Public Sector Undertakings in India

Government-owned entities in India

Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) in India are government-owned entities in which at least 51% of stake is under the ownership of the Government of India or state governments.These type of firms can also be a joint venture of multiple PSUs. These entities perform commercial functions on behalf of the government.[1][2] Depending on the level of government ownership, PSUs are officially classified into two categories: Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs), owned by the central government or other CPSUs; and State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs), owned by state governments. CPSU and SPSU is further classified into Strategic Sector and Non-Strategic Sector. Depending on their financial performance and progress, CPSUs are granted the status of Maharatna, Navaratna, and Miniratna (Category I and II).

Following India's independence in 1947, the limited pre-existing industries were insufficient for sustainable economic growth. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, adopted during the Second Five-Year Plan, laid the framework for PSUs. The government initially prioritized strategic sectors, such as communication, irrigation, chemicals, and heavy industries, followed by the nationalisation of corporations. PSUs subsequently expanded into consumer goods production and service areas like contracting, consulting, and transportation. Their goals include increasing exports, reducing imports, fostering infrastructure development, driving economic growth, and generating job opportunities. Each PSU has its own recruitment rules and employment in PSUs is highly sought after in India due to high pay and its job security, with most preferring candidates with a GATE score.[3]

In 1951, there were five PSUs under the ownership of the government. By March 2021, the number of such government entities had increased to 365.[4] These government entities represented a total investment of about ₹16,410,000,000,000 as of 31 March 2019. Their total paid-up capital as of 31 March 2019 stood at about ₹200.76 lakh crore. CPSEs have earned a revenue of about ₹24,430,000,000,000 + ₹1,000,000,000,000 during the financial year 2018–19.[4]

## History

[edit]

Further information: Economic history of India

When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agrarian entity, with a weak industrial base. There were only eighteen state-owned Indian Ordnance Factories, previously established to reduce the dependency of the British Indian Army on imported arms.[5]

The British Raj had previously elected to leave agricultural production to the Private sector, with tea processing firms, jute mills (such as the Acland Mill), railways, electricity utilities, banks, coal mines, and steel mills being just some of the economic entities largely owned by private individuals like the industrialist Jamsetji Tata. Other entities were listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange.[6]

Critics of private ownership of India's agricultural and industrial entities—most notably Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement—instead advocated for a self-sufficient, largely agrarian, communal village-based existence for India in the first half of the 20th century.[7][8] Other contemporary criticisms of India's public sector targeted the lack of well-funded schools, public libraries, universities, hospitals and medical and engineering colleges; a lack seen as impeding an Indian replication of Britain's own industrialization in the previous century.[9][10][11][12][13]

Post-Independence, the national consensus turned in favor of rapid industrialisation of the economy, a process seen as the key to economic development, improved living standards and economic sovereignty.[14] Building upon the Bombay Plan, which noted the necessity of government intervention and regulation in the economy, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down in broad strokes such a strategy of industrial development. Later, the Planning Commission was formed by a cabinet resolution in March 1950 and the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the government to take necessary steps to regulate industry.[15]

The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, promoted an economic policy based on import substitution industrialisation and advocated a mixed economy.[16] He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. India's second five year plan (1956–60) and the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 emphasized the development of public sector enterprises to meet Nehru's national industrialisation policy. His vision was carried forward by V. Krishnamurthy, a figure known as the "Father of Public sector undertakings in India". Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was instrumental to its formulation, which was later termed the Feldman–Mahalanobis model.[17][18]

In 1969, Indira Gandhi's government nationalised fourteen of India's largest private banks, and an additional six in 1980. This government-led industrial policy, with corresponding restrictions on private enterprise, was the dominant pattern of Indian economic development until the 1991 Indian economic crisis.[15] After the crisis, the government began divesting its ownership of several PSUs to raise capital and privatize companies facing poor financial performance and low efficiency.[19][20]

## Management and classification

[edit]

The public sector undertakings are headed by the head of board of directors also known as chairperson cum managing director cum chief executive officer and a vice chairperson cum deputy managing director cum co-chief executive officer along with the members of the board of directors also known as executive director cum c-level officer who are Group 'A' gazetted officers appointed by the President of India in case of central public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions and appointed by the Governor of States of India in case of state public sector undertakings, its subsidiaries & its divisions. The officers and employees working for public sector undertakings, subsidiaries of public sector undertakings and divisions of public sector undertakings are also classified as gazetted officers and partial government employees.

All of the public sector undertakings have been awarded additional financial autonomy. Public Sector Undertakings are government establishments that have comparative advantages", giving them greater autonomy to compete in the global market so as to "support [them] in their drive to become global giants".[21] Financial autonomy was initially awarded to nine PSUs as Navratna status in 1997.[22] Originally, the term Navaratna meant a talisman composed of nine precious gems. Later, this term was adopted in the courts of the Gupta emperor Vikramaditya and Mughal emperor Akbar, as the collective name for nine extraordinary courtiers at their respective courts.

In 2010, the central government established the higher Maharatna category, which raises a public sector unit's investment ceiling from ₹1,000 crore to ₹5,000 crores.[23] The Maharatna public sector units can now decide on investments of up to 15 per cent of their net worth in a project while the Navaratna companies could invest up to ₹1,000 crore without explicit government approval. Two categories of Miniratnas afford less extensive financial autonomy.

Guidelines for awarding Ratna[24] status are as follows:

Category  | Eligibility  | Benefits for investment

|
|

Maharatna  | Three years with an average annual net profit of over ₹2,500 crores, OR

The average annual Net worth of ₹10,000 crores for three years, OR

Average annual Turnover of ₹20,000 crore for three years (against Rs 25,000 crore prescribed earlier)[25]

| ₹1,000 crore – ₹5,000 crores, or free to decide on investments up to 15% of their net worth in a project
Navaratna  | A score of 60 (out of 100), based on six parameters which include net profit, net worth, total manpower cost, the total cost of production, cost of services, PBDIT (Profit Before Depreciation, Interest, and Taxes), capital employed, etc., AND

A PSU must first be a Miniratna and have 4 independent directors on its board before it can be made a Navratna.

| up to ₹1,000 crore or 15% of their net worth on a single project or 30% of their net worth in the whole year (not exceeding ₹1,000 crores).
Miniratna Category-I | Have made profits continuously for the last three years or earned a net profit of ₹30 crores or more in one of the three years  | up to ₹500 crore or equal to their net worth, whichever is lower.
Miniratna Category-II | Have made profits continuously for the last three years and should have a positive net worth.  | up to ₹300 crores or up to 50% of their net worth, whichever is lower.

PSUs in India are also categorized based on their special non-financial objectives and are registered under Section 8 of Companies Act, 2013 (erstwhile Section 25 of Companies Act, 1956).

## Top profit making CPSUs

[edit]

Top Profit Making CPSUs in Financial Year 2021–22[26] S. No.  | CPSE Name  | Net Profit (₹ crore)  | Share (%)

|
|
|

1  | Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC)  | 40,305  | 15.27
2  | Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)  | 24,184  | 9.16
3  | Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL)  | 17,074  | 6.48
4  | National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)  | 16,111  | 6.11
5  | Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)  | 12,015  | 4.55
6  | Coal India Limited (CIL)  | 11,202  | 4.24
7  | Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)  | 10,364  | 3.93
8  | Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)  | 10,046  | 3.81
9  | Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFCL)  | 10,022  | 3.80
10  | National Mineral Development Corporation Limited (NMDC)  | 9,398  | 3.56
Total (1-10)  | 1,60,742  | 60.91
| Other CPSEs  | 1,03,153  | 39.09
Aggregated profit of profit-making CPSEs  | 2,63,895  | 100

## List of CPSUs

[edit]

Main article: List of public sector undertakings in India

Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) can be classified as Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs) or State Public Sector Undertakings (SPSUs). CPSUs are administered by the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), Ministry of Finance is the nodal department for all the Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs).

As of October 2021, there are 13 Maharatnas, 14 Navratnas and 72 Miniratnas (divided into Category 1 and Category 2).[27][28]

### List of Maharatna

[edit]

1. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC)
2. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
4. Coal India Limited (CIL)
5. Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL)
6. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL)
7. Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)
8. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
9. Power Grid Corporation of India(PGCIL)
10. Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFCL)
11. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC)
12. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)
13. Oil India Limited (OIL)
14. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) (since 12 October 2024)[29]

### List of Navratna

[edit]

1. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
2. Container Corporation of India (CONCOR)
3. Engineers India Limited (EIL)
4. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
5. National Aluminium Company (NALCO)
6. National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC)
7. National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC)
8. NLC India Limited (Neyveli Lignite)
9. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL)
10. Shipping Corporation of India (SCI)
11. Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
12. ONGC Videsh Limited
13. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
14. Ircon International
15. RITES Limited
16. National Fertilizers Limited (NFL)
17. Housing And Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO)
18. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)
19. Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC)
20. Mazagon Dockyard Limited (since 26 June 2024)[30]
21. RailTel Corporation of India Limited (RCIL) (since 30 August 2024)[31]
22. SJVN Limited (since 30 August 2024)[31]
23. NHPC Limited (since 30 August 2024)[31]
24. Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) (since 30 August 2024)[31]

### List of Miniratna

[edit]

Miniratna Category-I

1. Airports Authority of India (AAI)
2. ONGC Videsh Limited
3. Antrix Corporation (ANTRIX)
4. Balmer Lawrie
5. Braithwaite & Co.
6. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL)
7. Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
8. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)
9. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
10. Bridge and Roof Company (India)
11. Central Electronics Limited (CEL)
12. Central Coalfields Limited (CCL)
13. Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
14. Chennai Petroleum Corporation (CPCL)
15. Cochin Shipyard (CSL)
16. Cotton Corporation of India Limited (CCIL)
17. EdCIL (India) Limited (EdCIL)
18. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE)
19. Goa Shipyard (GSL)
20. Hindustan Copper (HCL)
21. HLL Lifecare
22. Hindustan Newsprint
23. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited
24. Hindustan Steelworks Construction Ltd.
25. HSCC India Limited
26. Indian Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)
27. Indian Rare Earths (IRE)
28. Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC)
29. Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC)
30. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)
31. Kudremukh Iron Ore Company (KIOCL)
32. Mahanadi Coalfields (MCL)
33. MOIL Limited (MOIL)
34. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL)
35. Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL)
36. Mishra Dhatu Nigam
37. MMTC Ltd. (MMTC)
38. MSTC Limited
39. National Fertilizers (NFL)
40. National Projects Construction Corporation
41. National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC)
42. National Seed Corporation (NSC)
43. Northern Coalfields (NCL)
44. North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (NEEPCL)
45. Numaligarh Refinery
46. Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited
47. Projects and Development India Limited (PDIL)
48. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers (RCF)
49. Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India
50. South Eastern Coalfields (SECL)
51. Telecommunications Consultants India (TCIL)
52. THDC India Limited
53. Western Coalfields (WCL)
54. WAPCOS Limited

Miniratna Category-II (11)

1. Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
2. Bharat Pumps & Compressors
3. Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited
4.   5. Engineering Projects (India) Limited
6. FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India) Limited
7. Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
8. HMT International Limited
9. Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited
10. MECON
11. National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC)
12. Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Limited

### List of Other CPSEs

[edit]

1. Agrinnovate India Ltd.
2. AFC India Limited
3. Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited)
4. Anushakti Vidhyut Nigam Limited
5. Aravali Power Company Private Limited (APCPL) Jharli, Jhajjar
6. Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited
7. Bengal Immunity Limited
8. Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)
9. Bird Group of Companies
10. Bharat Broadband Network (BBNL)
11. Bharat Coal Gasification and Chemicals Ltd(BCGCL)
12. Bharat Gold Mines Limited
13. Bharat Wagon and Engineering
14. Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation
15. Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Ltd (BVFCL)
16. Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited
17. BrahMos Aerospace
18. BHAVINI
19. Biotech Consortium India Limited
20. BHEL Electrical Machines Ltd. (EML)
21. Bhor Sagar Port Limited
22. BEML Midwest ltd.
23. Bundelkhand Saur Urja Limited
24. Convergence Energy Services Limited
25. CSC e-Governance Services India Limited
26. Cement Corporation of India
27. Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Limited (CIWTC)
28. Certification Engineers International Limited
29. City and Industrial Development Corporation
30. Chenab Valley Power Projects
31. Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC)
32. Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India
33. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
34. Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation
35. Digital India Corporation
36. Dredging Corporation of India
37. Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL)
38. Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC)
39. Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
40. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
41. Fresh & Healthy Enterprises Limited
42. Fertilizer Corporation of India
43. Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited
44. Food Corporation of India (FCI)
45. Green Gas Limited
46. Green Valley Renewable Energy Limited
47. Government e Marketplace
48. Grid Conductors Ltd
49. Hemisphere Properties India Limited
50. Hindustan Antibiotics Limited
51. Hindustan Insecticides Limited
52. Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited (HOCL)
53. Hindustan Fertilizers Corporation Limited (HFCL)
54. Hindustan Prefab Limited
55. Hindustan Shipyard Limited(HSL)
56. Hindustan Salts Limited
57. Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan Limited(HURL)
58. Hindustan Vegetable Oils Corporation
59. Hindustan Teleprinters Limited (HTL)
60. HSCC (India) Limited
61. Hotel Corporation of India Limited (HCIL)
62. Jal Power Corporation Ltd.
63. Jute Corporation of India
64. Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited
65. Khadi Natural
66. Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.
67. Life Spring Hospitals (P) Ltd.
68. Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation
69. Konkan Railway Corporation
70. Konkan LNG
71. Krishnapatnam Railway Company Limited
72. Karnataka Vijayanagar Steel Limited, NMDC Steel
73. Madras Fertilizers
74. Mahanagar Gas
75. Millennium Telecom Ltd.
76. Metal & Steel Factory
77. Meja Urja Nigam Private Limited (MUNPL)
78. Mudra Bank
79. National Capital Region Transport Corporation
80. National Dairy Development Board
81. National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL)
82. National Highways Logistics Management Company
83. National Projects Construction Corporation Ltd (NPCC)
84. National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI)
85. National Land Monetisation Corporation (NLMC)
86. National Informatics Centre Services Inc. (NIC)
87. National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited
88. Narmada Hydroelectric Development Corporation
89. National High Power Test Laboratory(NHTPL)
90. National Textile Corporation
91. NIIF Infrastructure Finance Limited
92. Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Ltd.(ODCL)
93. Bharat Refractories Limited, Bokaro
94. NewSpace India Limited
95. NEPA Mills Ltd.
96. NSEIT
97. NSPCL (NTPC-
98. SAIL #Power Company Limited)
99. Open Network for Digital Commerce
100. Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC Limited)
101. Industrial Finance Corporation of India Limited
102. Indian Dairy Machinery Company Ltd. (IDMC)
103. India Debt Resolution Company Limited (IDRCL)
104. IHB Limited (a joint venture of IOCL, HPCL & BPCL)
105. Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services
106. Indian Highway Management Company Limited (IHMCL)
107. Indian Vaccine Corporation Limited
108. Indian Medicine Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd.
109. Indian Immunologicals Limited
110. India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL)
111. Indian Port Rail Corporation Limited(IPRCL)
112. India Ports Global Limited
113. Indraprastha Gas Limited
114. Indradhanush Gas Grid Limited (IGGL)
115. Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services
116. India SME Asset Reconstruction Company Limited
117. Indian Potash Limited
118. Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd
119. Inland & Coastal Shipping Ltd.
120. Inland Waterways Authority of India
121. Instrumentation Limited
122. Intelligent Communication Systems India Limited (ICSIL)
123. Irrigation and Water Resources Finance Corporation Limited
124. Petronet LNG
125. Pipavav Railway Corporation Ltd. (PRCL)
126. Power System Operation Corporation (Grid-India)
127. Prize Petroleum Company Limited
128. Protean eGov Technologies Ltd. (Formerly NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited)
129. PTC India (formerly Power Trading Corporation India Limited)
130. Punjab Logistics Infrastructure Limited
131. Railway Energy Management Company Limited (REMCL)
132. Rajasthan Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Limited(RDPL)
133. Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited
134. Ratnagiri Gas and Power
135. Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation(RHPC)
136. Receivables Exchange of India Ltd (RXIL)
137. Ropeways and Rapid Transport System Development Corporation
138. Sagarmala Development Company
139. SIDCUL CONCOR Infra Company Limited
140. Semiconductor Complex Limited
141. Smith Stanisteet Pharmaceuticals Limited
142. sethusamudram corporation limited
143. Sponge Iron India Ltd (SIIL)
144. STCI Finance Limited
145. State Farms Corporation of India
146. Tourism Finance Corporation Of India Ltd.
147. Tusco Limited.
148. Talcher Fertilizers Limited.
149. Urban Mass Transit Company
150. UTI Infrastructure Technology and Services Limited (UTIITSL)
151. Triveni Structurals Limited
152. Utkarsha Aluminium Dhatu Nigam Limited
153. UV Asset Reconstruction Company Limited
154. Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
155. Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited
156. Gliders India Limited
157. India Optel Limited
158. Munitions India Limited
159. Troop Comforts Limited
160. Yantra India Limited
161. Indo-Russia Rifles (IRRPL)

## List of CPSUs privatized

[edit]

* Air India – sold to Tata Group in 2020
* Axis Bank, split from UTI was privatized in 2007[32]
* Bharat Aluminium Company – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2000, BALCO closed in 2002
* CMC Limited – sold to Tata Consultancy Services in 2001, merged with TCS in 2016
* Lagan Engineering – in 2001
* Hindustan Zinc Limited – sold to Vedanta Limited in 2001[33]
* HTL Limited - sold to HFCL in 2001
* Maruti Udyog Limited \- sold to Suzuki
* Modern Food Industries – sold to Hindustan Unilever in 2000
* Neelachal Ispat Nigam Limited - sold to Tata Steel Long Products in 2022
* Paradeep Phosphates Limited(PPL) - sold to Adventz Group in 2001
* Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited – sold to Tata Group in 2002
* Jessop & Company – sold to Ruia Group in 2003 but bankrupt in 2013 [34]
* ICICI Bank, ICICI Ltd. a government entity, parent company of ICICI Bank was merged with ICICI Bank leading to its privatization in 2002.
* Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited – sold to Reliance Industries
* IDFC in 2005 via IPO cutdown ownership from 100% to 34.91%[35] In October 2024 IDFC merged into IDFC Bank leading to full privatization.[36]
* Protean eGov Technologies, formerly known as NSDL e-Gov Infrastructure Limited(a subsidiary of NSDL), Government of India to sell stakes via SUUTI(Specified Undertaking of The Unit Trust of India), IDBI Bank, Union Bank of India and State Bank of India through IPO in 2023.[37]

## List of Central PSUs (Financial Services)

[edit]

Main article: Public sector banks in India

### Nationalised banks

[edit]

Currently there are 12 Nationalised Banks in India (Government Shareholding power is denoted in %, as of 30 October 2022[update]):

* State Bank of India (57.52%)
* Bank of Baroda (63.97%)
* Union Bank of India (83.49%)
* Punjab National Bank (73.15%)
* Canara Bank (62.93%)
* Punjab & Sind Bank (98.25%)
* Indian Bank (79.86%)
* Bank of Maharashtra (90.97%)
* Bank of India (81.41%)
* Central Bank of India (93.08%)
* Indian Overseas Bank (96.38%)
* UCO Bank (95.39%)

### Regional rural banks

[edit]

Currently there are 43 Regional Rural Banks in India, as of 1 April 2020:[38]

Andhra Pradesh

* Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank[39]
* Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank[39]
* Chaitanya Godavari Gramin Bank
* Saptagiri Gramin Bank

Arunachal Pradesh

* Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank

Assam

* Assam Gramin Vikash Bank

Bihar

* Dakshin Bihar Gramin Bank
* Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank
* Koshi Kshetriya Gramin Bank

Chhattisgarh

* Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank

Gujarat

* Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank
* Saurashtra Gramin Bank

Haryana

* Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank

Himachal Pradesh

* Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank

Jammu and Kashmir

* J&K Grameen Bank
* Ellaquai Dehati Bank

Jharkhand

* Jharkhand Rajya Gramin Bank

Karnataka

* Karnataka Gramin Bank
* Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank

Kerala

* Kerala Gramin Bank

Madhya Pradesh

* Madhyanchal Gramin Bank
* Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank

Maharashtra

* Maharashtra Gramin Bank
* Vidharbha Konkan Gramin Bank

Manipur

* Manipur Rural Bank

Meghalaya

* Meghalaya Rural Bank

Mizoram

* Mizoram Rural Bank

Nagaland

* Nagaland Rural Bank

Odisha

* Odisha Gramya Bank
* Utkal Grameen Bank

Puducherry

* Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank

Punjab

* Punjab Gramin Bank

Rajasthan

* Baroda Rajasthan Kshetriya Gramin Bank
* Rajasthan Marudhara Gramin Bank

Tamil Nadu

* Tamil Nadu Grama Bank

Telangana

* Telangana Grameena Bank

Tripura

* Tripura Gramin Bank

Uttar Pradesh

* Aryavart Bank
* Prathama UP Gramin Bank
* Baroda UP Bank[40]

Uttarakhand

* Uttarakhand Gramin Bank

West Bengal

* Paschim Banga Gramin Bank
* Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank
* Uttarbanga Kshetriya Gramin Bank

### Nationalized insurance companies

[edit]

Currently there are 7 Nationalized Insurance Companies (Government Shareholding power denoted in %, as of 1 April 2020):

* Life Insurance Corporation of India(96.50%)
* General Insurance Corporation of India (85.78%)
* New India Assurance (85.44%)
* National Insurance Company(100%)
* The Oriental Insurance Company(100%)
* United India Insurance Company(100%)
* Agriculture Insurance Company of India(100%)

### Nationalized Market exchanges

[edit]

Currently there are 7 Nationalized Financial Market Exchanges in India: [41]

* Bombay Stock Exchange
* Calcutta Stock Exchange
* Metropolitan Stock Exchange
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
* Indian Commodity Exchange
* National Stock Exchange of India

## List of State PSUs

[edit]

### Andhra Pradesh

[edit]

Main article: List of agencies of the government of Andhra Pradesh

### Gujarat

[edit]

Main article: List of agencies of the government of Gujarat

### Kerala

[edit]

Main article: Public sector undertakings in Kerala

### Maharashtra

[edit]

Main article: List of Maharashtra State Level Public Enterprises

### Tamil Nadu

[edit]

Main article: List of agencies of the government of Tamil Nadu

## See also

[edit]

* Indian company law
* List of Public service commissions in India
* List of agencies of the government of Gujarat

## References

[edit]

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3. ^ "Is PSU a government job? Public Sector Company Jobs, Salary & more". The Times of India. 11 October 2022.
4. ^ a b "Public Enterprises Survey 2019–20 | Department of Public Enterprises | MoHI&PE | GoI Page No. 1" (PDF). dpe.gov.in. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
5. ^ "Home | Ordnance Factory Board | Government of India".
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7. ^ "Mahatma Gandhi believed in a self-sufficient village economy". mkgandhi.org.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. ^ Gosalia, Sushila (1 March 1979). "The Gandhian model of self-reliance in the Indian economy". Intereconomics. 14 (2): 80–83. doi:10.1007/BF02930202. hdl:10419/139599. ISSN 1613-964X. S2CID 56358907.
9. ^ Mushtaq, Muhammad Umair (January 2009). "Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India". Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 34 (1): 6–14. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.45369. ISSN 0970-0218. PMC 2763662. PMID 19876448.
10. ^ Amrith, Sunil S. (February 2009). "Health in India Since Independence" (PDF).
11. ^ Chaudhary, Latika (March 2009). "Determinants of Primary Schooling in British India". The Journal of Economic History. 69 (1): 269–302. doi:10.1017/S0022050709000400. ISSN 0022-0507.
12. ^ Chaudhary, Latika (1 May 2012). "Caste, Colonialism and Schooling: Education in British India". SSRN 2087140.
13. ^ Odgers, George Allen (October 1925). "Education in British India". The Phi Delta Kappan. 8 (2): 1–6. JSTOR 20257440.
14. ^ "Chapter 1, Industrial Policy Handbook" (PDF). Industrial Policy Handbook. Office of the Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. p. 2\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
15. ^ a b Jadhav, Narendra. "Industrial Policy since 1956" (PDF). Dr. Narendra Jadhav. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
16. ^ Ghose, Shankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru. Allied Publishers. p. 243\. ISBN 978-81-7023-369-5.
17. ^ Ahluwalia, Isher J. (1993). Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, part of Recent Developments in Indian Economy: With Special Reference to Structural Reforms, Part 2. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. p. 25\. ISBN 978-81-7188-094-2.
18. ^ Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001)
19. ^ "Disinvestments-A Historical Perspective". Bombay Stock Exchange. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
20. ^ Sankar, T.L.; Mishra, R.K.; Lateef Syed Mohammed, A. (1994). "Divestments in Public Enterprises: The Indian Experience". International Journal of Public Sector Management. 7 (2): 69–88. doi:10.1108/09513559410055242.
21. ^ Original govt. announcement about the Navratnas 1997 Archived 9 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
22. ^ "Maharatnas, Navratnas: India's best PSUs!". Rediff.
23. ^ "Maharatna status for mega PSUs gets nod". The Times of India. 25 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
24. ^ "bsepsu.com". www.bsepsu.com. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
25. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
26. ^ "Public Enterprises Survey 2020–21 Volume 1" (PDF). Department of Public Enterprises | Ministry of Finance.
27. ^ "List of Maharatna and Navratna companies in India". Dainik Jagran. 8 April 2021.
28. ^ "List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs". Ministry of Finance. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
29. ^ "HAL awarded Maharatna status; Big action expected on Monday!". Business Today. 12 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.
30. ^ "MDL Granted Navratna status by Govt".
31. ^ a b c d "KAVACH tender is of around ₹7,000 crore and will open on September 19, says RailTel Corporation - CNBC TV18". CNBCTV18. 5 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
32. ^ "Axis Bank's original promoter fully exits after three decades". The Times of India. May 2023.
33. ^ "Winners and losers of HZL privatisation". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013.
34. ^ "Jessop and Co, one of India's oldest companies, faces closure". 2 November 2013.
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37. ^ "HDFC Bank to Sell 2% Stake in NSDL IPO".
38. ^ "list of SCB".
39. ^ a b Kumar, N. Ravi (10 May 2019). "Rural banks to be merged in TS, AP". The Hindu.
40. ^ दैनिक जागरण: बैंकों का विलय: एक हुए UP के तीन बैंक, अब बड़ौदा यूपी बैंक नाम से जाने जाएंगे.
41. ^ "SEBI | Details of Stock Exchanges".

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Public sector undertakings in India (List)

Maharatna|

| Energy|

* Bharat Petroleum
* Coal India
* GAIL
* Hindustan Petroleum
* Indian Oil
* NTPC Limited
* ONGC
* Power Grid

|

Financial services|

* Power Finance Corporation
* REC

Defence|

* Hindustan Aeronautics

Engineering|

* BHEL

Metals|

* SAIL

Navratna|

| Defence|

* Bharat Electronics

|

Energy & metals|

* National Aluminium Company
* National Mineral Development Corporation
* Neyveli Lignite Corporation
* Oil India
* Rashtriya Ispat Nigam

EPC|

* Engineers India
* National Buildings Construction Corporation

Logistics|

* Container Corporation of India
* Shipping Corporation of India

Telecommunications|

* Mahanagar Telephone Nigam

Miniratna-I|

| Energy, metals
& mining|

* Bharat Coking Coal
* Balmer Lawrie
* Central Coalfields
* Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
* Chennai Petroleum Corporation
* Hindustan Copper
* Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
* Indian Rare Earths
* Kudremukh Iron Ore Company
* Mahanadi Coalfields
* MOIL
* Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemical
* Mineral Exploration Corporation
* National Hydroelectric Power Corporation
* Northern Coalfields
* North Eastern Electric Power Corporation
* Numaligarh Refinery
* ONGC Videsh
* SJVN
* South Eastern Coalfields
* THDC
* Western Coalfields

|

Defence & space|

* Antrix Corporation
* Bharat Dynamics
* Bharat Earth Movers
* Cochin Shipyard
* Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
* Goa Shipyard
* Mazagon Dock
* Mishra Dhatu Nigam
* Pawan Hans

Media & telecom|

* Bharat Sanchar Nigam
* Hindustan Newsprint
* Hindustan Paper Corporation
* Railtel
* Telecommunications Consultants India

Logistics & transport|

* Airports Authority of India
* Central Warehousing Corporation

EPC & infrastructure|

* Bridge & Roof Company
* HUDCO
* Ircon International
* Kamarajar Port
* National Projects Construction Corporation
* Projects and Development India
* Rail Vikas Nigam
* RITES
* WAPCOS

Trading|

* Cotton Corporation of India
* India Trade Promotion Organisation
* Metals and Minerals Trading Corporation of India
* MSTC

Tourism & hospitality|

* HSCC (India)
* India Tourism Development Corporation
* IRCTC

Agriculture|

* National Fertilizers
* National Seed Corporation
* Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers

Other|

* Educational Consultants India
* HLL Lifecare
* Indian Railway Finance Corporation
* National Small Industries Corporation
* Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India

Miniratna-II|

* Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
* Bharat Pumps & Compressorsl
* Broadcast Engineering Consultants India
* Central Railside Warehouse Company
* Engineering Projects (India) Limited
* FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals (India)
* Ferro Scrap Nigam
* HMT Limited
* Indian Medicines and Pharmaceuticals Corporation
* MECON
* National Film Development Corporation of India
* Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments

Finance|

| Banks|

* Bank of Baroda
* Bank of India
* Bank of Maharashtra
* Canara Bank
* Central Bank of India
* Indian Bank
* Indian Overseas Bank
* Punjab & Sind Bank
* Punjab National Bank
* State Bank of India
* UCO Bank
* Union Bank of India

|

Insurance|

| Agriculture|

* Agriculture Insurance Company of India

|

General|

* National Insurance Company
* New India Assurance
* Oriental Insurance
* United India Insurance Company

Life|

* Life Insurance Corporation of India

Health|

* Employees' State Insurance

Reinsurance|

* GIC Re

State govt.
enterprises|

* Kerala
* Tamil Nadu
* Jammu & Kashmir Bank

Other|

* Advanced Weapons and Equipment India
* Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited
* BHAVINI
* Cement Corporation of India
* Dredging Corporation of India
* Electronics Corporation of India
* Food Corporation of India
* Gliders India Limited
* Hindustan Shipyard
* India Optel Limited
* Munitions India Limited
* Nuclear Power Corporation of India
* Troop Comforts Limited
* Uranium Corporation of India
* Yantra India Limited

l - liquidated
Information updated as of January, 2020 by Department of Public Enterprises • See also Public sector banks in India

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State-owned enterprises of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

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