Probus. 4 (2): 91–125. doi:10.1515/prbs.1992.4.2.91.
* de Dardel, Robert & Wüest, Jakob (1993). "Les systèmes casuels du protoroman: Les deux cycles de simplification". Vox Romanica (52): 25–65.
* Dworkin, Steven N. (2016). "Do romanists need to reconstruct Proto-Romance? The case of the Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman project". Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (132): 1–19. doi:10.1515/zrp-2016-0001.
* Elcock, William Dennis (1960). The Romance languages. London: Faber and Faber.
* Ferguson, Thaddeus (1976). A history of the Romance vowel systems through paradigmatic reconstruction. Berlin: De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110806960. ISBN 978-3-11-080696-0.
* Gouvert, Xavier (2015). "Le système phonologique du protoroman: essai de reconstruction". In Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang (eds.). Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 61–128. doi:10.1515/9783110313482. ISBN 978-3-11-031244-7.
* Gouvert, Xavier (2016). "Du protoitalique au protoroman: deux problèmes de reconstruction phonologique". In Buchi, Éva & Schweickard, Wolfgang (eds.). Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman 2. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 27–51. doi:10.1515/9783110453614. ISBN 978-3-11-045361-4.
* Grandgent, Charles Hall (1907). An introduction to Vulgar Latin. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.
* Hall, Robert Anderson (1976). Proto-Romance phonology. New York: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-00183-2.
* Hall, Robert Anderson (1983). Proto-Romance morphology. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-3522-0.
* Lausberg, Heinrich (1970) [1965]. Lingüística románica. Vol. I–II. Translated by Pérez Riesco, José; Pascual Rodríguez, E. (2nd ed.). Madrid: Gredos.
* Original in German: Romanische Sprachwissenshaft. Berlin: De Gruyter. 1956–62.
* Loporcaro, Michele (2015). Vowel length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199656554.003.0001.
* Lloyd, Paul Max (1987). From Latin to Spanish: Historical phonology and morphology of the Spanish language. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-173-6.
* Lyons, Christopher (1986). "On the origin of the Old French strong-weak possessive distinction". Transactions of the Philological Society. 84 (1): 1–41. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1986.tb01046.x.
* Maiden, Martin (2016). "Diphthongization". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Romance languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 647–57. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-967710-8.
* Operstein, Natalie (2010). Consonant structure and prevocalization. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 312\. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/cilt.312. ISBN 978-90-272-4828-2.
* Petrovici, Emil (1956). "Problema moştenirii din romanica comună a corelaţiei palatale a consoanelor în limba romînă". Ştudii şi Cercetări Lingvistice. 7: 163–9.
* Pope, Mildred Katherine (1952) [1934]. From Latin to Modern French (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press.
* Repetti, Lori (2016). "Palatalization". In Ledgeway, Adam; Maiden, Martin (eds.). The Oxford guide to the Romance languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 658–68. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-967710-8.
* van den Bussche, Henri (1985). "Proto-Romance inflectional morphology. Review of Proto-Romance morphology by Robert Hall". Lingua. 66 (2–3): 225–60. doi:10.1016/S0024-3841(85)90336-5.
* Zampaulo, André (2019). Palatal sound change in the Romance languages: Diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198807384.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-880738-4.

* v
* t
* e

Romance languages (classification)

Major branches|

* Eastern
* Italo-Western
* Italo-Dalmatian
* Western
* Southern

Eastern|

* Aromanian
* Istro-Romanian
* Megleno-Romanian
* Daco-Romanian
* dialects
* Banat
* Bukovinian
* Crișana
* Maramureș
* Moldavian
* Oltenian
* Transylvanian
* Wallachian
* Common Romanian

Italo-
Dalmatian|

| Central|

* Central Italian
* Central Marchigiano
* Ancona
* Fabriano
* Macerata
* Central−Northern Latian
* Romanesco
* Sabino
* Corsican
* Gallurese
* Italian
* Italo-Australian
* Maltese Italian
* Regional Italian
* Swiss Italian
* Sassarese
* Tuscan
* Florentine

|

Southern|

* Extreme Southern Italian
* Central−Southern Calabrian
* Salentino
* Manduriano
* Sicilian
* Pantesco
* Neapolitan–Calabrese
* Neapolitan
* Barese
* Benevento
* Castelmezzano
* Cilentan
* Irpinian
* Arianese
* Molisan
* Southern Latian
* Tarantino
* Vastese
* Northern Calabrian

Others|

* Dalmatian Romance
* Dalmatian
* Istriot
* Judeo-Italian

Western|

| Gallo-Italic|

* Emilian–Romagnol
* Emilian
* Bolognese
* Parmigiano
* Romagnol
* Forlivese
* Old Romagnol
* Sammarinese
* Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
* Gallo-Italic of Sicily
* Gallo-Picene
* Ligurian
* Brigasc
* Genoese
* Intemelio
* Monégasque
* Royasc
* Tabarchino
* Judeo-Italian
* Lombard
* Eastern
* Bergamasque
* Cremish
* Western
* Brianzöö
* Canzés
* Bustocco–Legnanese
* Comasco–Lecchese
* Comasco
* Laghée
* Lecchese
* Vallassinese
* Milanese
* Ossolano
* Southwestern
* Cremunés
* Novarese
* Pavese
* Ticinese
* Varesino
* Old Lombard
* Old Romagnol
* Piedmontese
* Judeo-Piedmontese

|

Gallo-
Romance|

| Langues
d'oïl|

* Angevin
* Berrichon
* Bourbonnais
* Burgundian
* Champenois
* Ardennais
* Rémois
* Frainc-Comtou
* Gallo
* French
* Jersey Legal
* Meridional
* North American dialects
* Canadian
* Acadian
* Chiac
* St. Marys Bay French
* Brayon
* Newfoundland
* Quebec
* Joual
* Magoua
* Franco-Ontarian
* Métis
* Muskrat
* New England
* Frenchville
* Louisiana
* Houma
* Missouri
* Creoles
* Lorrain
* Gaumais
* Vosgien
* Welche
* Mayennais
* Moselle Romance
* Norman
* Anglo-Norman
* Auregnais
* Guernésiais
* Jèrriais
* Sercquiais
* Law French
* Augeron
* Cauchois
* Cotentinais
* Orléanais
* Paydret
* Picard
* Poitevin–Saintongeais
* Poitevin
* Saintongeais
* Walloon
* West Walloon
* Wisconsin Walloon

|

* Franco-Provençal/Arpitan
* Faetar
* Savoyard
* Valdôtain
* Old Gallo-Romance

Ibero-
Romance
(West
Iberian)|

| Asturleonese|

* Asturian
* Eastern
* Western
* Cantabrian
* Leonese
* Bercian
* Paḷḷuezu
* Palra
* Riberan
* Riunorese
* Mirandese
* Old Leonese

|

Galician–Portuguese|

* Fala
* Galician
* Galician–Asturian/Eonavian
* Portuguese
* dialects
* African
* Asian
* Brazilian
* Mineiro
* European
* Alentejan
* Oliventine
* Estremenho
* Minderico
* Northern
* Uruguayan
* Creoles
* Portugis
* Judeo-Portuguese

Castilian|

* Extremaduran
* Judeo-Spanish
* Haketia
* Tetuani
* Spanish
* dialects
* Equatoguinean
* Latin American
* Chilean
* Chilote
* Peruvian
* Peruvian Ribereño
* Rioplatense
* Peninsular
* Andalusian
* Llanito
* Castilian
* Castrapo
* Castúo
* Murcian
* Philippine
* Saharan
* Creoles
* Old Spanish

Pyrenean–Mozarabic|

* Andalusi Romance
* Navarro-Aragonese
* Aragonese
* Central
* Eastern
* Ribagorçan
* Benasquese
* Judeo-Aragonese
* Southern
* Somontanés
* Navalese
* Western
* Aisinian
* Ansó
* Aragüés
* Hecho
* Navarrese
* Old Navarrese

Others|

* Barranquenho (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
* Caló (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)

Occitano-
Romance|

* Catalan
* dialects
* Eastern
* Algherese
* Balearic
* Mallorcan
* Menorcan
* Central
* Northern
* Judeo-Catalan
* Patuet
* Western
* Ribagorçan
* Valencian
* Occitan
* Auvergnat
* Gascon
* Aranese
* Béarnese
* Landese
* Judeo-Gascon
* Judeo-Provençal
* Languedocien
* Limousin
* Provençal
* Niçard
* Vivaro-Alpine
* Gardiol
* Mentonasc
* Old Occitan
* Old Catalan

Rhaeto-
Romance|

* Friulian
* Fornes
* Ladin
* Cadorino
* Nones
* Romansh
* Jauer
* Putèr
* Surmiran
* Sursilvan
* Vallader

Others|

* Franco-Italian
* Mediterranean Lingua Franca (Western Romance-based pidgin)
* Venetian (unknown further classification)
* Chipilo
* Fiuman
* Talian
* Triestine

Others|

* African Romance
* British Latin
* Pannonian Latin
* Sardinian
* Campidanese
* Logudorese

Reconstructed|

* Proto-Romance

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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