Pulse nightclub shooting

2016 mass shooting in Florida, U.S.

Pulse nightclub shooting

Part of mass shootings in the United States, violence against LGBT people in the United States, and Islamic terrorism in the United States

The scene of the shooting

Orlando

Orlando (Florida)

120m
131yds

Location| Pulse nightclub
1912 S. Orange Avenue
Orlando, Florida, U.S.
Coordinates| 28°31′10.5″N 81°22′36.5″W﻿ / ﻿28.519583°N 81.376806°W﻿ / 28.519583; -81.376806
Date| June 12, 2016; 9 years ago (2016-06-12)
02:02 a.m. – 05:14 a.m. EDT (UTC−04:00)
Target| Patrons of Pulse nightclub

Attack type

* Mass shooting
* mass murder
* hostage-taking
* domestic terrorism
* shootout

Weapons|

* SIG Sauer MCX semi-automatic rifle
* Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol

Deaths| 50 (including the perpetrator)
Injured| 58 (53 by gunfire)[1]
Perpetrator| Omar Mateen
Motive| Islamic extremism
Verdict| Perpetrator's wife

* Not guilty on both charges

Charges| Perpetrator's wife

* Aiding and abetting the commission of a terrorist act
* Obstruction of justice

On June 12, 2016, 29-year-old Omar Mateen shot and killed 49 people and wounded 53 more in a mass shooting at Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States. Pulse was hosting a "Latin Night", and most of the victims were of Latino descent.

In a 911 call made shortly after the shooting began, Mateen swore allegiance to the leader of the ISIS, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and said the U.S. killing of Abu Waheeb in Iraq the previous month "triggered" the shooting.[2] He later told a negotiator he was "out here right now" because of the American-led interventions in Iraq and in Syria and that the negotiator should tell the United States to stop the bombing. The incident was deemed a terrorist attack by FBI investigators.

Orlando Police officers fatally shot Mateen after a three-hour standoff. The shooting was the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States since the September 11 attacks, and the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.

## Shooting

[edit]

### First shots and hostage situation

[edit]

On June 11, 2016, Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was hosting "Latin Night," a weekly Saturday night event drawing a primarily Latino crowd.[3][4] RuPaul’s Drag Race contestant and drag queen Kenya Michaels is recorded to have been performing right as the shooting began (Michaels survived the shooting).[5] About 320 people were still inside the club, which was serving last call drinks at around 2:00 a.m. EDT on June 12.[6][7] At around the same time, Omar Mateen arrived at the club via rental van, parking it in the parking lot of a neighboring car shop.[1][8] He got out and walked toward the building armed with a SIG Sauer MCX[9] semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol.[10][11][12][13] He was wearing a green, blue, and white plaid dress shirt, a white T-shirt underneath, and tan cargo pants.[1] At 2:02 a.m., Mateen bypassed Officer Adam Gruler, a uniformed off-duty Orlando Police Department (OPD) officer working extra duty[14][15] as a security guard, entered the building through its southern entrance, and began shooting patrons.[1][6][7][16] Dozens were killed or severely injured inside the crowded nightclub, either directly or by ricochets.[1][17]

Gruler took cover and called in a signal for assistance. He told a post-incident Police Foundation assessment team that he had immediately recognized that his handgun would be severely disadvantaged against the rifle Mateen was using.[1] When he witnessed Mateen shooting two patrons attempting to escape through an emergency exit, Gruler fired shots at him.[1][16][18] In response, Mateen withdrew back into the nightclub and continued shooting victims as he traversed through the building, sometimes firing into bodies without checking whether they were already dead.[1] When additional officers arrived at the nightclub beginning at 2:04 a.m., Gruler shouted "[The gunman]'s in the patio!" and resumed firing at Mateen a minute later.[1][15][19] Two officers joined Gruler in engaging Mateen, who then retreated farther into the nightclub and "began a 'hostage situation'" in one of the bathrooms.[1][6][20][21] In less than five minutes, Mateen had fired approximately 200 rounds, pausing only to reload.[1]

During the shooting, some of the people trapped inside the club sought help by calling or sending text messages to friends and relatives. Initially, some of them thought the gunshots were firecrackers or part of the music.[22][23][24] Imran Yousuf, a recently discharged Marine Corps veteran working as a nightclub bouncer immediately recognized the sounds as gunfire, which he described as "high caliber," and jumped over a locked door behind which dozens of people were hidden and paralyzed by fear, then opened a latched door behind them, allowing approximately 70 people to escape.[25][26] Many described a scene of panic and confusion caused by the loud music and darkness. One person shielded herself by hiding inside a bathroom and covering herself with bodies. A bartender said she took cover beneath the glass bar. At least one patron tried to help those who were hit.[27] According to a man trapped inside a bathroom with fifteen other patrons, Mateen fired sixteen times into the bathroom, through the closed door, killing at least two and wounding several others.[28]

According to one of the hostages, Mateen entered a bathroom in the nightclub's northwest side and opened fire on the people hiding there, wounding several. The hostage, who had taken cover inside a stall with others, was injured by two bullets and struck with flying pieces of a wall hit by stray bullets. Shortly after entering the women's restroom, Mateen's rifle jammed. He then discarded the rifle and switched to his Glock 17 pistol.[29][30][31] Two survivors quoted Mateen as saying, "I don't have a problem with black people,"[32][33] and that he "wouldn't stop his assault until America stopped bombing his country."[34] Other survivors heard Mateen claim he had explosives as well as snipers stationed around the club.[35]

Patrons trapped inside called or texted 911 to warn of the possible presence of explosives.[36]

### Emergency response

[edit]

Over the next 45 minutes, about 100 officers from the OPD and the Orange County Sheriff's Office were dispatched to the scene.[21] Among the earliest first responders to arrive were a firefighter crew from Fire Station 5 and two supporting firefighter paramedics from Fire Station 7. Eighty fire and emergency medical services personnel from the Orlando Fire Department were deployed during the entire incident.[37]

At 2:09 a.m., several minutes after the gunfire began, the club posted on its Facebook page, "Everyone get out of pulse [sic] and keep running."[38] At 2:22 a.m., Mateen placed a 911 call, during which he mentioned the Boston Marathon bombers—Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev—as his "homeboys" and made a reference to Moner Mohammad Abu Salha, an American citizen who died in a suicide bombing in Syria in 2014.[21][39][40] Mateen said he was inspired by Abu Salha's death for the Al-Nusra Front targeting Syrian government troops (a mutual enemy of the two Salafist groups, despite their history of violence with each other), and swore allegiance[41] to IS leader al-Baghdadi.[42] The FBI said that Mateen and Abu Salha had attended the same mosque and knew each other "casually."[43] Mateen made two other 911 calls during the shooting.[40] Numerous 911 calls were made by the patrons inside the nightclub around this time.[44]

After the initial rounds of gunfire between Mateen and Gruler, six officers shot out a large glass window and followed the sound of shooting to the bathroom area. When Mateen stuck his head out from one of the bathrooms, at least two officers shot at him. After the gunfire stopped, they were ordered to hold position instead of storming the bathroom, according to one of the officers.[16][29][45] After about 15 to 20 minutes, SWAT arrived and had the officers withdraw as the officers were "not really in tactical gear." SWAT then took over the operation.[45] When asked why the officers did not proceed to the bathroom and engage Mateen, Orlando Police Chief John Mina said it was because Mateen "went from an active shooter to a barricaded gunman" and had hostages. He also noted, "If he had continued shooting, our officers would have went in there."[29] At that time, the last shot by Mateen was fired between 2:10 a.m. and 2:18 a.m.[46]

Rescues of people trapped inside the nightclub commenced and continued throughout the night. Because so many people were lying on the dance floor, one rescuing officer demanded, "If you're alive, raise your hand."[17] By 2:35 a.m., police had managed to extract nearly all of the injured from the nightclub. Those who remained included the hostages held by Mateen in the bathroom, as well as a dozen people who were hiding inside dressing rooms.[47]

### Phone calls and negotiations

[edit]

At 2:45 a.m., Mateen called News 13 of Orlando and said, "I'm the shooter. It's me. I am the shooter." He then said he was carrying out the shooting on the behalf of IS and began speaking rapidly in Arabic.[48][49] Mateen also said the shooting was "triggered" by a U.S.-led bombing strike in Iraq that killed Abu Waheeb, an IS military commander, on May 6.[50]

A crisis negotiator was present as Mateen was held up inside and holding hostages.[51][52] Officers initially believed he was armed with a "suspicious device" that posed a threat, but it was later revealed to be a battery that fell out of an exit sign or smoke detector.[53]

Police hostage negotiators spoke with Mateen by telephone three times between 2:48 a.m. and 3:27 a.m.[54] He claimed during one of the calls that he had bombs strapped to his body.[51][54] He also claimed that he "had a vehicle in the parking lot with enough explosives to take out city blocks."[17] At 3:58 a.m., the OPD publicly announced the shooting and confirmed multiple injuries.[21] At 4:21 a.m., eight of the hostages escaped after police had removed an air conditioning unit from an exterior wall.[21][54] At approximately 4:29 a.m., Mateen told negotiators that he planned to strap explosive vests, similar to those used in the November 2015 Paris attacks, to four hostages, strategically place them in different corners of the building, and detonate them in 15 minutes.[1][36][51] OPD officers then decided to end negotiations and prepared to blow their way in.[21][22][51]

At around 2:30 a.m., Mateen's wife—after receiving a call from her mother at approximately 2:00 a.m. asking where her husband was—sent a text message to Mateen asking where he was. Mateen texted back asking her if she had seen the news. After she replied, "No?," Mateen responded, "I love you, babe." According to one source, she texted him back at one point saying that she loved him. She also called him several times during the standoff, but he did not answer. She found out about what was happening at 4:00 a.m. after the police told her to come out of her house with her hands up.[55][56]

A survivor of the shooting recalled Mateen saying he wanted the United States to "stop bombing his country."[57][58] The FBI said Mateen "told a negotiator to tell America to stop bombing Syria and Iraq and that was why he was 'out here right now.'"[54] During the siege, Mateen made Internet searches on the shooting, while police dispatched a tactical robot to discreetly enter the restroom and allow them to communicate with hostages via two-way audio.[1]

### Rescue and resolution

[edit]

Orange County Sheriff's Office body-camera footage, showing police responding to the massacre. Pulse nightclub exterior, with holes made by the BearCat and bullet holes

The FBI reported that no shots were heard between the time Mateen stopped exchanging gunfire with the first responders and 5:02 a.m., when Orlando police began breaching the building's wall.[54] Just before the breach, Mateen entered a women's bathroom where the hostages were hiding and opened fire, killing a man who sacrificed his life to save the woman behind him and at least one other, according to witnesses.[29][30]

At 5:07 a.m., fourteen SWAT officers—after failing to blow open a big enough hole in the bathroom's exterior wall using a bomb due to the wall's structure[1]—successfully breached the building when a policeman drove a BearCat armored vehicle through a wall in the northern bathroom. They then used two flashbangs to distract Mateen, and shot at him.[16][38][47][59][60] The breach drew Mateen out into the hallway, and at 5:14 a.m., he engaged the officers. He was shot eight times and killed in the resulting shootout, which involved at least eleven officers who fired about 150 bullets.[47][59][61][62][63] He was reported "down" at 5:17 a.m.[59] His autopsy report revealed that he was not drunk during the shooting, and he was hit once in the head, three times in the torso, and four times in the legs.[64]

At 5:05 a.m., the police said a bomb squad had set off a controlled explosion.[21][65] At 5:53 a.m., the Orlando police posted on Twitter, "Pulse Shooting: The shooter inside the club is dead."[21] Thirty hostages were freed during the police operation.[16][66] The survivors were searched by police for guns and explosives.[36]

## Casualties

[edit]

Forty-nine people died in the incident, plus Mateen, and another 58 were injured, 53 by gunfire and five by other causes. Some survivors were critically injured.[1][17][67]

### Fatalities

[edit]

Thirty-nine, including Mateen, were pronounced dead at the scene, and eleven at local hospitals.[27][38] Of the thirty-eight victims to die at the scene, twenty died on the stage area and dance floor, nine in the nightclub's northern bathroom, four in the southern bathroom, three on the stage, one at the front lobby, and one out on a patio.[17][31] At least five of the dead were not killed during the initial volley of gunfire by Mateen, but during the hostage situation in the bathroom.[47]

Pulse was hosting a Latin Night; over 90% of the victims were of Hispanic background, and half of those were of Puerto Rican descent.[68][69] Four Dominican and three Mexican nationals were also among the dead.[70][71] An off-duty United States Army Reserve captain at the club who was not in uniform was also killed.[72][73]

The attack was the deadliest mass shooting by a single shooter in United States history, until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting[74][75][76][77][78] It is also the deadliest incident of violence against lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in the history of the United States—surpassing the 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack[79]—and the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States since the September 11 attacks in 2001.[27][80][81]

The names and ages of the victims killed were confirmed by the City of Orlando after their next of kin had been notified:[82][83]

* Stanley Almodovar III, 23
* Amanda Alvear, 25
* Oscar A. Aracena-Montero, 26
* Rodolfo Ayala-Ayala, 33
* Alejandro Barrios Martinez, 21
* Martin Benitez Torres, 33
* Antonio D. Brown, 30
* Darryl R. Burt II, 29
* Jonathan A. Camuy Vega, 24
* Angel L. Candelario-Padro, 28
* Simon A. Carrillo Fernandez, 31
* Juan Chavez-Martinez, 25
* Luis D. Conde, 39
* Cory J. Connell, 21
* Tevin E. Crosby, 25
* Franky J. Dejesus Velazquez, 50
* Deonka D. Drayton, 32
* Mercedez M. Flores, 26
* Peter O. Gonzalez-Cruz, 22
* Juan R. Guerrero, 22
* Paul T. Henry, 41
* Frank Hernandez, 27
* Miguel A. Honorato, 30
* Javier Jorge-Reyes, 40
* Jason B. Josaphat, 19
* Eddie J. Justice, 30
* Anthony L. Laureano Disla, 25
* Christopher A. Leinonen, 32
* Brenda L. Marquez McCool, 49
* Jean C. Mendez Perez, 35
* Akyra Monet Murray, 18
* Kimberly Morris, 37
* Jean C. Nieves Rodriguez, 27
* Luis O. Ocasio-Capo, 20
* Geraldo A. Ortiz-Jimenez, 25
* Eric Ivan Ortiz-Rivera, 36
* Joel Rayon Paniagua, 32
* Enrique L. Rios Jr., 25
* Juan P. Rivera Velazquez, 37
* Yilmary Rodriguez Solivan, 24
* Christopher J. Sanfeliz, 24
* Xavier Emmanuel Serrano Rosado, 35
* Gilberto Ramon Silva Menendez, 25
* Edward Sotomayor Jr., 34
* Shane E. Tomlinson, 33
* Leroy Valentin Fernandez, 25
* Luis S. Vielma, 22
* Luis Daniel Wilson-Leon, 37
* Jerald A. Wright, 31

Autopsies of the 49 dead were completed by the Orange County Medical Examiner's Office by June 14,[84] and their results were released in early August. According to the autopsy reports, many of the victims were shot multiple times in the front or side, and from a short distance. More than a third were shot in the head, and most had multiple bullet wounds and were likely shot more than 3 ft (0.91 m) away. In total, there were over 200 gunshot wounds.[85][86][87][88]

### Injuries

[edit]

Many of the injured underwent surgery.[89] Most of them—44 people—were taken to the Orlando Regional Medical Center (ORMC), the primary regional trauma center three blocks away; twelve others went to Florida Hospital Orlando.[84][90][91] Nine of ORMC's patients died there, and by June 14, 27 remained hospitalized, with six in critical condition.[92] ORMC performed 76 surgeries on 35 patients.[93] The last of the injured was discharged from ORMC on September 6, nearly three months after the shooting.[92]

Three Colombians and two Canadians were among the injured.[94][95] Additionally, a responding SWAT officer received a minor head injury when a bullet hit his Kevlar helmet.[96]

## Perpetrator

[edit]

Main article: Omar Mateen

Driver's license photo of Mateen

The gunman was identified as 29-year-old Omar Mateen,[97] an American born in New Hyde Park, New York.[98][99] His parents were Afghans, and he was raised Muslim.[100] At the time of the shooting, he lived in an apartment complex in Fort Pierce, Florida, 117 mi (188 km) from the Pulse nightclub in Orlando.[101][102][103]

Mateen's body was buried in the Muslim Cemetery of South Florida, near Hialeah Gardens.[104]

### Personal life

[edit]

From October 2006 until April 2007, Mateen trained to be a prison guard for the Florida Department of Corrections. As a probationary employee, he received an "administrative termination (not involving misconduct)"[105] upon a warden's recommendation after Mateen joked about bringing a gun to school.[106] Mateen unsuccessfully pursued a career in law enforcement, failing to become a Florida state trooper in 2011 and to gain admission to a police academy in 2015.[105] According to a police academy classmate, Mateen threatened to shoot his classmates at a cookout in 2007 "after his hamburger touched pork" in violation of Islamic dietary laws.[107][108][109][110] Other witnesses said that they saw Mateen drink alcohol and even "get drunk."[111][112]

Since 2007, he had been a security guard for G4S Secure Solutions.[113][114] The company said two screenings—one conducted upon hiring and the other in 2013—had raised no red flags.[115] Mateen held an active statewide firearms license and an active security officer license,[116][117] had passed a psychological test, and had no criminal record.[118]

After the shooting, the psychologist who reportedly evaluated and cleared Mateen for his firearms license in 2007 by G4S records denied ever meeting him or having lived in Florida at the time, and said she had stopped her practice in Florida since January 2006. G4S admitted Mateen's form had a "clerical error" and clarified that he had instead been cleared by another psychologist from the same firm that bought the wrongly named doctor's practice. This doctor had not interviewed Mateen, but evaluated the results of a standard test used in the screening he undertook before being hired.[119] G4S was subsequently fined for lapses in its psychological testing program (see below).

In 2009, Mateen married his first wife, who left him after a few months; the couple's divorce became final in 2011. Following the nightclub attack, she said Mateen was "mentally unstable and mentally ill" and "obviously disturbed, deeply, and traumatized," was often physically abusive, and had a history of using steroids.[120][121][122][123] His autopsy revealed signs of long-term and habitual steroid use, so more toxicology tests were ordered for confirmation.[124] As of July 15, 2016, federal investigators were uncertain whether Mateen's steroid use was a factor in the attack.[125]

At the time of the shooting, Mateen was married to his second wife and had a young son.[126]

In September 2016, an imam for a mosque in Kissimmee released video footage showing what appeared to be Mateen on June 8, four days before the shooting, praying for about ten minutes. The imam said Mateen was praying there with his wife and child, and had no verbal exchanges with any of the other attendants. Though the FBI was already in possession of the mosque's security recordings, the video footage was released to the public only after a series of bombings or bombing attempts in New York and New Jersey, and a mass stabbing at a Minnesota shopping mall in September 2016.[127]

### Motive

[edit]

In the hours before the shooting, Mateen used several Facebook accounts to write posts vowing vengeance for American airstrikes in Iraq and Syria and to search for content related to terrorism. These posts, since deleted, were recovered and included in an open letter[128] by Senate Homeland Security Chairman Ron Johnson to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg seeking further information about Mateen's use of the site.[129][130][131]

During the shooting, Mateen made a 911 call claiming it was an act of retaliation for the airstrike killing of, among others, IS militant Abu Waheeb in the previous month. He told the negotiator to tell America to stop the bombing.[50][132]

Despite numerous anonymous and named reports of LGBTQ connections,[133][134][135][136][137] the FBI was unable to verify any claims that Mateen was homosexual or frequented gay bars.[138] The FBI investigation found the witnesses claiming Mateen's homosexuality were mistaken or refused to go on the record, and doubts that Mateen was gay.[139][140] Law enforcement sources said the FBI found no photographs, text messages, smartphone apps, pornography, or cell tower location data to suggest Mateen lived a gay life, closeted or otherwise.[138][141]

On the day of the shooting, Mateen's father, Mir Seddique Mateen, said that he had seen his son get angry after seeing a gay couple kiss in front of his family at the Bayside Marketplace in Miami months prior to the shooting, which he suggested might have been a motivating factor.[18][142][143] Two days later, after his son's sexual orientation became a subject of speculation, Mateen's father said he did not believe his son was homosexual.[144] Mateen's ex-wife, however, claimed that his father called him gay while in her presence. Speaking on her behalf, her current fiancé said that she, his family, and others believed he was gay, and that "the FBI asked her not to tell this to the American media."[120]

During his wife's trial in March 2018, her defense revealed in a motion that Mateen had Googled "downtown Orlando nightclubs" and, after passing Disney Springs, traveled between Pulse and the Eve Orlando Nightclub before choosing to target Pulse. Cell phone records indicate that the final selection of the Pulse appears to have been made based on the lack of security – not because it was a gay club.[145] Trial witnesses said the decision to target Pulse was made at the last minute,[146] and the defense's motion argued that this "strongly suggests that the attack on Pulse was not a result of a prior plan to attack a gay nightclub."[147]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Vigil in Washington, D.C., June 13, 2016 A memorial to victims of the shooting in front the Stonewall Inn, just after it was designated a National Monument

Security-camera video footage was recovered from the nightclub as part of the investigation,[148] with a censored version later publicly released during the trial of Mateen's wife.[149] Facebook activated its "Safety Check" feature in the Orlando area following the shooting, allowing users to mark themselves as "safe" to notify family and friends—the first use of the feature in the United States.[150][151]

Following the shooting, many business venues in the United States, such as shopping malls, movie theaters, bars, and concert halls, reexamined their security procedures.[152][153] Also, police forces across the country announced plans to increase security at LGBT landmarks such as the Stonewall Inn and at Pride Month events including pride parades.[154]

Seddique Mateen released a Dari language video statement via Facebook on June 13 to speak about his son's actions.[155][156]

On the day of the attack, IS had released a statement via Amaq News Agency, taking responsibility for the attack.[157] On June 13, a broadcast from the Iraqi IS radio station al-Bayan said Mateen was "one of the soldiers of the caliphate in America," without indicating any foreknowledge of the shooting.[158]

On September 10, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services fined G4S Secure Solutions $151,400 for providing inaccurate psychological testing information on more than 1,500 forms over a ten-year period, which allowed employees to carry firearms. Mateen's form was among those investigated.[159]

On November 4, it was reported that the Orlando Police Department was upgrading its equipment for officers following the shooting, since officers at the nightclub were not well-equipped for the event and therefore endangered. The upgraded equipment included ballistic helmets and heavier ballistic vests.[160]

Following the shooting and a vehicle-ramming attack and mass stabbing at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, a new federal initiative was launched, partially in response to at least one victim bleeding to death inside Pulse during the shooting. The initiative was designed to train people working at schools and other public places on how to treat injuries before paramedics arrive at the scene. Doctors have emphasized the importance for school faculty members to stay calm and assess injuries, but also discouraged the use of more invasive emergency procedures such as removing a bullet.[161]

### Victim assistance efforts

[edit]

The FBI's Office of Victim Assistance (OVA) provided "information, assistance services, and resources" to the victims and witnesses of the shooting that, depending on their case-by-case eligibility, may have consisted of "special funding to provide emergency assistance, crime victim compensation, and counseling."[162] The OVA, through its Victim Assistance Rapid Deployment Team and Crisis Response Canines, also provided help to responders of the shooting in the days following June 12.[163]

Immediately after the shooting, many people lined up to donate blood at local blood donation centers and bloodmobile locations when OneBlood, a regional blood donation agency, urged people to donate.[164][165] The surge in blood donations and the fact that the shooting occurred in a gay nightclub spotlighted the Food and Drug Administration's controversial federal policy that forbids men who had sex with men in the past year from donating blood. Despite expressions of frustration and disapproval by a number of gay and bisexual men, and LGBT activists across the country and a group of Democratic lawmakers[166] urging the ban to be lifted, the FDA stated on June 14 that it had no plans to change the regulation and will reevaluate its policies "as new scientific information becomes available."[167][168][169]

A victims' assistance center, Orlando Family Assistance Center, was opened on June 15 inside Camping World Stadium by the City of Orlando.[170][171] During the eight days it was open, it provided help to 956 people from 298 families. Those remaining were then directed to the newly opened Orlando United Assistance Center jointly set up by the City and Orange County, which, according to the mayor of Orlando, "will stay open as long as there is a need."[172][173]

The two hospitals that treated Pulse victims, Orlando Regional Medical Center and Florida Hospital, announced in late August that they will not be billing the survivors or pursuing reimbursement.[174][175]

The City of Orlando offered free plots and funeral services at the city-owned Greenwood Cemetery for those killed in the shooting.[176][177][178]

### Fundraising campaigns

[edit]

Equality Florida, the state's largest LGBT rights group, started a fundraising page to aid the victims and their families, raising $767,000 in the first nine hours.[150][179][180] As of September 22, 2016, they have raised over $7.85 million online, a record for GoFundMe, with over 119,400 donors and an average of about $66 per donation.[181][182][183]

Another fundraising campaign, OneOrlando, was established by Mayor Buddy Dyer.[184] The Walt Disney Company and NBCUniversal, which operate the nearby Walt Disney World Resort and Universal Orlando Resort, respectively, each donated $1 million to the fund.[185][186] As of August 12, OneOrlando has raised $23 million,[187] with a draft proposal to start payouts starting September 27 on a rolling basis in which the highest compensations will go to the families of the 49 people killed, followed by the 50 victims who were physically injured and hospitalized for one night or more. OneOrlando's fund administrator said that the draft has not decided whether to pay people who were held hostage but were not injured, and will take public feedback in two 90-minute hearings to be held on August 4. A timeline of the draft proposal was released.[188][189] On August 11, its board of directors decided that the funds will only be dispersed to "the families of the dead, survivors who were hospitalized, survivors who sought outpatient medical treatment, and those who were present in the club when the shootings began but not physically injured," and that family members and survivors can start filing claims until the September 12 deadline.[187] As of December 1, OneOrlando paid out over $27.4 million to 299 recipients, according to officials, with six more claims worth an additional $2.1 million still being contested among family members of the slain victims.[190]

IDW Publishing and DC Entertainment created Love Is Love, a graphic novel sold to raise money for the victims. The novel became a New York Times best seller and more than $165,000 was raised. Through Equality Florida, the proceeds were donated to the OneOrlando Fund.[191]

### Release of transcripts and videos

[edit]

A total of 603 calls to 911 were made by victims, family members and friends of victims, bystanders, and rescue workers during the entire shooting.[192] On June 14, two dozen news agencies sent a four-page letter to Orlando's city attorney jointly demanding the release of recordings that 911 callers made on the night of the shooting. The letter also contained a request for scanner and dispatch recordings. The Orlando police refused to release the recordings, citing an "ongoing investigation."[193][194] June 20, the FBI released a transcript of the first call by the shooter and a summary of three calls with police negotiators.[54] On July 14, the University of Central Florida Police Department released nine body camera videos of UCFPD officers who rushed to Pulse to help Orlando police officers during the incident.[195]

On July 18, the City of Orlando released a detailed 71-page document of OPD officers' accounts and responses to the shooting. Requests to release recordings of 911 calls, police radio transmissions, and the exchanges between law enforcement and Mateen were denied, citing disagreements over whether they fall under local or federal jurisdiction. The status on the authority over the recordings is pending a court ruling.[196][197][198] On July 20, the Orange County Sheriff's Office (OCSO) released video footage from a body camera worn by one of its deputies during the incident.[199] On July 26, the Orange County Fire Rescue released a recording of a 911 call made during the shooting.[200] On July 29, the OCSO released dozens of pages of documents detailing the deputies' individual accounts of their involvement in the shooting.[201][202] On August 30, the OCSO released the 911 calls it received during the shooting.[203][204] Two days later, OPD and the city of Orlando released nine of their hundreds of 911 calls, which were all made by friends and relatives outside of Pulse during the incident; the rest are locked in a legal dispute between 24 media groups, OPD, and the city of Orlando.[205][206][207][208]

On September 14, the city of Orlando released 23 additional 911 calls made during the shooting.[209][210] These included calls made from rescue workers advising preparedness for dozens of victims,[192] a patron who escaped from Pulse with a friend who was shot, and the brother of a woman who was shot several times and trapped inside a bathroom in the nightclub.[211] On October 31, the City of Orlando released nearly 30 minutes of recordings of police negotiators talking with Mateen during the course of the shooting, after a judge with the Ninth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida ruled that these calls should be made public. A total of 232 other calls are still being withheld by the city.[212][213]

On November 10, the Orange County Sheriff's office released about two dozen videos of body camera footage of officers at the perimeter of the nightclub during the shooting. The footage, which was heavily censored, depicted officers conducting searches of bathrooms in the nightclub and tending to survivors.[214][215][216] On November 14, the City of Orlando released 36 police audio recordings made during the shooting, which record officers' attempts to contact Mateen, their remarks on his "serious, unruffled attitude," and their conversations about how to respond to the hostage situation.[217][218] Also released that day was an additional 911 call made by a woman who made it out of the nightclub with her sister, who was shot.[219] The next day, on November 15, 21 additional 911 calls were released.[46][220] This was followed by three additional hours of 911 calls released on November 16. In many of these calls, people trapped inside bathrooms, kitchens, and an upstairs office were questioning why police had yet to enter the nightclub.[46] Two days later, on November 18, 107 pages of transcripts of more than 30 911 calls were released. These calls were made during the first ten minutes of the shooting, and had to be released in the form of transcripts after a judge deemed them too graphic to be released as audio recordings. According to a city spokesman, all 911 calls made during the shooting have now been released to the public.[221][222][223]

### Future of Pulse

[edit]

The Pulse building with the memorial fence in March 2017

On September 14, 2016, the City of Orlando announced it would pay $4,518 to erect a new fence around the Pulse nightclub on September 19. The fence will feature a commemorative screen-wrap with local artwork that would serve as a memorial to the victims and survivors of the shooting.[224][225] It will also be smaller than the nightclub's previous fence, in order to allow for more efficient navigation by passers-by.[224]

On November 8 the City of Orlando announced its plans to purchase the Pulse nightclub later that month for $2.25 million and turn the site into a memorial for the victims and survivors of the shooting. The announcement was met with praise from Orlando's LGBT community.[226] However, the vote was postponed on November 15, with the city explaining that "more time was needed to plan a future memorial," and that there was some discomfort from city officials over having to pay such an amount of money. The vote was expected to be held on or before December 5.[227] In December 2016, the owner declined to sell the nightclub to the city due to emotional attachment.[228] The owner then created the onePULSE Foundation, and in May 2017, announced plans for a memorial site and museum originally slated to open in 2022.[229][230]

## Investigations

[edit]

### Classification

[edit]

President Barack Obama receives an update in the Oval Office from FBI Director James Comey and Homeland Security Advisor Lisa Monaco on the mass shooting.

Officials have characterized the shooting as an act of terrorism. FBI Assistant Special Agent in Charge Ron Hopper[231] called the shooting a hate crime and an act of terrorism;[232] and Jerry Demings, a sheriff from the Orange County Sheriff's Office, classified it as domestic terrorism.[6] City of Orlando Chief of Police John W. Mina said Mateen seemed organized and well-prepared.[233] On March 13, 2018, the time of Mateen's wife's trial for aiding the attack, the FBI had still declined to classify it as a hate crime, and the prosecution said it had never contemplated arguing Mateen had targeted homosexuals.[234] They instead only (unsuccessfully) argued she provided material support to a foreign terrorist organization.[235]

On June 13, FBI Director James Comey told reporters, "So far, we see no indication that this was a plot directed from outside the United States and we see no indication that he was part of any kind of network." He said the United States Intelligence Community was "highly confident that this killer was radicalized at least in part through the Internet,"[236] and that the investigation had found "strong indications of radicalization by this killer and of potential inspiration by foreign terrorist organizations."[237] Several days after the shooting, the FBI announced on its website that it has become "the lead law enforcement agency responsible for investigating the shooting at Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida, on June 12, 2016."[162] The agency took the lead after the shooting was classified as a terrorist attack due to Mateen's pledge of allegiance to IS during the event.[62]

According to Senator Ron Johnson, Mateen searched online for references to the shooting during the attack, and made posts on Facebook expressing his support for Islamic State, saying "You kill innocent women and children by doing us [sic] airstrikes. Now taste the Islamic state vengeance."[238]

### Weapons

[edit]

Federal officials said a SIG Sauer MCX semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol were recovered from Mateen's body, along with additional rounds.[13][239][240] Mateen had legally purchased the two guns used in the shooting from a shop in Port St. Lucie: the SIG Sauer MCX rifle on June 4 and the Glock 17 pistol on June 5.[9][241] He and law enforcement were reported to have fired over 200 rounds.[24][242][243] From his car, "hundreds of rounds" were found along with a .38-caliber Smith & Wesson revolver; this gun was not used in the shooting.[62][240]

### Previous FBI investigation of Mateen and cooperation with Seddique

[edit]

Mateen became a person of interest to the FBI in May 2013 and July 2014. The 2013 investigation was opened after he made comments to coworkers about being a member of Hezbollah and having family connections in al-Qaeda,[244] and that he had ties to Nidal Hasan—perpetrator of the 2009 Fort Hood shooting—and Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev—perpetrators of the Boston Marathon bombing. According to new documents released on July 18, Mateen said that he made these comments in response to "a lot of harassment" and frequent derogatory epithets made by St. Lucie County Sheriff's deputies and his G4S coworkers, who taunted and made jokes about him being a possible Muslim extremist.[245][246] The comments resulted in his employer G4S removing Mateen from his post and the county sheriff reporting him to the FBI.[246][247] The documents also show him saying that he was "1000% American" and writing that he was against any "anti-American" and "anti-humanity" terrorist organizations.[245]

The 2014 investigation was opened after he was linked to Moner Mohammad Abu Salha,[100] an American radical who committed a suicide bombing in Syria. Mateen was interviewed three times in connection with the two investigations. Both cases were closed after finding nothing that warranted further investigation.[116][236][248] After the shooting, Director Comey said the FBI will review its work and methods used in the two investigations. When asked if anything could have or should have been done differently in regard to Mateen, or the FBI's intelligence and actions in relation to him, Comey replied, "So far, the honest answer is, 'I don't think so.'"[249]

A little over a month after the shooting, the FBI provided more details about its May 2013 to March 2014 investigation into Mateen, which was closed after a veteran FBI agent assigned to the case and his supervisor concluded that "there was just nothing there" and removed his name from the Terrorist Watchlist. Mateen was interviewed twice during the investigation, and had provided a written statement in which he confessed that he had previously lied to FBI investigators. During the investigation, the FBI had tracked his daily routine using unmarked vehicles, closely examined his phone records, and used two informants to secretly record his face-to-face conversations. The FBI Director said that they could have taken more initiative in gaining access to his social media accounts in 2013, but noted that back then such checks were not yet "part of [their] investigative DNA." However, it would not have mattered, as the analysis of Mateen's computer after the shooting showed that his social media accounts, including Facebook, had no ties to any terrorist groups, and that he did not post any "radical statements" until the early morning of the shooting. The FBI in 2013 also did not have the probable cause needed to obtain a search warrant in order to secretly listen to his phone calls or probe into Mateen's computer.[250]

On July 26, a Senate homeland security committee chairman sent a four-page letter to the inspector general of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) requesting an independent review of the FBI's 2013 and 2014 investigations. He wrote that if Mateen had stayed on the FBI watch-list, the federal agency would have been notified if he tried to purchase firearms, in which case "law enforcement potentially could have uncovered information on social media or elsewhere of Mateen's radicalization."[251]

On March 24, 2018, Sara Sweeney, the assistant attorney prosecuting Mateen's wife, Noor Salman, disclosed to her defense after the discovery period that her father-in-law, Seddique Mateen, was an FBI informant at various points between January 2005 and June 2016.[252] Agent Juvenal Martin, who handled the elder Mateen since 2006, said he considered making Omar an informant as well, after investigating and clearing him in 2013.[253][254]

### Searches and possible accomplices

[edit]

U.S. officials said Islamic State (IS) may have inspired Mateen without training, instructing, or having a direct connection with him.[158][255][256] Investigators have said no evidence linking Mateen to the group has emerged, and have cautioned that the shooting may have been IS-inspired without being IS-directed,[257] as was the case in the December 2, 2015, attack in San Bernardino, California.[23][258] Yoram Schweitzer of the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies suggested that Mateen associated the attack with IS to add to the notoriety of the incident, and said it was very unlikely that IS had known of him before the shooting.[158]

On June 16, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency John Brennan told the Senate Intelligence Committee that his agency was "unable to uncover any link" between Mateen and IS.[259]

Following the shooting, officers from multiple federal, state, and local law-enforcement agencies (including the FBI, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), St. Lucie County Sheriff's Office, and Fort Pierce Police Department) converged on Mateen's home in Fort Pierce and another home in Port St. Lucie. A bomb squad checked Mateen's Fort Pierce home for explosives.[260] In June 2016, the House Intelligence Committee said that United States investigators "are searching for details about the Saudi Arabia trips Mateen made in 2011 and 2012."[261][262][263]

Senate Intelligence Committee member Angus King said that Mateen's second wife appears to have had "some knowledge of what was going on."[264][265] Media reports, citing anonymous law enforcement officials, said she was with Mateen as he scouted possible Orlando-area targets (including the Walt Disney World Resort's Disney Springs and the Pulse nightclub) and that she was also with him when he purchased ammunition and a holster in the months leading up to the attack.[266][267][268]

#### Trial and acquittal of shooter's wife

[edit]

Mateen's second wife and widow, Noor Salman, was arrested in January 2017, at her home in Rodeo, California.[269] She was charged in federal court in Orlando with aiding and abetting as well as obstruction of justice.[270] Federal prosecutors accused her of knowing that Mateen was planning an attack.[271] Salman pleaded not guilty to the charges.[272] Salman moved to dismiss the obstruction charge; this motion was denied by U.S. District Judge Paul G. Byron.[273][274]

Salman's trial took place in March 2018.[275] During the trial, the prosecution revealed it withheld information during discovery that Salman's confession of helping scout potential attack locations was not true based on cell phone evidence, and that the FBI knew this even though it had been used to deny her bail.[254] The defense also sought to dismiss the charges or declare a mistrial on Brady disclosure grounds after this disclosure, and after the prosecution disclosed during the trial that Seddique Mateen had been a confidential FBI informant "at various points in time between January 2005 through June 2016."[276] The court denied Salman's motion to dismiss the charges or declare a mistrial.[253][275] On March 30 the jury acquitted Salman of both charges, although the jury foreman said "we were convinced she did know" about Mateen's plans for an attack of some sort in advance.[277][278]

### FBI investigation

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2024)

|

In July 2016, law enforcement officials reported that the FBI—after conducting "interviews and an examination of his computer and other electronic media"—had not found any evidence that Mateen targeted Pulse because the nightclub was a venue for gays or whether the attack was motivated by homophobia. According to witnesses, he did not make any homophobic comments during the shooting. Furthermore, nothing has been found confirming the speculation that he was gay and used gay dating apps; however, the FBI "has found evidence that Mateen was cheating on his wife with other women." Officials noted that "there is nothing to suggest that he attempted to cover up his tracks by deleting files." Generally, "a complete picture of what motivated Mateen remains murky and may never be known since he was killed in a shootout with police and did not leave a manifesto."[138] The FBI has yet to conclude its investigation As of 2016[update].[needs update][62][279]

### Evaluations of performance of law enforcement

[edit]

Two former SWAT members, one an active-shooter tactics expert and trainer, expressed misgivings about the three-hour delay in breaching the nightclub, citing the lesson learned from other mass shootings that officers can minimize casualties only by entering a shooting location expeditiously, even if it means putting themselves at great risk.[280]

At the request of John Mina, the Orlando chief of police, the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) conducted a third-party "after-action assessment" of the Orlando Police Department's response to the shooting and its overall preparedness.[281][282] COPS commissioned the Police Foundation to prepare the report, which was released in December 2017. The report concluded that the Orlando Police Department response "was appropriate and consistent with national guidelines and best practices" and saved lives.[283] The report stated: "The initial tactical response was consistent with the OPD's active shooter training and recognized promising practices. However, as the incident became more complex and prolonged, transitioning from a barricaded suspect with hostages to an act of terrorism, the OPD's operational tactics and strategies were challenged by the increasing threat posed by the suspect's claim of improvised explosive devices inside the club and in vehicles surrounding the club."[283] The report authors noted that they lacked access to FBI reports and other data about the crime scene and shooter, and did not have information about "potential law enforcement friendly fire."[283]

In April 2017, the Orlando Sentinel obtained a copy of a 78-page presentation given by Mina to some ten police groups located around the world, which discussed the OPD's response to the attack and what it has learned. The presentation offered a comprehensive timeline of the attack and included diagrams and still photos from body camera footage showing officers in their initial confrontation with Mateen. According to the presentation, 500 interviews were conducted, 1,600 leads were followed up on, more than 950 pieces of evidence were collected, and more than 300 people were subpoenaed.[17]

In December 2016, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement completed a 35-page "after-action report" about its response to the nightclub during the shooting.[284][285] The report was publicly released in August 2017 after a public records request made by the Orlando Sentinel.[284][285] The report generally praised the FDLE's handling of the nightclub shootings, but detailed the agency's difficulties in notifying families and complications arising from its inter-agency policies, which led to them not immediately sharing information about the shooting with federal investigators.[284][285]

## Reactions

[edit]

San Francisco City Hall lit in LGBT rainbow colors in honor to the victims of the shooting

Florida Governor Rick Scott expressed support for all affected and said the state emergency operations center was monitoring the incident.[286] Scott declared a state of emergency for Orange County, Florida,[287] and Orlando mayor Buddy Dyer declared a state of emergency for the city.[288][289] On June 24, Scott directed that 49 state flags be flown for 49 days in front of the Florida Historic Capitol in Tallahassee, with the name, age, and photo of every victim displayed beneath each flag.[290]

The Obama administration expressed its condolences to the victims. President Barack Obama ordered that "the federal government provide any assistance necessary to pursue the investigation and support the community."[291] In a speech, he described the shooting as an "act of hate" and an "act of terror."[102][292][293] He also issued a proclamation on June 12 ordering United States flags upon non-private grounds and buildings around the country and abroad to be lowered to half-staff until sundown, June 16.[294] He and Vice President Joe Biden traveled to Orlando on June 16 to lay flowers at a memorial and visit the victims' families.[295]

Many American Muslims, including community leaders, swiftly condemned the shooting.[296][297] Prayer vigils for the victims were held at mosques across the country.[298][299][300] The Florida mosque where Mateen sometimes prayed issued a statement condemning the attack and offering condolences to the victims.[301] The Council on American–Islamic Relations called the attack "monstrous" and offered its condolences to the victims. CAIR Florida urged Muslims to donate blood even while observing the month of Ramadan—which requires Muslims to fast from dawn to dusk—and contribute funds in support of the victims' families.[296][302] Some Muslim groups called on members to break their Ramadan fast to be able to donate blood.[303]

The United Nations Security Council issued a statement condemning the shooting for "targeting persons as a result of their sexual orientation." (Though the FBI later determined that the attack was not motivated by anti-LGBT hate) It was supported by some countries that suppress homosexual behavior and discussion, such as Egypt and Russia.[304] Samantha Power, United States Ambassador to the UN, led a group of 17 UN ambassadors on a visit to the historic LGBT landmark Stonewall Inn to express their support for LGBT rights in response to the shooting.[305] Countries that released their own statements condemning the shooting include Afghanistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Turkey.[306]

Many people on social media and elsewhere, including 2016 United States presidential election candidates, members of Congress, other political figures, foreign leaders, and various celebrities, expressed their shock at the event and extended their condolences to those affected.[307][308] Vigils were held around the world to mourn those who were killed in the shooting, including one held at the banks of Lake Eola Park on June 19 that attracted 50,000 people.[309][310][311] Landmarks around the world, including the One World Trade Center and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, lit up in rainbow colors in remembrance of those killed in the shooting.[312]

On June 22, sixty House Democrats staged a sit-in at the US House of Representatives, in an attempt to force Speaker Paul Ryan, a Republican Party member, to allow votes on gun control legislation.[313] On June 23, Billboard magazine published an open letter addressed to the United States Congress demanding that universal background checks become federal law. The petition carried nearly 200 signatures of famous musicians and music industry executives. Joan Jett, Lady Gaga, Selena Gomez and many others were prominent signees of the document.[314][65] The House sit-in was unsuccessful in bringing gun control legislation to a vote.[313]

OnePulse Foundation, a charity organization created by a Pulse owner on July 7, filed documents with a plan to fund and build a memorial at the nightclub. The foundation is collaborating with the city of Orlando to determine the location of the memorial.[315][316][317] The non-profit organization also plans to start a fundraising campaign to provide financial help to the surviving victims who were injured and the families of the 49 who were killed.[318]

The LGBTQ gun rights organization Pink Pistols, with 36 chapters around the country, tripled both its membership (from 1,500 to 4,500), and its Facebook followers (to 7,000), in the week or so following the shooting.[319] As of June 24, 2016, it counted over 7,000 members.[320]

Google Search added a ribbon to its homepage, with the message "Our hearts are with the victims, their families, and the community of Orlando."[321]

In the aftermath of the 2018 trial, some media outlets re-assessed the reactions, possible motives, and media narrative of the shooting. They said that there was not evidence to say the shooting was motivated by anti-LGBT hate.[322][323]

## See also

[edit]

* Florida portal
* Hispanic and Latino American portal
* LGBTQ portal

* Gun violence in the United States
* Gun law in the United States
* Gun politics in the United States
* 2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in
* Chris Murphy gun control filibuster
* Colorado Springs nightclub shooting (2022), a similar attack which targeted an LGBTQ nightclub
* LGBT in Islam
* List of Islamist terrorist attacks
* List of rampage killers (religious, political, or ethnic crimes)
* List of terrorist incidents in June 2016
* Terrorism in the United States
* Domestic terrorism in the United States
* Violence against LGBT people
* Our Happy Hours: LGBT Voices from the Gay Bars
* Mass shootings in the United States

## References

[edit]

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## External links

[edit]

Pulse nightclub shooting at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews

* Frank Straub, Jack Cambria, Jane Castor, Ben Gorban, Brett Meade, David Waltemeyer, and Jennifer Zeunik, Rescue, Response, and Resilience: A Critical Incident Review of the Orlando Public Safety Response to the Attack on the Pulse Nightclub, Police Foundation/U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (2017)
* Orange County Sheriff's Office – Incident report (Archive)
* Orlando Police Department In Progress Incident Report
* Orlando Police Department officers' accounts from the Pulse attack
* Pulse website[usurped]
* "'They Were So Beautiful': Remembering Those Murdered In Orlando"
* "Singer Ricky Martin to be a spokesperson to build pulse memorial"

Links to related articles

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Islamic State

Names of the Islamic State

Members
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*   * Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
* Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari
* Abdul Qadir Mumin
* Abu Yusaf
* Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi
* Abu Habib al-Libi
* Abu Jandal al-Masri
* Bajro Ikanović
* Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani
* Fatiha Mejjati
* Ahlam al-Nasr
* Issam Abuanza
* Musa Baluku
* Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi
* Zulfi Hoxha

|

† Former|

* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
* Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
* Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi
* Abu Ahmad al-Alwani
* Haji Bakr
* Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi
* Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
* Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi
* Abdul Rauf Aliza
* Abu Sayyaf
* Ali Awni al-Harzi
* Tariq al-Harzi
* Abu Khattab al-Tunisi
* Maher Meshaal
* Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
* Abu Saleh
* Mohammed Emwazi
* Abu Nabil al-Anbari
* Abu Ali al-Anbari
* Abu Waheeb
* Ali Aswad al-Jiburi
* Abu Omar al-Shishani
* El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib
* Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
* Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi
* Abu Muhammad al-Furqan
* André Poulin
* Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti
* Abu Bilal al-Harbi
* Ahmad Abousamra
* Turki al-Binali
* Tareq Kamleh
* Lavdrim Muhaxheri
* Abu Osama al-Masri
* Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir
* Abu Muhammad al-Shimali
* Gulmurod Khalimov
* Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured)
* Abu Yasser al-Issawi
* Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi
* Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi
* Yusuf al-Hindi
* Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured)
* Othman al-Nazih
* Jamal Udeen Al-Harith
* Aine Davis (captured)
* Alexanda Kotey (captured)
* El Shafee Elsheikh (captured)
* Denis Cuspert
* Abdelhamid Abaaoud
* Boubaker El Hakim
* Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

History|

* Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004)
* Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006)
* Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)
* Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)
* Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014)
* Islamic State (2014–present)

Timeline of events|

* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Groups|

| International branches|

* Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)
* Libyan Provinces (Libya)
* Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)
* Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)
* Algeria Province (Algeria)
* Yemen Province (Yemen)
* Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland)
* Bengal Province (Bangladesh)
* Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016)
* West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)
* Central Africa Province (DR Congo and Uganda)
* Sahil Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)
* Hind Province (India)
* Tunisia Province
* Pakistan Province (Pakistan)
* Turkey Province (Turkey)
* Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)
* Islamic State – Philippines Province (Philippines)
* Mozambique Province (Mozambique)
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018)
* Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)
* Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (2014–2024)
* Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021)
* Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018)
* East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022)

|

Unorganized cells|

* Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)
* Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)
* Lebanon Province (Lebanon)
* Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)

Wars|

* War on terror
* Iraq War
* Insurgency (2003–2011)
* Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
* Insurgency (2011–2013)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Insurgency (2017–present)
* Syrian civil war
* Spillover
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Opposition–Islamic State conflict
* Sinai insurgency
* Second Libyan Civil War
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Mozambique
* Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
* Mali War
* War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
* Conflict with Taliban
* Moro conflict (1968–2019)
* al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Military intervention against IS
* US intervention in Iraq
* US intervention in Syria
* Russian intervention in Syria
* Turkish operation
* Somalia

Battles|

| 2013|

* Akashat
* Hawija
* Raqqa
* Al-Shabah
* Ras al-Ayn
* Tell Abyad
* Latakia
* Menagh
* Sidi Ali Ben Aoun
* Sadad
* Qalamoun
* Aleppo
* Al-Yaarubiyah
* Tell Hamis and Tell Brak
* Anbar

|

2014|

* Fallujah
* N Aleppo
* Markada
* N Iraq (Jun)
* Mosul
* Salahuddin
* Baiji (Jun)
* Tikrit
* N Iraq (Aug)
* Kobanî
* Sinjar (Aug)
* Derna
* Ramadi
* Deir ez-Zor
* Baiji (14–15)
* Sinjar (Dec)
* Zumar
* Amirli

2015|

* Nofaliya
* W Africa
* Egyptian airstrikes in Libya
* Niger raid
* E al-Hasakah
* Tikrit
* Sirte
* Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)
* Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
* Yarmouk
* Qalamoun
* Palmyra (May)
* W al-Hasakah
* Al-Hasakah city
* Tell Abyad
* Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
* Al-Hasakah
* Kobani
* Palmyra (Jul–Aug)
* Ramadi (15–16)
* Al-Qaryatayn
* Al-Hawl
* Homs (Nov–Dec)
* Sinjar
* E Aleppo (15–16)
* Niveneh Plains
* Tishrin Dam

2016|

* Deir ez-Zor (Jan)
* Fallujah (Feb–May)
* Nangarhar
* Ben Guerdane
* Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi
* Khanasir
* Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)
* Palmyra (Mar)
* N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)
* Hīt
* Tipo-Tipo
* Sirte
* Ar-Rutbah
* N Raqqa
* Fallujah (May–Jun)
* Manbij
* Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)
* Abu Kamal
* al-Rai (Aug)
* N al-Bab (Sep)
* W al-Bab (Sep)
* Dabiq
* W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)
* Al-Bab
* Aleppo
* Palmyra

2017|

* Mosul (16–17)
* Raqqa (16–17)
* Palmyra
* Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)
* E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)
* E Homs
* Hama
* W Nineveh
* Tabqa
* Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Syrian Desert (May–Jul)
* Maskanah
* Marawi
* Raqqa
* S Raqqa
* C Syria
* Tal Afar
* Deir ez-Zor (17–19)
* Hawija
* E Syria (Sep–Dec)
* NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Abu Kamal
* W Iraq

2018|

* As-Suwayda (Jun)
* S Syria
* As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)

2019|

* Hajin
* Baghuz Fawqani
* Barisha raid

2020|

* Chinagodrar
* Danag
* Mocímboa da Praia
* Al Bayda

2021|

* Tessit
* Palma
* Sambisa
* Dangarous

2022|

* Al-Hasakah
* Atme raid
* Andéramboukane
* Talataye

2023|

* Falagountou
* Tin-Akoff

Attacks|

| 2014|

* Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May)
* Badush prison massacre (Jun)
* Camp Speicher massacre (Jun)
* Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct)

|

2015|

* Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan)
* Corinthia Hotel (Jan)
* Baghdad bombings (Feb)
* Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb)
* Al Qubbah bombings (Feb)
* Bardo National Museum (Mar)
* Sanaa bombings (Mar)
* Jalalabad bombing (Apr)
* Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr)
* Curtis Culwell Center (May)
* Qatif & Dammam bombings (May)
* 26 June
* Kobanî massacre
* Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun)
* Kuwait mosque bombing
* Sousse
* Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul)
* Suruç bombing
* Baghdad bombing (Aug)
* Sanaa bombing (Sep)
* Ankara bombings
* Saihat shooting
* Metrojet Flight 9268
* Beirut bombings (Nov)
* Paris (Nov)
* Tunis bombing (Nov)
* San Bernardino (Dec)
* Qamishli bombings (Dec)

2016|

* Zliten truck bombing
* Hurghada (Jan)
* Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan)
* Istanbul bombing (Jan)
* Jakarta (Jan)
* Ramadi bombing (Jan)
* Mahasin mosque
* Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan)
* Mosul massacre
* Dikwa bombings (Feb)
* Homs bombings (Feb)
* Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb)
* Baghdad bombings (Feb)
* Istanbul bombing (Mar)
* Brussels bombings
* Aden bombing
* Iskandariya bombing
* Baghdad bombing (Apr)
* Samawa bombing
* Gaziantep bombing (May)
* Baghdad bombings (11 May)
* Real Madrid fan club massacres
* Baghdad gas plant
* Yemen police bombings (15 May)
* Baghdad bombings (17 May)
* Jableh & Tartous bombings (May)
* Yemen bombings (23 May)
* Aktobe shootings
* Pulse nightclub shooting
* Magnanville stabbing
* Mukalla (Jun)
* Movida Bar
* Atatürk Airport
* Dhaka (Jul)
* Karrada bombing
* Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum
* Nice truck
* Würzburg train
* Kabul bombing (Jul)
* Ansbach bombing
* Normandy church
* Qamishli bombings (Jul)
* Charleroi stabbing
* Shchelkovo Highway police station
* Aden bombing (Aug)
* Syria bombings (5 Sep)
* Baghdad bombings (9 Sep)
* Baghdad bombings (Oct)
* Quetta police college
* Hamam al-Alil massacre
* Khuzdar bombing
* Samarinda bombing
* Hillah bombing (Nov)
* Aden bombings (Dec)
* Botroseya bombing
* Al-Karak
* Berlin truck
* Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin
* Baghdad bombings (Dec)

2017|

* Istanbul nightclub shooting
* Baghdad bombings (2 Jan)
* Azaz bombing (Jan)
* Sehwan bombing
* Kabul (Mar)
* Westminster
* St Petersburg Metro bombing
* Egypt church bombings
* Mastung bombing
* Manchester Arena bombing
* Jakarta bombings
* Minya
* Al-Faqma bombing
* London Bridge
* Brighton siege
* Tehran
* Pakistan attacks (Jun)
* Hurghada
* Quetta bombing (Aug)
* Barcelona
* Brussels (Aug)
* Nasiriyah
* Afghanistan (20 Oct)
* New York City truck
* Sinai mosque
* Kabul bombing (28 Dec)
* Saint Menas church

2018|

* Baghdad bombings
* Save The Children Jalalabad
* Kizlyar church shooting
* Kabul bombing (Mar)
* Carcasonne & Trèbes
* Kabul bombing (22 Apr)
* Kabul bombings (30 Apr)
* Tripoli
* Mako Brimob standoff
* Paris knife
* Surabaya bombings
* Liège
* Jalalabad bombing (Jul)
* Mastung & Bannu bombings
* Quetta bombing
* As-Suwayda
* Tajikistan attack
* Kabul (Sep)
* Ahvaz military parade
* Minya bus
* Melbourne stabbing
* Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland

2019|

* Jolo Cathedral bombings
* Sri Lanka Easter bombings
* Sainthamaruthu shootout
* Kabul bombing (17 Aug)

2020|

* Kabul shooting (6 Mar)
* Kabul gurdwara
* Xitaxi
* Afghanistan (May)
* Jalalabad prison
* Jolo bombings
* Kabul University
* Vienna
* Afghanistan (Dec)

2021|

* Machh
* January Baghdad bombings
* Kabul school bombing
* Kabul airport
* Kunduz bombing
* Kandahar bombing
* Kampala bombings
* Kabul hospital

2022|

* Diyala massacre
* Peshawar mosque
* Hadera shooting
* Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing
* Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings
* Bourasso and Namissiguima
* Kuje prison break
* 5 August Kabul bombing
* August Kabul mosque bombing
* Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul
* Shah Cheragh
* Kabul hotel

2023|

* Kabul airport bombing
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing
* Al-Sukhnah
* Hama
* Khar bombing
* Arras school stabbing
* Pul-i-Khumri bombing
* Brussels shooting
* Kabul bombing (Nov)
* Paris
* Mindanao State University bombing

2024|

* Kerman bombings
* Istanbul church shooting
* Balochistan bombings
* Sibi bombing
* Mucojo attack
* Karabulak clash
* Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing
* Tillabéri attack
* Crocus City Hall attack
* 2024 Guzara Attack
* 2024 Bamyan shooting
* 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting
* Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis
* 2024 Dagestan attacks
* 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade
* 2024 Muscat mosque shooting
* 2024 Kabul bus bombing
* Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis
* 2024 Solingen stabbing
* 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing
* 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting

2025|

* 2025 New Orleans truck attack
* Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing
* Kasanga massacre
* 2025 Villach stabbing attack
* 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing
* Fambita mosque attack
* 2025 Southern Syria bombings

Politics and organization|

* Finances
* Education
* Ideology
* Medicare
* Military
* Armoured warfare
* Human rights
* Genocide of Christians
* Genocide of Shias
* Genocide of Yazidis
* Genocide of Turkmen
* Persecution of gay and bisexual men
* Killing of captives
* Beheading incidents
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Occupation of Mosul
* Executions in Mosul

Relations|

* Iran and the Islamic State
* Philippines and the Islamic State
* United Kingdom and the Islamic State
* Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State
* Foreign fighters
* Name changes due to the Islamic State
* Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media
* Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party

Society|

* Members
* Terrorist cell in Brussels
* Territorial claims
* al-Barakah district
* Collaboration

Media|

* A Second Message to America
* Al-Bayan
* Al-Fatihin
* Al-Furat Media Center
* Al-Hayat Media Center
* Al-I'tisam Media Foundation
* Al-Naba
* Al-Raud
* Amaq News Agency
* Dar al-Islam
* Dabiq
* Dawlat al-Islam Qamat
* Flames of War: The Fighting Has Just Begun
* Huroof
* I'lam foundation
* Istok
* Konstantiniyye
* Rumiyah
* Salil al-Sawarim
* The End of Sykes-Picot
* Turkey and the Fire of Racism
* Voice of Khorasan

Related topics|

* Defeating ISIS
* The Islamic State (documentary)
* ISIS-chan
* Islamism
* Millenarianism
* Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
* Shia–Sunni relations
* Slavery in 21st-century jihadism
* Theocracy

* v
* t
* e

Pulse nightclub shooting

* Terrorism in the United States
* List of Islamist terrorist attacks

General topics|

* Pulse (nightclub) (location)
* Omar Mateen (perpetrator)

Aftermath|

* Chris Murphy gun control filibuster
* U.S. House of Representatives sit-in

Tributes|

* Broadway for Orlando
* "Change"
* "God Control"
* "Hands"
* "Love Make the World Go Round"
* "Swerlk"
* "The Greatest"
* Our Happy Hours
* Love Is Love
* Pulse Memorial and Museum

* Category

* v
* t
* e

LGBTQ people (topic outline)

* Academic fields
* Discourse

* LGBTQ topics in education
* Gender studies
* Lesbian feminism
* Linguistics
* Literature
* Gay
* Lesbian
* Transgender
* Psychology
* Queer studies
* Queer theory
* Transfeminism

* Community
* Culture

* Anthems
* Awards
* Literary
* Bars
* Gay
* Lesbian
* Bisexual community
* Businesses
* Coming out
* Community centers
* Cross-dressing
* Drag king
* Drag queen
* Events
* Awareness periods
* Film festivals
* Gay village
* Gay-friendly
* Icons
* Literature
* Music
* Media
* Bury your gays
* Films
* New queer cinema
* Periodicals
* Portrayal
* Organizations
* People
* Pets
* Pride
* Pride Month
* Pride parade
* Queerplatonic relationships
* Religious groups
* Rodeos
* Same-sex relationships
* Slang
* Slogans
* Sports
* Pride Nights
* Takatāpui
* Theatre
* Companies
* Tourism

Symbols|

* Black triangle
* Gaysper
* Labrys
* Lambda
* Pink triangle
* Rainbow plaque

Pride flags|

* Aromantic
* Asexual
* Bear
* Bisexual
* Gay flag of South Africa
* Gay men
* Intersex
* Leather
* Lesbian
* Non-binary
* Pansexual
* Rainbow
* Rainbow crossing
* Transgender

* Gender identities
* Sexual identities
* Sexual diversities

| Gender identity|

* Androgyny
* Boi
* Cisgender
* Gender bender
* Gender nonconformity
* Khanith
* Man
* Non-binary / genderqueer
* Queer heterosexuality
* Theyby
* Transgender
* Akava'ine
* Trans man
* Transsexual
* Trans woman
* Mak nyah
* Woman
* Womxn
* Womyn
* Xenogender

Third sex / Third gender|

* Bakla
* Balkan sworn virgins
* Bissu
* Faʻafafine
* Fakaleitī
* Femminiello
* Hijra
* Kathoey
* Köçek
* Māhū
* Mukhannath
* Muxe
* Travesti
* Two-spirit
* Winkte

Sexual identities|

| Sexual orientations|

* Asexual
* Bisexual
* Homosexual

|

* Aromanticism
* Asexuality
* Gray asexuality
* Demisexuality
* Aegosexuality
* Attraction to transgender people
* Banjee
* Bi-curious
* Fictosexuality
* Gay
* Gay men
* Heteroflexible
* Lesbian
* Monosexual
* Non-heterosexual
* Pansexual
* Queer
* Questioning
* Romantic orientation
* Same gender loving
* Sexual minority
* Tom / Dee

Related|

* Acronyms
* LGBTQ
* Detransition
* Effeminacy
* Erotic target location error
* Ex-gay
* Ex-ex-gay
* Female
* Gender and sexual diversity
* Gender assignment
* Gender binary
* Gender essentialism
* Gender expression
* Gender neutrality
* Gender roles
* Gender transition
* Health
* Organizations
* Hermaphrodite
* Human female sexuality
* Human male sexuality
* Intersex
* Androgynos
* Tumtum
* Legal status of transgender people
* Male
* Men who have sex with men / Sexual practices between men
* Sex–gender distinction
* Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
* Social construction of gender
* Straight ally
* Tomboy
* Transgender health care
* Misinformation
* Women who have sex with women / Sexual practices between women

History

| LGBTQ history|

* History of homosexuality
* History of gay men in the United States
* History of lesbianism
* Transgender history
* Timeline of transgender history
* Timeline of asexual history
* LGBTQ history timeline
* Migration
* Social movements
* Students
* History of Christianity and homosexuality
* History of same-sex unions
* Pederasty
* Category:LGBTQ history

|

Pre-modern era|

* Adelphopoiesis
* Ancient Egypt
* Ancient Greece
* pre-Columbian Peru
* Ancient Rome
* Medieval Europe

16th to 19th century|

* Molly house
* Section 377
* First homosexual movement

20th century|

* Dance of the Forty-One
* Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Cadet scandal
* Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
* Sea queens
* Compton's Cafeteria riot
* Stonewall riots
* Gay Liberation Front
* Handkerchief code
* Festival of Light action
* White Night riots
* Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire
* Florida orange juice boycott
* Operation Soap
* Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
* ACT UP
* Section 28
* Tasty nightclub raid
* Bar Abanicos police raid

21st century|

* Timeline of same-sex marriage
* Lawrence v. Texas
* Russian anti-LGBTQ law
* Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014
* Rainbow wave
* Rainbow Night
* 2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States

* Rights and legal issues

| LGBTQ rights by country or territory|

* Africa
* Americas
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* List of LGBTQ rights articles by region

|

LGBTQ rights topics|

* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Censorship of LGBTQ issues
* Civil unions and partnerships
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* decriminalization
* Hate crime laws
* Intersex human rights
* Military service
* Same-sex parenting
* Adoption
* Assisted reproduction
* Same-sex marriage
* Timeline
* Socialism
* Legal status of transgender people
* Transgender rights movement
* United Nations/Yogyakarta Principles
* La Francophonie
* Commonwealth of Nations

LGBTQ rights movements|

* Homophile
* Gay liberation
* LGBTQ rights groups
* LGBTQ rights activists
* Rainbow capitalism
* Separatism
* Gay
* Lesbian

Sexual orientation — Medicine, science and sexology

* Autism and LGBTQ identities
* Biology
* Birth order
* Demographics
* Disability and LGBTQ identities
* Environment
* Homosexuality and psychology
* Homosexuality in the DSM
* Kinsey scale
* Klein Grid
* Life expectancy
* Neuroscience
* Prenatal hormones
* Sexual inversion
* Conversion therapy
* Split attraction model
* Sexual orientation identity
* Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine

* Societal attitudes
* Prejudice
* Violence

| Societal attitudes|

* Amatonormativity
* Heteronormativity
* Heteropatriarchy
* Homonationalism
* Pinkwashing
* Gay panic defense
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* LGBTQ stereotypes
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* list
* Monuments and memorials
* Queerbaiting
* Homosexuality and religion
* Transgender people and religion

|

Prejudice and discrimination|

* Arophobia
* Acephobia
* Anti-gender movement
* AIDS stigma
* Biphobia
* Gayphobia
* Grooming conspiracy theory
* Heterosexism
* Homophobia
* Liberal homophobia
* Discrimination against lesbians
* Discrimination against non-binary people
* Racism
* Riddle scale
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Transmisogyny
* Transphobia

Violence against LGBTQ people|

* Corrective rape
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Gay bashing
* History of violence in the UK
* History of violence in the US
* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Acts of violence against LGBTQ people
* Stop Murder Music
* Violence against transgender people
* Unlawfully killed transgender people

* LGBTQ portal
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Nightclub fires, disasters, and attacks

Fires (accidental)|

* 1929 Study Club fire
* 1940 Rhythm Club fire
* 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire
* 1947 Karlslust dance hall fire
* 1961 Top Storey Club fire
* 1970 Club Cinq-Sept fire
* 1972 Play Town Club fire
* 1973 Summerland disaster
* 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire
* 1981 Stardust fire
* 1983 Alcalá 20 nightclub fire
* 1993 Kheyvis fire
* 1996 Ozone Disco fire
* 2000 Luoyang Christmas fire
* 2001 Volendam New Year's fire
* 2001 Canecão Mineiro nightclub fire
* 2002 Utopía nightclub fire
* 2003 The Station nightclub fire
* 2004 Cromañón nightclub fire
* 2008 Wuwang Club fire
* 2009 Santika Club fire
* 2009 Lame Horse fire
* 2013 Kiss nightclub fire
* 2015 New Taipei water park fire
* 2015 Colectiv nightclub fire
* 2016 Ghost Ship warehouse fire
* 2022 Yaoundé nightclub fire
* 2022 Mountain B nightclub fire
* 2022 Binh Duong karaoke bar fire
* 2022 Kostroma café fire
* 2022 Poipet casino hotel fire
* 2023 Fonda Milagros nightclub fire
* 2024 Gayrettepe nightclub fire
* 2025 Kočani nightclub fire

Crowd crushes|

* 2000 Throb nightclub disaster
* 2003 E2 nightclub crush
* 2018 El Paraíso stampede
* 2018 Corinaldo stampede
* 2020 Los Olivos stampede

Attacks|

* 1972 Blue Bird Café fire
* 1973 Whiskey Au Go Go fire
* 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack
* 1974 Gulliver's nightclub fire
* 1975 Gargantua bar attack
* 1976 Puerto Rican Social Club fire
* 1997 Male Box shooting
* 1980 Denmark Place fire
* 1982 Droppin Well bombing
* 1984 Dallas nightclub shooting
* 1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing
* 1989 Rockhampton nightclub bombing
* 1990 Happy Land fire
* 1990 Rockhampton nightclub bombing
* 1996 Copenhagen rocket attack
* 1997 Otherside Lounge bombing
* 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire
* 1998 Panda Bar massacre
* 2000 Backstreet Cafe shooting
* 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
* 2001 Myojo 56 building fire
* 2002 Bali bombings
* 2003 El Nogal Club bombing
* 2004 Columbus nightclub shooting
* 2005 Stage Club bombing
* 2006 Arua nightclub shooting
* 2007 London car bombs
* 2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack
* 2015 Cairo restaurant fire
* 2015 Bataclan theatre massacre
* 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting
* 2016 Movida Bar grenade attack
* 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting
* 2017 Lima shooting
* 2017 Little Rock nightclub shooting
* 2017 Konstanz shooting
* 2018 Thousand Oaks shooting
* 2019 Salamanca nightclub shooting
* 2019 Melbourne nightclub shooting
* 2019 Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire
* 2022 Oslo shootings
* 2022 Bratislava shooting
* 2022 Colorado Springs nightclub shooting
* 2025 Chicago shooting
* 2025 Los Angeles car attack

Other|

* 1925 Pickwick Club collapse
* 2022 Enyobeni Tavern disaster (cause of death unknown)
* 2025 Jet Set nightclub roof collapse

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Deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States

1. September 11 attacks (2001) (2,977 deaths)
2. Oklahoma City bombing (1995) (168 deaths)
3. Mountain Meadows Massacre (1857) (120 deaths)
4. Tulsa race massacre (1921) (75–300 deaths)
5. Pulse nightclub shooting (2016) (49 deaths)
6. Bath School disaster (1927) (44 deaths)
7. Wall Street bombing (1920) (38 deaths)
8. UpStairs Lounge arson attack (1973) (32 deaths)
9. El Paso Walmart shooting (2019) (23 deaths)
10. Wilmington insurrection (1898) (22 deaths)
11. Los Angeles Times bombing (1910) (21 deaths)
12. New Orleans truck attack (2025) (14 deaths)
13. Fort Hood shooting (2009) (14 deaths)
14. San Bernardino attack (2015) (14 deaths)
15. Haymarket affair (1886) (12 deaths)
16. LaGuardia Airport bombing (1975) (11 deaths)
17. Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (2018) (11 deaths)
18. Preparedness Day bombing (1916) (10 deaths)
19. Milwaukee Police Department bombing (1917) (10 deaths)
20. Buffalo supermarket shooting (2022) (10 deaths)

Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from this list.

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Deadliest mass shootings in the United States

1. Paradise, NV (2017) (60 deaths)
2. Orlando, FL (2016) (49 deaths)
3. Blacksburg, VA (2007) (32 deaths)
4. Newtown, CT (2012) (27 deaths)
5. Sutherland Springs, TX (2017) (26 deaths)
6. Killeen, TX (1991) (23 deaths)
7. El Paso, TX (2019) (23 deaths)
8. San Diego, CA (1984) (22 deaths)
9. Uvalde, TX (2022) (21 deaths)
10. Lewiston, ME (2023) (18 deaths)
11. Austin, TX (1966) (17 deaths)
12. Parkland, FL (2018) (17 deaths)
13. Fort Hood, TX (2009) (14 deaths)
14. San Bernardino, CA (2015) (14 deaths)
15. Edmond, OK (1986) (14 deaths)
16. Columbine, CO (1999) (14 deaths)
17. Binghamton, NY (2009) (13 deaths)
18. Camden, NJ (1949) (13 deaths)
19. Wilkes-Barre, PA (1982) (13 deaths)
20. Seattle, WA (1983) (13 deaths)
21. Aurora, CO (2012) (12 deaths)
22. Thousand Oaks, CA (2018) (12 deaths)
23. Washington, D.C. (2013) (12 deaths)
24. Virginia Beach, VA (2019) (12 deaths)
25. Monterey Park, CA (2023) (11 deaths)
26. Jacksonville, FL (1990) (11 deaths)
27. Pittsburgh, PA (2018) (11 deaths)
28. Hamilton, OH (1975) (11 deaths)
29. Santa Fe, TX (2018) (10 deaths)
30. Geneva County, AL (2009) (10 deaths)
31. Buffalo, NY (2022) (10 deaths)
32. Boulder, CO (2021) (10 deaths)
33. New York City, NY (1984) (10 deaths)

Death counts do not include deceased perpetrator(s). This navbox reflects information from this list.

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Mass shootings in the United States in the 2010s

2010|

* St. Louis, MO (Jan. 7)
* Kennesaw, GA (Jan. 12)
* Appomattox, VA (Jan. 17–20)
* Huntsville, AL (Feb. 12)
* West Memphis, AR (May 20)
* Manchester, CT (Aug. 3)
* Buffalo, NY (Aug. 14)

2011|

* Casas Adobes, AZ (Jan. 8)
* Medford, NY (Jun. 19)
* Grand Rapids, MI (Jul. 7)
* Copley Township, OH (Aug. 7)
* Carson City, NV (Sep. 6)
* Seal Beach, CA (Oct. 12)
* Irwindale, CA (Dec. 16)

2012|

* Chardon, OH (Feb. 27)
* Oakland, CA (Apr. 2)
* Seattle, WA (May 30)
* Houston, TX (Jun. 20)
* Aurora, CO (Jul. 20)
* Oak Creek, WI (Aug. 5)
* College Station, TX (Aug. 13)
* St. John the Baptist Parish, LA (Aug. 16)
* Manhattan, NY (Aug. 24)
* Minneapolis, MN (Sep. 27)
* Brookfield, WI (Oct. 21)
* Fresno, CA (Nov. 6)
* Newtown, CT (Dec. 14)
* Webster, NY (Dec. 24)

2013|

* Albuquerque, NM (Jan. 19)
* Herkimer County, NY (Mar. 13)
* Hialeah, FL (Jul. 26)
* Ross Township, PA (Aug. 5)
* Washington, D.C. (Sep. 16)
* Los Angeles, CA (Nov. 1)

2014|

* Killeen, TX (Apr. 2)
* Isla Vista, CA (May 23)
* Harris County, TX (Jul. 9)
* Marysville, WA (Oct. 24)
* Montgomery County, PA (Dec. 15)

2015|

* Tyrone, MO (Feb. 26)
* Waco, TX (May 17)
* Charleston, SC (Jun. 17)
* Chattanooga, TN (Jul. 16)
* Lafayette, LA (Jul. 23)
* Harris County, TX (Aug. 8)
* Roseburg, OR (Oct. 1)
* Flagstaff, AZ (Oct. 9)
* Colorado Springs, CO (Nov. 27)
* San Bernardino, CA (Dec. 2)

2016|

* Kalamazoo County, MI (Feb. 20)
* Newton & Hesston, KS (Feb. 25)
* Wilkinsburg, PA (Mar. 9)
* Kansas City, KS & Montgomery County, MO (Mar. 7–8)
* Orlando, FL (Jun. 12)
* Dallas, TX (Jul. 7)
* St. Joseph, MI (Jul. 11)
* Baton Rouge, LA (Jul. 17)
* Mukilteo, WA (Jul. 30)
* Citronelle, AL (Aug. 20)
* Burlington, WA (Sep. 23)
* Townville, SC (Sep. 28)

2017|

* Broward County, FL (Jan. 6)
* Fresno, CA (Apr. 18)
* Lincoln County, MS (May 27)
* Orlando, FL (Jun. 5)
* Sandy, UT (Jun. 6)
* Alexandria, VA (Jun. 14)
* San Francisco, CA (Jun. 14)
* Bronx, NY (Jun. 30)
* Little Rock, AR (Jul. 1)
* Clovis, NM (Aug. 28)
* Plano, TX (Sep. 10)
* Nashville, TN (Sep. 24)
* Paradise, NV (Oct. 1)
* Sutherland Springs, TX (Nov. 5)
* Rancho Tehama, CA (Nov. 13–14)
* Highlands Ranch, CO (Dec. 31)

2018|

* Draffenville, KY (Jan. 23)
* Parkland, FL (Feb. 14)
* Nashville, TN (Apr. 22)
* Santa Fe, TX (May 18)
* Scottsdale, AZ (May 30–Jun. 4)
* Trenton, NJ (Jun. 17)
* Annapolis, MD (Jun. 28)
* Jacksonville, FL (Aug. 26)
* Cincinnati, OH (Sep. 6)
* Aberdeen, MD (Sep. 20)
* Florence, SC (Oct. 3)
* Pittsburgh, PA (Oct. 27)
* Tallahassee, FL (Nov. 2)
* Thousand Oaks, CA (Nov. 7)
* Globe, AZ (Nov. 11)

2019|

* Sebring, FL (Jan. 23)
* Ascension & Livingston Parishes, LA (Jan. 26)
* Houston, TX (Jan. 28)
* Aurora, IL (Feb. 15)
* Poway, CA (Apr. 27)
* Charlotte, NC (Apr. 30)
* Highlands Ranch, CO (May 7)
* Virginia Beach, VA (May 31)
* Gilroy, CA (Jul. 28)
* El Paso, TX (Aug. 3)
* Dayton, OH (Aug. 4)
* San Juan, PR (Oct. 14)
* Orinda, CA (Oct. 31)
* Santa Clarita, CA (Nov. 14)
* Fresno, CA (Nov. 17)
* Pensacola, FL (Dec. 6)
* Jersey City, NJ (Dec. 10)

Part of mass shootings in the United States by time period (1980s and before, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s)

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Barack Obama

* 44th President of the United States (2009–2017)
* U.S. Senator from Illinois (2005–2008)
* Illinois Senator from the 13th district (1997–2004)

| Life and
politics|

* Early life and career
* Illinois Senate career
* 2004 Democratic National Convention
* U.S. Senate career
* Political positions
* Administration foreign policy
* Cannabis
* Mass surveillance
* Social
* Space
* 2009 Nobel Peace Prize
* West Wing Week

|

Presidency
(timeline)|

* Transition
* Inaugurations
* 2009
* 2013
* First 100 days
* Timeline
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* January 2017
* Foreign policy
* Middle East
* Afghanistan withdrawal
* Iraq withdrawal
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Benghazi attack
* Return to Iraq
* War in Syria
* Relations with Iran
* Iran nuclear deal
* Pivot to Asia
* Cuban thaw
* Obama Doctrine
* Europe
* Economic policy
* Affordable Care Act
* American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
* Dodd–Frank Act
* Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
* Energy/Environmental
* Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
* Marine policy
* New Energy for America
* Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act
* Clean Power Plan
* Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014
* Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act
* New START
* MAP-21st Century Act
* FAST Act
* Pardons
* Presidential trips
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016–17
* international
* Judicial appointments
* Supreme Court
* Sotomayor
* Kagan
* Garland
* controversies
* Cabinet
* Biden vice presidency
* Presidential Library and Center
* Executive actions
* Executive orders
* Memoranda
* Proclamations
* Trump transition
* Plantation Estate

Books|

* Dreams from My Father (1995)
* The Audacity of Hope (2006)
* Of Thee I Sing (2010)
* A Promised Land (2020)

Speeches|

* "The Audacity of Hope" (2004)
* "Yes We Can" (2008)
* "A More Perfect Union" (2008)
* "Change Has Come to America" (2008)
* "A New Birth of Freedom" (2009)
* Joint session of Congress (2009)
* "A New Beginning" (2009)
* Joint session of Congress (health care reform) (2009)
* State of the Union Address
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* Tucson memorial speech (2011)
* Joint session of Congress (jobs) (2011)
* "You didn't build that" (2012)
* Selma 50th anniversary (2015)
* Farewell address (2017)

Elections|

| Illinois|

* State Senate
* 1996
* 1998
* 2002
* U.S. House of Representatives
* 2000

|

U.S. Senate|

* 2004

Presidential|

* 2008 campaign
* endorsements
* GOP/conservative support
* staff members
* primaries
* primary campaign
* running mate selection
* convention
* debates
* election
* 2012 campaign
* endorsements
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election

Family|

* Michelle Obama (wife)
* Ann Dunham (mother)
* Barack Obama Sr. (father)
* Lolo Soetoro (stepfather)
* Maya Soetoro-Ng (maternal half-sister)
* Stanley Armour Dunham (maternal grandfather)
* Madelyn Dunham (maternal grandmother)
* Auma Obama (paternal half-sister)
* Malik Obama (paternal half-brother)
* Marian Robinson (mother-in-law)
* Craig Robinson (brother-in-law)
* Bo (family dog)
* Sunny (family dog)

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Public image

News and
political events|

* Oprah Winfrey's endorsement
* Citizenship conspiracy theories
* litigation
* Religion conspiracy theories
* Bill Ayers controversy
* Jeremiah Wright controversy
* Republican and conservative support (2008)
* Assassination threats
* 2008 Denver
* 2008 Tennessee
* First inauguration invitations
* Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial
* Citizen's Briefing Book
* Tea Party protests
* New Energy for America
* Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting
* Firing of Shirley Sherrod
* Impeachment efforts
* Tan suit controversy

Books about|

* Bibliography
* Obama: From Promise to Power
* Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy
* Redemption Song
* The Case Against Barack Obama
* The Obama Nation
* Culture of Corruption
* Catastrophe
* Barack and Michelle
* The Speech
* The Obama Story
* Between Barack and a Hard Place
* Game Change
* Obama Zombies
* Conservative Victory
* The Bridge
* The Obama Diaries
* The Obama Syndrome
* The Obama Identity
* O: A Presidential Novel
* Where's the Birth Certificate?
* Obama's Last Stand
* Barack Obama: The Story
* Game Change 2012
* Buyer's Remorse
* Rising Star
* Shade
* The World as It Is

Music|

* Obama Girl
* "I Got a Crush... on Obama"
* "Barack the Magic Negro"
* will.i.am
* "Yes We Can"
* "The President Sang Amazing Grace"
* "There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama"
* "Sí Se Puede Cambiar"
* "My President"
* "Deadheads for Obama"
* "Air and Simple Gifts"
* Change Is Now
* Hope! – Das Obama Musical
* "Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney"
* Barack's Dubs
* "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"

Film, TV,
and stage|

* By the People: The Election of Barack Obama (2009)
* Change (2010)
* Obama Anak Menteng (2010)
* 2016: Obama's America (2012)
* The Road We've Traveled (2012)
* Southside with You (2016)
* Hillary and Clinton (2016)
* Barry (2016)
* America's Great Divide (2020)
* We the People (2021)
* Renegades: Born in the USA (2021)
* Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union (2021)
* The First Lady (2022)
* Picturing the Obamas (2022)

Other media|

* Social media use
* Artists for Obama
* "Hope" poster
* "Joker" poster
* Hair Like Mine
* Situation Room
* Iman Crosson
* The Forgotten Man (2010 painting)
* President Barack Obama (2018 portrait)
* Obama logo
* In comics
* Barack Obama's summer playlist

Related|

* Barack Obama Day (Illinois)
* Obama Day (Kenya)
* Awards and honors
* Namesakes
* Higher Ground Productions
* "One Last Time (44 Remix)"
* Sunlight before signing

* ← George W. Bush
* Donald Trump →

* Category

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Poland
* Israel

|

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