Puerto Rican Independence Party

Political party

Puerto Rican Independence Party

Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño

President| Rubén Berríos Martínez
Secretary-General| Juan Dalmau Ramírez
Adrián González Costa
Vice-president| María de Lourdes Santiago Negrón
Executive President| Fernando Martín García
Representative| Denis Márquez Lebrón
Founded| October 27, 1946; 78 years ago (1946-10-27)[1]
Split from| Popular Democratic Party
Headquarters| San Juan, Puerto Rico
Youth wing| Juventud PIP
Overseas wing| Diáspora PIP
Ideology| Progressivism
Social democracy
Democratic socialism[2][3]
Puerto Rican independence[4]
Political position| Centre-left
National affiliation| Alianza de País
Regional affiliation| COPPPAL
International affiliation| Socialist International
Colors| Green & White
Seats in the Senate|

2 / 27

Seats in the House of Representatives|

3 / 51

Municipalities|

0 / 78

Party flag
Website
patrianuevapr

* Politics of Puerto Rico
* Political parties
* Elections

The Puerto Rican Independence Party (Spanish: Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño, PIP) is a social-democratic[2][3] political party in Puerto Rico that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.[5]

Those who follow the PIP ideology are usually called independentistas, pipiolos or pro-independence activists.[6]

## History

[edit]

Main article: Independence movement in Puerto Rico

The party began as the electoral wing of the Puerto Rican independence movement. It is the largest of the independence parties, and the only one that is on the ballot during elections (other candidates must be added in by hand). In 1948, two years after being founded, the PIP gathered 10.2% of the votes in the island. In 1952, two years after an armed uprising of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, it obtained 19% of the votes, its highest electoral support ever, which made it the second electoral party on the island for a moment. In 1956 it took 12.4% of the votes; in 1960 3.1%; in 1964, 4%; in 1968, 3.5%; in 1972, 5.4%; in 1976, 5.7%; in 1980, 5.4%; in 1984, 3.6%, and in 1988, 5.5%.[7] In 2004 it obtained 2.7% of the votes, and in 2008 it took 2%.[8][9]

### Foundation

[edit]

The party was founded on 27 October 1946,[1] by Gilberto Concepción de Gracia (1909–1968), his colleague Fernando Milán Suárez and Antonio J. González.[10] They felt the independence movement had been betrayed by the Popular Democratic Party, whose ultimate goal had originally been independence.

### FBI surveillance of the party

[edit]

Former FBI Director Louis Freeh admitted 2003 in a congressional budget hearing that the FBI had engaged in suppression of Puerto Rican independence groups from the 1930s to the 1990s, including surveillance of the Puerto Rican Independence Party.[11][12] The actions undertaken by the FBI have been described as "egregious illegal action, maybe criminal action."[13]

After Freeh's public admission, The New York Times reported the following details about actions against the Puerto Rican Independence Party:

> They include a 1961 directive from Mr. Hoover to seek information on 12 independence movement leaders, six of them operating in New York, "concerning their weaknesses, morals, criminal records, spouses, children, family life, educational qualifications and personal activities other than independence activities." The instructions were given under the domestic surveillance program known as COINTELPRO, which aimed at aggressively monitoring antiwar, leftist and other groups in the United States and disrupting them.

> In the case of Puerto Rican independence groups, J. Edgar Hoover's 1961 memo refers to 'our efforts to disrupt their activities and compromise their effectiveness.'[14] Scholars say the papers provide invaluable additions to the recorded history of Puerto Rico. "I expect that this will alter somewhat the analysis of why independence hasn't made it,' said Félix V. Matos Rodríguez, director of the center at Hunter. 'In the 1940s, independence was the second-largest political movement in the island, (after support for commonwealth status), and a real alternative. But it was criminalized.'

> The existence of the FBI papers came to light during a US House of Representatives Appropriations Subcommittee hearing in 2000, when Representative José E. Serrano of New York questioned Louis J. Freeh, then FBI director, on the issue. Freeh gave the first public acknowledgment of the federal government's Puerto Rican surveillance and offered a mea culpa.

> 'Your question goes back to a period, particularly in the 1960s, when the F.B.I. did operate a program that did tremendous destruction to many people, to the country and certainly to the F.B.I.,' Freeh said, according to transcripts of the hearing. Freeh said that he would make the files available 'and see if we can redress some of the egregious illegal action, maybe criminal action, that occurred in the past'.".[15]

The FBI's surveillance of persons and organizations advocating Puerto Rico's independence, was not only recognized by the FBI's top leadership,[11] but was also detailed in 1.8 million documents, a fraction of which were released in 2000.[16][12]

The political repression of the party and the independence movement at large by the U.S. Federal Government between the years 1930 and 1975, coupled with an absorption of some cultural-nationalist ideology by the populares in the years thereafter have been identified as major reasons for the electoral decline of the party leading to its loss of official status in 2008.[17]

### 1970s

[edit]

In 1971, the PIP gubernatorial candidate, Rubén Berríos led a protest against the US Navy in Culebra.[18][19] During the 1972 elections, the PIP showed the largest growth in its history while running a democratic socialist, pro-worker, pro-poor campaign. One year later, during a delegate assembly, Rubén Berríos declared that the party was not presenting a Marxist–Leninist platform and took the matter to the PIP's assembly which voted in favor of the party's current stance in favor of social democracy.[citation needed] The Marxist–Leninist faction, called the "terceristas", split into several groups. The biggest of them went into the Popular Socialist Movement, while the rest went into the Puerto Rican Socialist Party.

### 1990s

[edit]

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In 1999, PIP leaders, especially Rubén Berríos, became involved in the Navy-Vieques protests started by many citizens of Vieques against the presence of the US military in the island-municipality (see also: Cause of Vieques).[20]

### 2008 election

[edit]

During the 2008 elections, the PIP lost official recognition for the second time, obtaining 2.04% of the gubernatorial vote. Loss of recognition was official on 2 January 2009. The minimum vote percentage to keep official recognition is 3.0% as per the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico law. The party also lost both of its seats in the legislature, where they had had one seat in each house.

In May 2009, the party submitted more than 100,000 signed petitions to the Puerto Rico's elections commission and regained legal status.[21]

### 2012 election

[edit]

During the 2012 elections, the PIP lost official recognition for the third time, obtaining 2.5% of the gubernatorial vote. Loss of recognition became official on 2 January 2013. The minimum vote percentage to keep official recognition is 3.0% as per the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico law.[22]

### 2016 election

[edit]

For the 2016 election, Senator María de Lourdes Santiago was the party's nominee. She obtained 33,452 votes and came in fifth place, with 2.1% of the vote. Some of the senator's main policies for the election are outlined below.[23]

* Increase the basic teacher's salary to $3,000 per month.[24]
* Universal healthcare through the National Health Plan.[25]
* Merge the House of Representatives and the Senate into one unicameral chamber, whereby the members are elected by proportional representation.[26]
* Change the status of Puerto Rico to that of a Freely Associated State.[27]

### 2020 election

[edit]

For the 2020 election, Juan Dalmau was the party's nominee. He obtained 175,402 votes and came in fourth place, with a historic 13.58% of the vote, the second-best electoral performance in PIP history. With the Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana (Citizens' Victory Movement) obtaining 179,265 votes and coming in third place with 13.95% of the vote, this has been the largest share of the Puerto Rican vote (27.53%) ever gained by left-wing parties in Puerto Rico.

### 2024 election

[edit]

Juan Dalmau is on the list of candidates for the general elections of November 5, 2024.[28] PIP formed an alliance with Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana called Alianza de País.

The Puerto Rican Independence Party also filed a petition before the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico against the holding of the non-binding referendum on the status of Puerto Rico. The Supreme Court of Puerto Rico accepted this petition on July 16. The Supreme Court's resolution, gives a "non-extendable deadline" of 15 days to the requesting party to present its argument. After this deadline, the defendant will have 15 days to present its arguments.[29] On August 22, 2024, the Puerto Rico Supreme Court dismissed the petition, allowing for the referendum to proceed on November 5, 2024.[30][31]

## International support

[edit]

External audio

[1] You may watch and listen to a Puerto Rican Independence Party political campaign ad featuring Ruben Berrios and the voice of José Feliciano in an interpretation of Antonio Caban Vales' "Verde Luz'" here.]

The PIP cause receives moral support from international organizations. Examples of these are the Socialist International (the largest organization of political parties in the world), including fifteen political parties which are in power in Latin America. The government of Cuba also supports it, as well as the ex-president of Panama, Martín Torrijos, and a wide group of world-recognized writers and artists.[32][33]

On 26 January 2007, the Nobel Prize laureate Gabriel García Márquez joined other figures such as Mario Benedetti, Ernesto Sábato, Thiago de Mello, Eduardo Galeano, Carlos Monsiváis, Pablo Armando Fernández, Jorge Enrique Adoum, Pablo Milanés, Luis Rafael Sánchez, Mayra Montero and Ana Lydia Vega, in supporting independence for Puerto Rico and joining the Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence, which approved a resolution favoring the island's right to assert its independence, as ratified unanimously by political parties hailing from 22 countries in November 2006. García Márquez's push for the recognition of Puerto Rico's independence was obtained at the behest of the Puerto Rican Independence Party. His pledge for support to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement was part of a wider effort that emerged from the Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence.

On 18 June 2021 the United Nations associated Special Committee on Decolonization published a draft resolution calling on the United States to facilitate a process that enables the people of Puerto Rico to exercise their right to self-determination and independence.[34] Juan Dalmau spoke before the committee to represent the party stating that the colonial experience of the United States in Puerto Rico had failed and its harmful consequences were still visible.[34]

The Puerto Rican Independence Party has an overseas wing in the USA called Diáspora PIP, it is based in New York, Miami, Chicago, New Jersey, San Francisco, Portland, Connecticut and Seattle.

## Party platform and ideology

[edit]

### PIP anti-war mobilization and protests

[edit]

As reported in numerous media, the PIP's leadership and active members participated in anti-war protests and mobilization to resist the Iraq War and oppose the U.S. government's efforts to encourage Puerto Ricans to enlist in the U.S. Armed Forces. The Washington Post wrote in August 2007 that "on this island with a long tradition of military service, pro-independence advocates are tapping the territory's growing anti-Iraq war sentiment to revitalize their cause. As a result, 57 percent of Puerto Rico's 10th-, 11th- and 12th-graders, or their parents, have signed forms over the past year withholding contact information from the Pentagon. ... For five years, PIP has issued opt-out forms to about 120,000 students in Puerto Rico and encouraged them to sign—and independista activists expect this year to mark their most successful effort yet."[35] The article also quoted Juan Dalmau, then-secretary general of the Puerto Rican Independence Party as saying: "if the death of a Puerto Rican soldier is tragic, it's more tragic if that soldier has no say in that war [with Iraq]" and that he did not want the children of Puerto Rico to become "colonial cannon meat."

Another article in The Progressive also reported on PIP's anti-war activity. It was written three years earlier, in 2004, but it still noted that "some groups like the Puerto Rico Bar Association and the Independence Party have registered strong protests against the deployments. In an attempt to draw attention to Puerto Ricans' lack of elected representatives, even the usually pro-U.S. statehood party has raised concerns about the disproportionate body count suffered by islanders."[36] Two years later, it was reported that PIP, along with hundreds of other supporters of Puerto Rican independence "blocked the entrance to the U.S. Federal Courthouse here on Feb. 20 to denounce recent FBI raids against the homes and workplaces of ... supporters of Puerto Rican independence ... and the growing repression by the FBI against the independence movement in general." This demonstration reportedly marked the beginning of PIP "campaign to get the FBI out of Puerto Rico."[37]

### PIP stance on Puerto Rico's economic crisis and taxation system

[edit]

During the 2005–2007 Puerto Rico economic crisis, the Puerto Rican Independence Party submitted various bills that would have taxed corporations making $1 million or more in annual net profits an extra ten percent above the average tax rate these corporations pay, which hovers around 5%.[38] The PNP and the PPD parties amended the bill, taxing the corporations the traditional lower rate.[38] Despite objections presented by the PIP, the PNP and PPD also allowed the companies to claim the additional tax as a credit on next year's bill, making the "tax", in effect, a one-year loan. Puerto Rico has been said "There is no place in the territorial limits of the United States that provides such an advantageous base for exporters. " Because of this, many US companies moved their headquarters and manufacturing facilities there. This is why the PNP and PPD believed the tax increase would exacerbate the problems[38][39]

### Disfranchisement due to residence in Puerto Rico

[edit]

United States citizens residing in the U.S. commonwealth of Puerto Rico do not hold the right to vote in U.S. presidential elections. Although Puerto Rico residents elect a Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives, that official may not participate in votes determining the final passage of legislation. Furthermore, Puerto Rico holds no representation of any kind in the United States Senate.

Both the Puerto Rican Independence Party and the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico officially oppose the island's political status quo and consider Puerto Rico's lack of federal representation to be disfranchisement. The remaining political organization, the Popular Democratic Party, is less active in its opposition of this case of disfranchisement but has officially stated that it favors fixing the remaining "deficits of democracy" that the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations have publicly recognized in writing through Presidential Task Force Reports.

## Party symbol

[edit]

The PIP's symbol is a Scandinavian white cross on a green flag; because of this and its commitment to protecting the environment and promoting sustainable development, it is identified as the green party by both the voting public and ballots[citation needed].

The flag's green color stands for the hope of becoming free, and the white cross stands for the sacrifice and commitment of the party with democracy.[citation needed] The flag's design is based on the first national flag ever flown by Puerto Ricans, which is also the current flag of the municipality of Lares, location where the first relatively successful attempt of revolutionary insurgency in Puerto Rico, called Grito de Lares, took place on 23 September 1868. The Lares flag is, on the other hand, similar to that of the Dominican Republic, since the Grito's mastermind, Ramón Emeterio Betances, not only admired the Dominican pro-independence struggle, but was also half-Dominican himself. The party's flag is based on the Nordic Cross flag design (specifically, the proportions used on the Swedish flag). Nordic Cross flags, or Latin cross flags, are a common design in Scandinavia and other parts of the world, and in theory, the PIP's emblem belongs to this family of flags.

## Electoral performance

[edit]

### Governor of Puerto Rico (Gobernador de Puerto Rico)

[edit]

Year  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | +/-  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1948 | Francisco Susoni | 65,351  |

10.20 / 100

|  10.20%  | 3rd
1952 | Francisco Milán | 126,228  |

18.98 / 100

|  8.68%  | 2nd
1956 | Francisco Susoni | 86,636  |

12.35 / 100

|  6.63%  | 3rd
1960 | Julio García Diaz | 24,211  |

3.07 / 100

|  9.28%  | 4th
1964 | Gilberto Concepción de Gracia | 23,340  |

2.81 / 100

|  0.26%  | 4th
1968 | Antonio J. González | 32,166  |

3.50 / 100

|  0.69%  | 4th
1972 | Noel Colón Martínez | 69,654  |

5.36 / 100

|  1.86%  | 3rd
1976 | Rubén Berríos | 83,037  |

5.67 / 100

|  0.31%  | 3rd
1980 | Rubén Berríos | 87,272  |

5.42 / 100

|  0.25%  | 3rd
1984 | Fernando Martín García | 61,312  |

3.52 / 100

|  1.90%  | 4th
1988 | Rubén Berríos | 99,206  |

5.47 / 100

|  1.95%  | 3rd
1992 | Fernando Martín García | 79,219  |

4.21 / 100

|  1.26%  | 3rd
1996 | David Noriega Rodríguez | 73,305  |

3.73 / 100

|  0.48%  | 3rd
2000 | Rubén Berríos | 104,705  |

5.23 / 100

|  1.50%  | 3rd
2004 | Rubén Berríos | 54.551  |

2.74 / 100

|  2.49%  | 3rd
2008 | Edwin Irizarry Mora | 39,590  |

2.04 / 100

|  0.70%  | 4th
2012 | Juan Dalmau Ramírez | 46,998  |

2.52 / 100

|  0.50%  | 3rd
2016 | María de Lourdes Santiago | 33,729  |

2.31 / 100

|  0.21%  | 5th
2020 | Juan Dalmau Ramírez | 175,402  |

13.58 / 100

|  11.27%  | 4th
2024 | Juan Dalmau Ramírez | 364,145  |

32.78 / 100

|  19.2%  | 2nd

### Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico (Comisionado Residente de Puerto Rico)

[edit]

Year  | Candidate  | Votes  | %  | +/-  | Result

|
|
|
|
|

1980 | Marta Font de Calero | 83,911  |

5.30 / 100

|  5.30%  | 3rd
1984 | Francisco Catalá Oliveras | 64,001  |

3.80 / 100

|  1.30%  | 3rd
1988 | Luis Pío Sánchez Longo | 79,557  |

4.50 / 100

|  0.70%  | 3rd
1992 | Victor García San Inocencio | 63,472  |

3.40 / 100

|  1.10%  | 3rd
1996 | Manuel Rodríguez Orellana | 68,828  |

3.50 / 100

|  0.10%  | 3rd
2000 | Manuel Rodríguez Orellana | 95,067  |

4.80 / 100

|  1.30%  | 3rd
2004 | Edwin Irizarry Mora | 56,589  |

2.90 / 100

|  1.90%  | 3rd
2008 | Jessica Martinez Birriel | 37,865  |

2.00 / 100

|  0.90%  | 4th
2012 | Juan Mercado Nieves | 38,941  |

2.10 / 100

|  0.10%  | 3rd
2016 | Hugo Rodríguez | 39,395  |

2.70 / 100

|  0.60%  | 5th
2020 | Luis Roberto Piñero | 78,503  |

6.30 / 100

|  3.60%  | 5th
2024 | Roberto Karlo Velázquez Correa | 55,383  |

5.22 / 100

|  1.08%  | 4th

### Legislative elections

[edit]

House of Representatives of Puerto Rico
(Cámara de Representantes de Puerto Rico)  Year  | District votes  | %  | At-large votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–

|
|
|
|
|
|

1992 | 83.850  | 4.6  | 262,235  | 14.1  |

1 / 51

|  -1
1996 | 88,790  | 4.6  | 140,964  | 7.5  |

1 / 51

|  0
2000 | 112,592  | 5.8  | 224,765  | 11.6  |

1 / 51

|  0
2004 | 77,289  | 4.0  | 186,197  | 9.7  |

1 / 51

|  0
2008 | 40,269  | 2.1  | 93,816  | 5.0  |

0 / 51

|  -1
2012 | 48,606  | 2.7  | 86,716  | 4.8  |

0 / 51

|  0
2016 | 71,442  | 4.8  | 121,066  | 8.3  |

1 / 51

|  1
2020 | 102,266  | 8.7  | 127,577  | 10.6  |

1 / 51

|  0
2024 | 112,652  | 9.7  |  |  |

1 / 51

|  0
Senate of Puerto Rico
(Senado de Puerto Rico)  Year  | District votes  | %  | At-large votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–

|
|
|
|
|
|

1992 | 162.215  | 4.2  | 209,009  | 11.3  |

1 / 29

|  0
1996 | 175.500  | 4.6  | 160,005  | 8.5  |

1 / 28

|  0
2000 | 221,411  | 5.8  | 217,390  | 11.3  |

1 / 28

|  0
2004 | 160,632  | 4.2  | 178,541  | 9.4  |

1 / 27

|  0
2008 | 80,920  | 2.2  | 90,171  | 4.8  |

0 / 27

|  -1
2012 | 97,626  | 2.7  | 138,167  | 7.7  |

1 / 27

|  1
2016 | 150,904  | 5.3  | 130,583  | 8.9  |

1 / 30

|  0
2020 | 205,137  | 9.0  | 136,679  | 11.3  |

1 / 27

|  0
2024 | 198,570  | 8.9  | 178,575  | 15.0  |

1 / 51

|  0

## Important party leaders

[edit]

* Rubén Berríos – President, former Senator and Honorary President of the Socialist International (SI)
* Manuel Rodríguez Orellana – Secretary of Relations with North America
* Fernando Martín – Executive President, former Senator
* María de Lourdes Santiago Negrón – Vice-president, Senator
* Juan Dalmau Ramírez – Secretary General & Electoral Commissioner
* Edwin Irizarry Mora – Secretary of Economic Affairs
* Adrián González Costa – Secretary of Organization
* Roberto Iván Aponte – Secretary of Municipal Organization
* Luis Roberto Piñero – President of the Pro-Independence Advocates' Campaign in favor of unifying both Houses of the Legislature into a single, unicameral Parliament
* Víctor García San Inocencio – Former Representative
* Jorge Fernández Porto – Adviser on Environmental Sciences and Public Policy Affairs
* Jessica Martínez – Member of Pro-Independence Advocates' Campaign in Favor of a single, unicameral Parliament
* Gilberto Concepción de Gracia – Founding President and respected Latin American Leader

## See also

[edit]

* Puerto Rico portal
* Politics portal

* Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
* List of political parties in Puerto Rico
* Puerto Rican Socialist Party
* Cause of Vieques
* Cerro Maravilla murders
* Navy-Culebra protests
* Navy-Vieques protests
* Politics of Puerto Rico
* Socialist International

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Reece B. Botwell. Origenes y Desarrollo de los Partidos Politicos de Puerto Rico: 1869-1980. Editorial Edil, Inc. Puerto Rico. 1987. page 186. ISBN 84-398-8538-2 `{{isbn}}`: ignored ISBN errors (link)
2. ^ a b Lester McGrath-Andino (2005). "Intifada: Church–State Conflict in Vieques, Puerto Rico". In Gastón Espinosa; Virgilio P. Elizondo; Jesse Miranda (eds.). Latino Religions and Civic Activism in the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 266\. ISBN 978-0-19-516228-8.
3. ^ a b Alfredo Lopez (1987). Dona Licha's Island: Modern Colonialism in Puerto Rico. South End Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-89608-257-1.
4. ^ National Performances: The Politics of Class, Race, and Space in Puerto Rican Chicago. Ana Y. Ramos-Zayas. University of Chicago Press. 2003. Pages 21-22. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
5. ^ Berrios-Martinez, Ruben; "Puerto rico—Lithuania in Reverse?"; The Washington Post, Pg. A23; 23 May 1990.
6. ^ Wallace, Carol J.; "Translating Laughter: Humor as a Special Challenge in Translating the Stories of Ana Lydia Vega"; The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association (MLA), Vol. 35, No. 2, Translating in and across Cultures (Autumn, 2002), pp. 75-87
7. ^ Santana, M.C. (2000). Puerto Rican Newspaper Coverage of the Puerto Rican Independence Party: A Content Analysis of Three Elections. A Garland series. Garland Pub. p. 49\. ISBN 978-0-8153-3520-7. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
8. ^ "EVENTOS ELECTORALES" (in Spanish). Comisión estatal de elecciones de Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
9. ^ Álvarez-Rivera, Manuel. "Elections in Puerto Rico". Retrieved 2 October 2022.
10. ^ "Ciales Municipality - Municipalities - EnciclopediaPR".
11. ^ a b "El Diario/LA PRENSA OnLine". Archived from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
12. ^ a b "pr-secretfiles.net". Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
13. ^ America's Colony By Pedro A. Malavet, page 95 Accessed 14 July 2009.
14. ^ Fernandez, Ronald (1 January 1996). The Disenchanted Island: Puerto Rico and the United States in the Twentieth Century. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 213\. ISBN 9780275952266.
15. ^ "Decades of FBI Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups by Mireya Navarro". Retrieved 25 April 2016.
16. ^ "pr-secretfiles.net". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
17. ^ Duchesne-Winter, Juan (8 May 2008). "National Identity Politics in Puerto Rico: Beyond the Binational Colonial State". revista.drclas.harvard.edu. David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
18. ^ The New York Times, "Protesters on Culebra Scuffle With Marines"; pg. 13, 19 January 1971. At that time, he was found guilty of trespassing federal lands and incarcerated for three months at Fox River State Penitentiary (see also: Navy-Culebra protests).
19. ^ Berrios Martinez, Ruben; "From a Puerto Rican Prison"; The New York Times, pg. 47, 28 April 1971.
20. ^ "Dozens of Puerto Rican Protesters Arrested". ABC News.
21. ^ "Puerto Rican Independence Party Regains Legal Status". Latin American Herald Tribune. c. 2009. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
22. ^ "El Vocero de Puerto Rico". Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
23. ^ Politica de Educacion: María de Lourdes Santiago presenta su propuesta educativa. Inter News Services. Univision de Puerto Rico. 27 July 2016. Accesses 28 March 2018.
24. ^ Univision. "María de Lourdes Santiago presenta su propuesta educativa". Univision.
25. ^ "MARÍA DE LOURDES SANTIAGO PRESENTA SU PROPUESTA AMBIENTAL". Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño ... por la independencia de Puerto Rico.
26. ^ "Reforma Gubernamental". Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño ... por la independencia de Puerto Rico.
27. ^ Día, El Nuevo. "Perfil de senador María de Lourdes Santiago Negrón". Puerto Rico Decide 2016 - ENData.
28. ^ "Juan Dalmau Ramírez". www.ballotpedia.org. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
29. ^ "Tribunal Supremo atenderá demanda del PIP contra el plebiscito criollo convocado por Pedro Pierluisi". www.elnuevodia.com (in Spanish). 18 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
30. ^ "Supremo le dice que no a petición del PIP para detener impresión de papeletas". Metro.pr (in Spanish). 27 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
31. ^ "Tribunal Supremo desestima demanda del PIP para invalidar el plebiscito criollo". El Nuevo Dia (in Spanish). 28 August 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
32. ^ "Panama requests Latin America to support Puerto Rican independence"; Dominican Today; 19 November 2006
33. ^ "Prominentes figuras de América Latina apoyan la independencia de Puerto Rico - Escritores y artistas declaran su adhesión a la Proclama de Panamá" www.independencia.net/topicos/panama/cpi_panama_nov06.html
34. ^ a b "Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States to Promote Puerto Rico's Self-Determination, Eventual Independence". Special Committee on Decolonization. United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
35. ^ "Recruiting For Iraq War Undercut in Puerto Rico". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
36. ^ "Puerto Rican involvement in Iraq comes with no representation". The Progressive. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
37. ^ "Puerto Rican Independence Party protests FBI attacks on activists and the". 22 February 2006. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
38. ^ a b c Cruz, José A.; "Puerto Rico's crisis highlights its colonial status"; People's Weekly World. (National Edition). New York: 17 Jun – 23 Jun 2006. Vol. 21, Iss. 3; pg. 7.
39. ^ "— Offshore Manual - We walk the walk, and talk the talk! --". Retrieved 25 April 2016.

* Puerto Rican Independence Party (1998). Retrieved 6 January 2004 from www.independencia.net/ingles/welcome.html

## External links

[edit]

* Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence
* Bill promoting Sr. Fernando Milan, hijo, for governor of Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rican Independence Party
* Official website of the Puerto Rican Independence Party

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Political parties in Puerto Rico

Local parties|

* Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana
* New Progressive Party
* Popular Democratic Party
* Proyecto Dignidad
* Puerto Rican Independence Party

National affiliations|

* Democratic Party
* Republican Party

Other parties|

* Communist Party
* Hostosian National Independence Movement
* Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
* Socialist Front
* Socialist Workers Movement
* Movimiento Unión Soberanista

Defunct parties|

* Autonomist Party
* Federal Party
* Labor Party
* Liberal Party
* Liberal Reformist Party
* Movimiento Unión Soberanista
* Partido Acción Cristiana
* Partido del Pueblo Trabajador
* Partido Estadista Puertorriqueño
* Partido Estadista Republicano
* Partido Liberal Neto, Auténtico y Completo
* Partido Reformista Puertorriqueño
* Partido Republicano Puertorriqueño
* Partido Republicano Puro
* Partido Unión Republicana Progresista
* People's Party
* Puerto Rican Communist Party
* Puerto Rican Renewal Party
* Puerto Rican Socialist Party
* Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party
* Republican Union
* Socialist Party
* Unconditional Spanish Party
* Unificación Puertorriqueña Tripartita
* Union of Puerto Rico
* Working People's Party

Coalitions|

* Alianza de País
* Alianza Puertorriqueña
* Coalición

Other political organizations|

* Independence Association of Puerto Rico
* Popular Socialist Movement

See also|

* Political party strength in Puerto Rico
* Politics of Puerto Rico

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State and local political parties in the United States

State and local political parties without a federal or national parent body

State parties|

| Alaska|

* Alaskan Independence Party
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California|

* American Independent Party
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Colorado|

* Approval Voting Party
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Florida|

* Ecology Party of Florida
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Michigan|

* Natural Law Party of Michigan
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New Jersey|

* Moderate Party
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New York|

* Conservative Party of New York State
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Oregon|

* Independent Party of Oregon
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Rhode Island|

* Green Party of Rhode Island
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South Carolina|

* South Carolina Workers Party
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Vermont|

* Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party
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Utah|

* Independent American Party
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Other states|

* Independent Party of Delaware
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Local parties|

* Charter Committee (Cincinnati, Ohio)
* Progressive Dane (Dane County, Madison, Wisconsin)
* Richmond Progressive Alliance (Richmond, California)

Territorial parties|

| Puerto Rico|

* Movimiento Unión Soberanista (Sovereign Union Movement)
* Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana (Citizen's Victory Movement)
* New Progressive Party
* Popular Democratic Party
* Proyecto Dignidad (Project Dignity)
* Puerto Rican Independence Party
* Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
* Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party

|

U.S. Virgin Islands|

* Independent Citizens Movement

National political parties in the United States

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Independence movement in Puerto Rico

Indigenous resistance|

* Agüeybaná I
* Agüeybaná II
* Arasibo
* Hayuya
* Jumacao
* Urayoán

Political organizations|

* Union Party of Puerto Rico
* Independence Association of Puerto Rico
* Liberal Party of Puerto Rico
* Puerto Rican Independence Party
* Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
* Hostosian National Independence Movement
* Socialist Front
* Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation
* Young Lords

Militant organizations|

* Cadets of the Republic
* Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros)
* Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional

19th century activists|

* Ramón Emeterio Betances
* Mariana Bracetti
* Mathias Brugman
* Roberto Cofresí
* María de las Mercedes Barbudo
* José de Diego
* Eugenio María de Hostos
* Francisco Gonzalo Marín
* Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón
* Antonio Mattei Lluberas
* Francisco Ramírez Medina
* José Gualberto Padilla
* Lola Rodríguez de Tió
* Manuel Rojas
* Juan Ríus Rivera
* Segundo Ruiz Belvis
* Arturo Alfonso Schomburg
* Antonio Valero de Bernabé
* Manuel Zeno Gandía
* Fernando Fernandez
* Agustín Stahl
* José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado
* Marcos Xiorro

20th and 21st century
activists|

* Antonio Rafael Barceló
* Félix Benítez Rexach
* Rubén Berríos
* Americo Boschetti
* Juan Mari Brás
* Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres
* Roy Brown
* Cayetano Coll y Cuchí
* Gilberto Concepción de Gracia
* Juan Dalmau
* Pedro Ortiz Dávila
* José M. Dávila Monsanto
* Elizam Escobar
* Leopoldo Figueroa
* Víctor Manuel Gerena
* Edwin Irizarry Mora
* Luis Lloréns Torres
* Oscar López Rivera
* Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
* Antonio S. Pedreira
* Pedro Pietri
* Miguel Poventud
* Ángel Rivero Méndez
* Manuel Rodríguez Orellana
* María de Lourdes Santiago
* Piri Thomas
* Alejandrina Torres
* Carlos Alberto Torres
* Iris Zavala

Puerto Rican
Nationalist Party|

* Pedro Albizu Campos
* José S. Alegría
* Margot Arce de Vázquez
* Elías Beauchamp
* Casimiro Berenguer
* Julia de Burgos
* Blanca Canales
* Nemesio Canales
* Rafael Cancel Miranda
* José Coll y Cuchí
* Oscar Collazo
* Rosa Collazo
* Juan Antonio Corretjer
* José Ferrer Canales
* Isabel Freire de Matos
* Carmelo Delgado Delgado
* Raimundo Díaz Pacheco
* Andres Figueroa Cordero
* Irvin Flores
* Lolita Lebrón
* Tomás López de Victoria
* Hugo Margenat
* René Marqués
* Francisco Matos Paoli
* Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila
* Ruth Mary Reynolds
* Germán Rieckehoff
* Helen Rodríguez Trías
* Hiram Rosado
* Isabel Rosado
* Isolina Rondón
* Vidal Santiago Díaz
* Daniel Santos
* Clemente Soto Vélez
* Griselio Torresola
* Antonio Vélez Alvarado
* Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff
* Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach
* Olga Viscal Garriga

Events|

* Ducoudray Holstein Expedition
* Grito de Lares
* Intentona de Yauco
* Levantamiento de Ciales
* Río Piedras massacre
* Ponce massacre
* Gag Law (Ley de la Mordaza)
* Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s
* Jayuya Uprising
* San Juan Nationalist revolt
* Utuado Uprising
* Truman assassination attempt
* U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)
* Cerro Maravilla murders
* Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence

Symbols|

* Grito de Lares flag
* La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío

Media|

* Claridad

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* 2

National|

* United States

Other|

* Yale LUX

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