Provinces and territories of Canada

Top-level subdivisions of Canada

"Canadian Province" redirects here. For the historic colony, see Province of Canada. For the floristic region, see Canadian Province (phytochorion).

* Provinces and territories of Canada

Category| Federated state
Number|

* 10 provinces
* 3 territories

Government|

* Constitutional monarchy

Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—united to form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the world's second-largest country by area.

The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly[1] called the British North America Act, 1867). Territories are federal territories whose governments are creatures of statute, with powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada. Powers are divided between the Government of Canada (the federal government) and the provincial governments by the Constitution Act, either exclusively or concurrently. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment. A similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the government or Parliament of Canada.

In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign, based on the division of responsibility between the provincial and federal governments within the Constitution Act, 1867; each province thus has its own representative, the lieutenant governor, of the Canadian Crown. The territories are not sovereign but have their authorities and responsibilities devolved from the federal level; as a result, each has a commissioner who represents the federal government.

## Provinces

[edit]

Provinces of Canada Name and postal abbr. | Cities  | Entered Confederation[2] | Official
language(s)[3] | Population  | Area (km2)[4][5] | Seats[6]

|
|
|
|
|
|

Capital[7] | Largest[8] | 2021 census[9] | Q1 2025
estimates[10] | Land  | Water  | Total  | Commons | Senate
Ontario | ON  | Toronto | July 1, 1867 | English[a] |

14,223,942

16,182,641

917,741

158,654

1,076,395

| 122  | 24
Quebec | QC  | Quebec City | Montreal | July 1, 1867 | French[b] |

8,501,833

9,111,629

1,356,128

185,928

1,542,056

| 78  | 24
Nova Scotia | NS  | Halifax[c] | July 1, 1867 | English[a] |

969,383

1,079,627

53,338

1,946

55,284

| 11  | 10
New Brunswick | NB  | Fredericton | Moncton | July 1, 1867 | English, French[d] |

775,610

858,963

71,450

1,458

72,908

| 10  | 10
Manitoba | MB  | Winnipeg | July 15, 1870 | English[a] |

1,342,153

1,504,023

553,556

94,241

647,797

| 14  | 6
British Columbia | BC  | Victoria | Vancouver | July 20, 1871 | English[a] |

5,000,879

5,722,318

925,186

19,549

944,735

| 43  | 6
Prince Edward Island | PE  | Charlottetown | July 1, 1873 | English[a] |

154,331

179,280

5,660

5,660

| 4  | 4
Saskatchewan | SK  | Regina | Saskatoon | September 1, 1905 | English[e] |

1,132,505

1,250,909

591,670

59,366

651,036

| 14  | 6
Alberta | AB  | Edmonton | Calgary | September 1, 1905 | English[e] |

4,262,635

4,960,097

642,317

19,531

661,848

| 37  | 6
Newfoundland and Labrador | NL  | St. John's | March 31, 1949 | English[a] |

510,550

545,579

373,872

31,340

405,212

| 7  | 6
Total provinces  |

36,873,821

41,395,066

5,490,918

572,013

6,062,931

| 343 | 102

## Territories

[edit]

There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government.[11][12][13] They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, and all islands north of the Canadian mainland, from those in James Bay to the Queen Elizabeth Islands. They cover 40% of Canada's land, but contain only 0.3% of the population.[f]

Another territory, the District of Keewatin, existed from October 7, 1876, to September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became the Keewatin Region. It occupied the area that is now the Kenora District of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and mainland Nunavut.[15] The government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament.

Territories of Canada Name and postal abbr. | Cities[7] | Entered Confederation[2] | Official languages  | Population[10] | Area (km2)[4] | Seats[6]

|
|
|
|
|
|

Capital  | Largest  | 2021 census[9] | Q1 2025
estimates[10] | Land  | Water  | Total  | Commons | Senate
Northwest Territories | NT  | Yellowknife | July 15, 1870 | Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwichʼin, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłįchǫ[16] |

41,070

45,074

1,183,085

163,021

1,346,106

| 1  | 1
Yukon | YT  | Whitehorse | June 13, 1898 | English, French[17] |

40,232

47,126

474,391

8,052

482,443

| 1  | 1
Nunavut | NU  | Iqaluit | April 1, 1999 | Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French[18] |

36,858

41,414

1,936,113

157,077

2,093,190

| 1  | 1
Total territories  |

118,160

133,614

3,593,589

328,150

3,921,739

| 3  | 3

## Population

[edit]

Main article: Population of Canada by province and territory

Canada's population from the 2016 census by province/territory

The vast majority of Canada's population is concentrated in areas close to the Canada–US border. Its four largest provinces by area (Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta) are (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous. Together they account for 86% of Canada's population. The territories (the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon) account for over a third of Canada's area but are only home to 0.3% of its population, which skews the national population density value.[19]

Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the 2006 and 2011 censuses. Except for New Brunswick, all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In terms of percent change, the fastest-growing province or territory was Nunavut with an increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by Alberta with 11.6% growth, while New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%.[20]

Generally, Canadian provinces have steadily grown in population along with Canada. However, some provinces such as Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador have experienced long periods of stagnation or population decline. Ontario and Quebec have always been the two biggest provinces in Canada, with together over 60% of the population at any given time. The population of the West relative to Canada as a whole has steadily grown over time, while that of Atlantic Canada has declined.[19]

## Territorial evolution

[edit]

Main article: Territorial evolution of Canada

See also: Former colonies and territories in Canada

The territorial evolution of the borders and the names of Canada's provinces and territories "O Canada we stand on guard for thee". Stained glass, Yeo Hall, Royal Military College of Canada. Featuring arms of the Canadian provinces and territories as of 1965.

Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when three British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.[21] (Ontario and Quebec had been united as the Province of Canada from 1841 to 1867.) Over the next six years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) joined as provinces.[21]

The British Crown had claimed two large areas, known as Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory, northwest of the original Dominion and assigned them to the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1870, the company relinquished its claims for £300,000 (CND$1.5 million), assigning the vast territory to the government of Canada.[22] The area entered confederation as the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories.[22]

The North-West Territories encompassed all of current northern and western Canada except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands, the Colony of British Columbia, and the original Province of Manitoba, a small area in the south of today's province (which expanded to its present size in 1912).[23] It also included the northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec.

In 1880, the British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada, adding to the size of the North-West Territories. In 1898, the Yukon Territory, renamed "Yukon" in 2003, was carved from the area surrounding the Klondike gold fields. In September 1905, a portion of the North-West Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.[23] In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the District of Ungava.[24]

In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.[25] In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.[26] In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada, Newfoundland underwent a prolonged economic crisis, and the legislature turned over political control to the Newfoundland Commission of Government in 1933.[27] Following Canada's participation in the Second World War, in a 1948 referendum, a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to enter into Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.[28] The province was renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001.[29]

Bermuda, the last British North American colony,[30][31][32][33] which had been somewhat subordinated to Nova Scotia, was one of two Imperial fortress colonies in British North America - the other being Nova Scotia, and more particularly the city of Halifax.[34][35] Halifax and Bermuda were the sites of the Royal Navy's North America Station main bases, dockyards, and Admiralty Houses (called variously the River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station, the North America and Newfoundland Station, the North America and West Indies Station, and the America and West Indies Station). The squadron of the station was based at Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax, during the summers and Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, in the winters. In the 1820s, Bermuda, which was better located to control the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, impossible to attack over land, and almost impregnable against attack over water, became the main base year round.[36][37][38][39]

A large British Army garrison in Bermuda, which fell under the commander-in-chief in Nova Scotia, existed to defend the colony as a naval base, and to prevent it becoming as useful a base to the navy of an adversary, and to support amphibious operations throughout the region, such as the Chesapeake campaign during the American War of 1812.[40][41] Bermuda was consequently the most important British naval and military base in the Americas.[42][43]

Canadian confederation resulted in the Canadian Militia becoming responsible for the defence of the Maritimes, the abolition of the British Army's commander-in-chief there, and the reduction of British military forces in the Maritimes to a small garrison for the protection of the Halifax dockyard, which was withdrawn when the dockyard was handed over to the Dominion government in 1905 for use by the new Canadian naval service. Britain retained control of Bermuda as an imperial fortress, with the governor and commander-in-chief of Bermuda (a military officer previously ranking between lieutenant-colonel and major-general) becoming a lieutenant-general termed a general officer commanding and the Bermuda garrison becoming a command in its own right.[44][45][46][47]

Bermuda was consequently left out of Canadian confederation. It retained naval links with Halifax. The state church (or established church), the Church of England, continued to place Bermuda under the bishop of Newfoundland until 1919. Bermuda also remained linked to the Maritimes under the Methodist and Roman Catholic churches.[48][49][50][51]

In 1903, resolution of the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary,[52] the first of only two provincial reductions in Canada. In 1927, the second reduction occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador (part of the Dominion of Newfoundland) enlarged at Quebec's expense. (In 1949, this land returned to Canada as part of the province of Newfoundland.)[53] In 1999, Nunavut was created from the northern and eastern portions of the Northwest Territories.[54][55]

The three territories are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, combined covering 3,921,739 km2 (1,514,192 sq mi) in land area.[4] They are often referred to as a single region, the North, for organizational and economic purposes.[56] For much of the Northwest Territories' early history, it was divided into several districts for ease of administration.[57] The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.[58] In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.

## Government

[edit]

Main article: Canadian federalism

See also: Monarchy in the Canadian provinces, Office-holders of Canada, and Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories

Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.[59] They receive "transfer payments" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes.[60] In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare, provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.[60]

Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate. Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as legislative councils, with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968.[61] In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly. The exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the House of Assembly, and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly.[62] Ontario has a legislative assembly but its members are called members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.[63]

The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the House of Commons of Canada. The head of government of each province, called the premier, is generally the head of the party with the most seats.[64] This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.[65] The King's representative in each province is the lieutenant governor.[66] In each of the territories there is an analogous commissioner, but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch.[67]

Federal, provincial, and territorial terminology compared  Jurisdiction  | Legislature  | Lower house  | Members of lower house  | Superior court  | Head of government  | Viceroy

|
|
|
|
|
|

Canada  | Parliament  | House of Commons  | Member of Parliament (MP)  | Federal Court  | Prime minister  | Governor general
Ontario  | Parliament  | Legislative Assembly  | Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP)[g] | Superior Court of Justice  | Premier  | Lieutenant governor
Quebec[h] | Legislature  | National Assembly  | Member of the National Assembly (MNA)  | Superior Court
Nova Scotia  | General Assembly  | House of Assembly  | Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)  | Supreme Court
New Brunswick  | Legislature  | Legislative Assembly  | Court of King's Bench
Manitoba
British Columbia  | Parliament  | Supreme Court
Prince Edward Island[i] | General Assembly
Saskatchewan  | Legislature  | Court of King's Bench
Alberta
Newfoundland and Labrador  | General Assembly  | House of Assembly  | Member of the House of Assembly (MHA)  | Supreme Court
Northwest Territories  | Assembly  | Legislative Assembly  | Member of the Legislative Assembly  | Supreme Court  | Premier[j] | Commissioner
Yukon  | Legislature
Nunavut  | Assembly  | Court of Justice

### Provincial legislature buildings

[edit]

* Alberta Legislature Building

* British Columbia Parliament Buildings

* Manitoba Legislative Building

* New Brunswick Legislative Building

* Newfoundland and Labrador Confederation Building

* Nova Scotia Province House

* Ontario Legislative Building

* Prince Edward Island Province House

* Quebec Parliament Building

* Saskatchewan Legislative Building

### Territorial legislature buildings

[edit]

* Northwest Territories Legislative Building

* Nunavut Legislative Building

* Yukon Legislative Building

### Map

[edit]

Clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals

A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.

## Provincial political parties

[edit]

Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name.[68] For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada, and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada.

Provincial New Democratic Parties, on the other hand, are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party—meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections, with common membership, of the federal party.

The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with Atlantic Canada provincial Liberals in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Other provincial Liberal parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart.[68]

Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent, such as the Alberta Party and Saskatchewan Party.

The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between sovereignty, represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire, and federalism, represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party.[69] The Coalition Avenir Québec, meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty.

Currently, the one minority provincial/territorial government is held by the Liberals in Yukon. They are in government with a formal confidence and supply agreement from the Yukon New Democratic Party.

Provincial/territorial governments  Province/territory  | Premier[70] | Party in government[70] | Party main ideology  | Party political position  | Majority/minority  | Party in Opposition  | Lieutenant governor / commissioner[71] | Last election  | Next election

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Alberta  | Danielle Smith |  | United Conservative | Conservatism (Canadian) | Centre-right to right-wing | Majority  | New Democratic | Salma Lakhani | 2023 | 2027
British Columbia  | David Eby |  | New Democratic | Social democracy | Centre-left | Majority  | Conservative | Wendy Lisogar-Cocchia | 2024 | 2028
Manitoba  | Wab Kinew |  | New Democratic | Social democracy | Centre-left | Majority  | Progressive Conservative | Anita Neville | 2023 | 2027
New Brunswick  | Susan Holt |  | Liberal | Liberalism (Canadian) | Centre to centre-left | Majority  | Progressive Conservative | Louise Imbeault | 2024 | 2028
Newfoundland and Labrador  | John Hogan |  | Liberal | Liberalism (Canadian) | Centre | Majority  | Progressive Conservative | Joan Marie Aylward | 2021 | 2025
Nova Scotia  | Tim Houston |  | Progressive Conservative | Red Toryism | Centre-right | Majority  | New Democratic | Michael Savage | 2024 | 2028
Ontario  | Doug Ford |  | Progressive Conservative | Conservatism (Canadian) | Centre to centre-right | Majority  | New Democratic | Edith Dumont | 2025 | 2029
Prince Edward Island  | Rob Lantz |  | Progressive Conservative | Progressive conservatism | Centre to centre-right | Majority  | Liberal | Wassim Salamoun | 2023 | 2027
Quebec  | François Legault |  | Coalition Avenir Québec | Quebec nationalism | Centre-right | Majority  | Liberal | Manon Jeannotte | 2022 | 2026
Saskatchewan  | Scott Moe |  | Saskatchewan Party | Conservatism (Canadian) | Centre-right to right-wing | Majority  | New Democratic | Bernadette McIntyre | 2024 | 2028
Northwest Territories  | R.J. Simpson |  | Nonpartisan consensus government | N/A  | Gerald Kisoun | 2023 | 2027
Nunavut  | P.J. Akeeagok |  | Nonpartisan consensus government | N/A  | Eva Aariak | 2021 | 2025
Yukon  | Mike Pemberton |  | Liberal | Liberalism (Canadian) | Centre | Minority  | Yukon Party | Adeline Webber | 2021 | 2025

## Ceremonial territory

[edit]

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, near Vimy, Pas-de-Calais, and the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, near Beaumont-Hamel, both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.[72] In 1922, the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".[73]

In 1921, the site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland.[72] These sites do not enjoy extraterritorial status and are subject to French law.

## Proposed provinces and territories

[edit]

Main article: List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada

Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province.[74] The creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament, a legislatively simpler process.[75]

In late 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to Canada as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic, particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation, leading to more complex international waters disputes.[76]

## See also

[edit]

* Canada portal
* Ontario portal

* List of Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies
* Canadian adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
* Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
* List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States
* List of regions of Canada
* List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures
* Commonwealth Local Government Forum
* Provincial and territorial museums of Canada
* List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories
* List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product
* List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols
* List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate
* List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index
* Population of Canada by province and territory
* List of Canadian flags

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f De facto; French has limited constitutional status.
2. ^ As established under the Charter of the French Language. English has limited constitutional status in Quebec.
3. ^ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted.
4. ^ As established under Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
5. ^ a b As established under Languages Acts passed by Alberta and Saskatchewan's respective legislatures in 1988. French has limited constitutional status.
6. ^ Source says 3% of population but simple calculations indicate 0.3%[14]
7. ^ Members were previously titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".
8. ^ Quebec's lower house was previously called the "Legislative Assembly" with members titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly". The name was changed at the same time Quebec's upper house was abolished.
9. ^ Prince Edward Island's lower house was previously called the "House of Assembly" and its members were titled "Assemblyman". After the abolition of its upper house, assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed "Legislative Assembly". Later, this practice was abolished so that all members would be titled "Member of the Legislative Assembly".
10. ^ In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled "Government Leader".

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Name changed only in Canada by the Canada Act 1982 (UK), s. 1
2. ^ a b Reader's Digest Association (Canada); Canadian Geographic Enterprises (2004). The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 41\. ISBN 978-1-55365-082-9. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
3. ^ Coche, Olivier; Vaillancourt, François; Cadieux, Marc-Antoine; Ronson, Jamie Lee (2012). "Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces" (PDF). Fraser Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2012. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
4. ^ a b c "Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. 2005. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
5. ^ "Table 15.7 Land and freshwater area, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. October 27, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2024.
6. ^ a b "Guide to the Canadian House of Commons". Parliament of Canada. 2012. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
7. ^ a b "Provinces and Territories". Government of Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
8. ^ "Census Profile". Statistic Canada. 2013. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
9. ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. October 11, 2022. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
10. ^ a b c "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. March 22, 2025. Retrieved March 22, 2025.
11. ^ "Northwest Territories Act". Department of Justice Canada. 1986. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
12. ^ "Yukon Act". Department of Justice Canada. 2002. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
13. ^ Department of Justice Canada (1993). "Nunavut Act". Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
14. ^ Affairs, Intergovernmental (August 21, 2017). "Provinces and territories". Canada.ca. Retrieved December 27, 2024.
15. ^ "Historical Boundaries of Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. March 4, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2024.
16. ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988 Archived July 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)
17. ^ "OCOL – Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
18. ^ "Nunavut's Official Languages". Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
19. ^ a b Series A2-14. Population of Canada by province, census dates, 1851 to 1976
20. ^ "2016 Census profiles". Statistics Canada. 2016.
21. ^ a b Ajzenstat, Janet (2003). Canada's Founding Debates. University of Toronto Press. p. 3\. ISBN 978-0-8020-8607-5. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
22. ^ a b Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 538\. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
23. ^ a b Gough, Barry M. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University. pp. 141–142\. ISBN 978-0-8108-7504-3. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
24. ^ Atlas of Canada. "Territorial evolution". Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
25. ^ "Confederation Rejected: Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation, 1864–1869: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. 2000. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
26. ^ Clarke, Sandra (2010). Newfoundland and Labrador English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 7\. ISBN 978-0-7486-2617-5. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
27. ^ Friesen, John W.; Harrison, Trevor W. (2010). Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 115\. ISBN 978-1-55130-371-0. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
28. ^ Blake, Raymond Benjamin (1994). Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province. University of Toronto Press. p. 4\. ISBN 978-0-8020-6978-8. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
29. ^ Shelley, Fred M. (2013). Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders. ABC-CLIO. p. 175\. ISBN 978-1-61069-106-2. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
30. ^ "Civil List of the Province of Lower-Canada 1828: Governor". The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828. Quebec: Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street. 1812.
31. ^ "STAFF of the ARMY in the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda". The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828. Quebec: Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street. 1812.
32. ^ Meteorological Observations at the Foreign and Colonial Stations of the Royal Engineers and the Army Medical Department 1852—1886. London: Meteorological Council. HMSO. 1890.
33. ^ Young, Douglas MacMurray (1961). The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century. London: Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans. p. 55.
34. ^ Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1909). Responsible Government in The Dominions. London: Stevens and Sons Ltd. p. 5.
35. ^ May, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Sinclair (1903). Principles and Problems of Imperial Defence. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. p. 145.
36. ^ Stranack, Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D (1977). The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975. Bermuda: Island Press Ltd. ISBN 9780921560036.
37. ^ "World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda". UNESCO. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
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## Further reading

[edit]

Main article: Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories

* Brownsey, Keith; Howlett, Michael (2001). The Provincial State in Canada: Politics in the Provinces and Territories. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-368-5.
* Moore, Christopher; Slavin, Bill; Lunn, Janet (2002). The Big Book of Canada: Exploring the Provinces and Territories. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-88776-457-8.
* Pross, A. Paul; Pross, Catherine A. (1972). Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces: a Prescriptive Study. Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-1827-0.
* Tomblin, Stephen (1995). Ottawa and the Outer Provinces: The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada. James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-1-55028-476-8.

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