Pulse (physics)

Small disturbance moving through a physical medium

This article is about physics. For other uses, see Pulse (disambiguation).

In physics, a pulse is a generic term describing a single disturbance that moves through a transmission medium. This medium may be vacuum (in the case of electromagnetic radiation) or matter, and may be indefinitely large or finite.

## Pulse reflection

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Consider a pulse moving through a medium - perhaps through a rope or a slinky. When the pulse reaches the end of that medium, what happens to it depends on whether the medium is fixed in space or free to move at its end. For example, if the pulse is moving through a rope and the end of the rope is held firmly by a person, then it is said that the pulse is approaching a fixed end. On the other hand, if the end of the rope is fixed to a stick such that it is free to move up or down along the stick when the pulse reaches its end, then it is said that the pulse is approaching a free end.

### Free end

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Figure 1: A pulse reaching the end of the medium, the end point is free. The successive positions of the pulse is drawn black, red, green, blue, black, red, green. The final green curve is the initial curve of figure 2. Figure 2: The reflection of the pulse. The successive positions of the pulse is drawn green, blue, black, red, green, blue. The initial green curve is the final curve of figure 1

A pulse will reflect off a free end and return with the same direction of displacement that it had before reflection. That is, a pulse with an upward displacement will reflect off the end and return with an upward displacement.

This is illustrated by figures 1 and 2 that were obtained by the numerical integration of the wave equation.

### Fixed end

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Figure 3: A pulse reaching the end of the medium, the end point is fixed. The successive positions of the pulse is drawn black, red, green, blue, black, red, green. The final green curve is the initial curve of figure 4. Figure 4: The reflection of the pulse. The successive positions of the pulse is drawn green, blue, black, red, green, blue. The initial green curve is the final curve of figure 3 Figure 5: Animation corresponding to figures 3 and 4.

A pulse will reflect off a fixed end and return with the opposite direction of displacement. In this case, the pulse is said to have inverted. That is, a pulse with an upward displacement will reflect off the end and return with a downward displacement.

This is illustrated by figures 3 and 4 that were obtained by the numerical integration of the wave equation. In addition it is illustrated in the animation of figure 5.

### Crossing media

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When there exists a pulse in a medium that is connected to another less heavy or less dense medium, the pulse will reflect as if it were approaching a free end (no inversion). Contrarily, when a pulse is traveling through a medium connected to a heavier or denser medium, the pulse will reflect as if it were approaching a fixed end (inversion).

## Optical pulse

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### Dark pulse

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Dark pulses[1] are characterized by being formed from a localized reduction of intensity compared to a more intense continuous wave background. Scalar dark solitons (linearly polarized dark solitons) can be formed in all normal dispersion fiber lasers mode-locked by the nonlinear polarization rotation method and can be rather stable. Vector dark solitons[2][3] are much less stable due to the cross-interaction between the two polarization components. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate how the polarization state of these two polarization components evolves.

In 2008, the first dark pulse laser was reported in a quantum dot diode laser with a saturable absorber.[4]

In 2009, the dark pulse fiber laser was successfully achieved in an all-normal dispersion erbium-doped fiber laser with a polarizer in cavity. Experimentation has revealed that apart from the bright pulse emission, under appropriate conditions the fiber laser could also emit single or multiple dark pulses. Based on numerical simulations, the dark pulse formation in the laser is a result of dark soliton shaping.[5]

In 2022, the first free space dark pulse laser using a nonlinear crystal inside of a solid state laser demonstrated.[6]

## See also

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* Pulse (signal processing)
* Soliton

## References

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1. ^ Emplit, P.; Hamaide, J.P.; Reynaud, F.; Froehly, C.; Barthelemy, A. (1987). "Picosecond steps and dark pulses through nonlinear single mode fibers". Optics Communications. 62 (6). Elsevier BV: 374–379\. Bibcode:1987OptCo..62..374E. doi:10.1016/0030-4018(87)90003-4. ISSN 0030-4018.
2. ^ Kivshar, Yuri S.; Turitsyn, Sergei K. (1993-03-01). "Vector dark solitons". Optics Letters. 18 (5). The Optical Society: 337–9\. Bibcode:1993OptL...18..337K. doi:10.1364/ol.18.000337. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 19802128.
3. ^ Kivshar, Y (1998-05-01). "Dark optical solitons: physics and applications". Physics Reports. 298 (2–3). Elsevier BV: 81–197\. Bibcode:1998PhR...298...81K. doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(97)00073-2. ISSN 0370-1573.2–3&rft.pages=81-197&rft.date=1998-05-01&rft.issn=0370-1573&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/s0370-1573(97)00073-2&rft_id=info:bibcode/1998PhR...298...81K&rft.aulast=Kivshar&rft.aufirst=Y&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Pulse+(physics)" class="Z3988"> and references therein.
4. ^ Mingming Feng, Steven T. Cundiff, R. P. Mirin, and K. L. Silverman (2008). Dark Pulse Diode Laser. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. p. CThP1. Retrieved 2020-03-15.`{{cite conference}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ^ Zhang, H.; Tang, D. Y.; Zhao, L. M.; Wu, X. (2009-10-27). "Dark pulse emission of a fiber laser" (PDF). Physical Review A. 80 (4): 045803. arXiv:0910.5799. Bibcode:2009PhRvA..80d5803Z. doi:10.1103/physreva.80.045803. ISSN 1050-2947. S2CID 118581850. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
6. ^ Brunzell, M.; Widarsson, M.; Krook, C.; Barret, L.; Laurell, F.; Pasiskevicius, V. (2022-02-22). "Intra-cavity dark pulse generation through synchronized sum-frequency mixing". Optics Letters. 47 (5): 1105–1108\. Bibcode:2022OptL...47.1105B. doi:10.1364/OL.448148. PMID 35230302. S2CID 246548854. Retrieved 2022-03-03.