Qing official headwear

Headwear of officials during the Qing dynasty of China

This article is about Official headgears of the Qing dynasty. For a type of Chinese headwear called guan, see Guan (headwear). For the Hakka hat also called liangmao, see Liangmao.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Qing official headwear" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Qing official headwear

Qing-era official headwear in a museum, Nanchang, Jiangxi

Chinese name
Chinese| 清代官帽
Literal meaning| Qing dynasty official hat
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| qīngdài guānmào
English language name
English language| Official hats of the Qing dynasty / Qing official headwear / Mandarin hat

The Qing official headwear or Qingdai guanmao (Chinese: 清代官帽; pinyin: qīngdài guānmào; lit. 'Qing dynasty official hat'), also referred as the Official hats of the Qing dynasty[1] or Mandarin hat in English,[2] is a generic term which refers to the types of guanmao (Chinese: 官帽; pinyin: guānmào; lit. 'official hat'), a headgear, worn by the officials of the Qing dynasty in China. The Qing official headwear typically forms of part of the qizhuang system as opposed to the hanfu system and were completely different from the types of guanmao used in the previous dynasties.[1] There were various forms of the Qing official headwear, and some were designed to be worn based on the winter or summer seasons;[1] while others used varieties of decorations and adornment, such as the use of peacock feathers which could vary between one and three peacock eyes; these peacock feathers were bestowed by the Emperor to his officials who had accomplished meritorious services and the greatest number of peacock eyes represents the highest honour bestowed.[2]

## Types of the Qing official headwear

[edit]

### Xiaomao

[edit]

A 19th-century xiaomao

Main article: Guapimao

Xiaomao (Chinese: 小帽, "little cap") was a type of daily hat worn by the officials of the Qing dynasty; however, it actually dated from the late Ming dynasty and was popular from the late Ming to the end of the Republic of China period.[3]: 13 The xiaomao was mostly black in colour and was made of 6 separate pieces and was therefore also called the "six-in-one hat"; it was made out of gauze in summer and autumn while damask was used in spring and winter seasons.[3]: 13 The inside of the hat however was red in colour; there was a knot on the top of the hat which was typically made of red threads.[3]: 13 When worn by common people, it was known as the guapimao or melon rind cap. The knot was black except when there was a funeral, in which case the knot was white.[3]: 13

### Nuanmao

[edit]

Nuanmao

Nuanmao (Chinese: 暖帽; lit. 'warm hat') was the official hat worn by civil officials in the Qing dynasty during the winter seasons.[4]

### Liangmao

[edit]

Liangmao

Liangmao (Chinese: 涼帽; lit. 'cool hat') was the official hat worn by the officials in the Qing dynasty during the summer seasons; it was a typical form of Manchu headwear items in qizhuang.[5]

## Construction and design

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

It consisted of a black velvet cap in winter, or a hat woven in rattan or similar materials in summer, both with a button on the top. The button or knob would become a finial during formal court ceremonies held by the Emperor.

### Jewelries and accessories

[edit]

Porcelain hat pin

Officials would have to change their tops on the hat, for non-formal ceremonies or daily businesses. Red silk tassels extended down from the finial to cover the hat, and a large peacock feather (with one to three "eyes") could be attached to the back of the hat, should the merit of wearing it have been granted by the emperor.

The colour and shape of the finial depended on the wearer's grade:

* The royalty and nobility used various numbers of pearls.
* An officer of the first grade wore a translucent red ball (originally ruby); second grade, solid red ball (originally coral); third grade, translucent blue ball (originally sapphire); fourth grade, solid blue ball; fifth grade, translucent white ball (originally crystal); sixth grade, solid white ball (originally mother of pearl). Officers of the seventh to ninth grade wore gold or clear amber balls of varied designs.

## See also

[edit]

* China portal

* Tang official headwear
* Song official headwear
* List of headgear
* Red hat merchant
* Qizhuang
* Futou
* Hanfu

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Official Hats of the Qing Dynasty". en.chinaculture.org. 2014. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
2. ^ a b "Mandarin Hat 20th century". www.metmuseum.org. 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
3. ^ a b c d Yang, Shaorong (2004). Traditional Chinese Clothing Costumes, Adornments & Culture. San Francisco: Long River Press. ISBN 9781592650194. OCLC 52775158.
4. ^ Welt museum Wien (2017-10-30). "Weltmuseum Wien: Winter hat for a civil servant". www.weltmuseumwien.at. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
5. ^ Wang, Guojun (2020). Staging Personhood : Costuming in Early Qing Drama. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54957-8. OCLC 1163778738.

* v
* t
* e

Traditional Han Chinese clothing

Characteristics|

| Garment and neckline (list)|

* Jiaoling youren
* Mandarin collar

|

Fastening|

* Pankou
* Chinese button knot
* Zimukou

Styles|

* Baoyi bodai
* Shangjian xiafeng
* Fuyao
* Hufu
* List of hanfu

Textile decoration and craft|

* Diancui
* Chinese knotting
* Chinese embroidery
* Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list)
* Xiangyun
* Lishui (sea-waves)
* Mandarin square
* Chinese ornamental gold silk
* Goldwork
* Chinese patchwork

Belief system and social movement|

* Confucianism
* Taoism
* Wufu
* Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
* Yin and Yang
* Hanfu movement

Sumptuary laws|

* Tifayifu

Related rituals|

* Guan Li
* Ji Li (ceremony)

Garments|

| Set of attire|

* Ruqun
* Tanling ruqun
* Qixiong ruqun
* Qungua
* Xiuhefu
* Mianfu
* Bianfu
* Tongtianguanfu
* Xuanduan
* Diyi
* Zaju chuishao fu
* Shanku

|

Upper garment|

* Ru
* Yi
* Shan
* Ao
* Chang'ao
* Baijiayi
* Daxiushan
* Bijia
* Banbi
* Dahu
* Beizi
* Pifeng
* Hechang
* Shuitianyi
* Yuanlingshan

Robe|

* Shenyi
* Zhiju
* Quju
* Paofu
* Daopao
* Zhiduo
* Yuanlingpao
* Fanlingpao
* Panling Lanshan
* Longpao
* Mangfu
* Tieli
* Yesa
* Zhisun
* Feiyufu

Inner and undergarment|

* Dudou
* Hezi
* Moxiong
* Maweiqun

Lower garment|

* Ku
* Qun
* Baidiequn
* Mamianqun

Religious clothing|

* Daojiao fushi

Headwear (list)|

| Guan|

* Mianguan
* Fengguan

|

Futou|

* Tang official headwear
* Song official headwear

Mao|

* Humao
* Damao
* Liangmao
* Weimao

Jin|

* Fujin
* Wangjin

Hairpin|

* Chinese hairpin
* Buyao

Comb|

* Shubi

Veil|

* Honggaitou
* Mili

Footwear (list)|

* Xiuhuaxie
* Tiger-head shoes
* Lotus shoes

Accessories (list)|

| Head|

* Lingzi

|

Neck|

* Yingluo
* Yunjian
* Fangxingquling

Shoulders|

* Pibo
* Xiapei

Chest|

* Yajin

Waist|

* Yaoqun

Lap|

* Bixi

Ribbons and knots|

* Lào zi

Portable|

* Hebao
* Xiangnang (fragrant sachet)
* Hu (ritual baton)
* Fu (tally)
* Yufu (fish tally)
* Yudai (fish bag)
* Folding fan
* Tuanshan

Jewellery|

* Longevity lock
* Yupei
* Jinbu

Influenced clothing|

| Traditional clothing|

* Kimono
* Hanbok
* Ryusou
* Vietnamese clothing

|

Performance costume|

* Xifu
* Guzhuang

Cosmetics|

* Huadian

* List of Hanfu

* v
* t
* e

Qing dynasty topics

History|

| Early

(1616-1683)

* Jurchen unification
* Later Jin
* Seven Grievances
* Later Jin invasion of Joseon
* Qing invasion of Joseon
* Transition from Ming to Qing
* Battle of Shanhai Pass
* Great Clearance
* Battle of Penghu
* Revolt of the Three Feudatories

|

High Qing

(1683-1799)

* Sino-Russian border conflicts
* Dzungar–Qing Wars
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
* Chinese Rites controversy
* Ten Great Campaigns
* Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
* Lhasa riot of 1750
* Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
* Afaqi Khoja revolts
* Durrani-Qing relations
* Sino-Burmese War
* Lin Shuangwen rebellion
* Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
* Sino-Nepalese War
* Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
* White Lotus Rebellion

19th century

(1801-1900)

* Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
* First Opium War
* Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
* Taiping Rebellion
* Nian Rebellion
* Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
* Small Swords Society
* Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
* Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
* Panthay Rebellion
* Second Opium War
* Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
* Amur Annexation
* Self-Strengthening Movement
* Tongzhi Restoration
* Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
* Mudan incident
* Tianjin Massacre
* Margary Affair
* Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
* Northern Chinese Famine
* Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
* Sino-French War
* Sikkim expedition
* Jindandao incident
* First Sino-Japanese War
* Gongche Shangshu movement
* Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
* Hundred Days' Reform
* Third plague pandemic
* Boxer Rebellion
* Red Lanterns
* Eight-Nation Alliance
* Declaration of war

20th century

(1901-1912)

* Late Qing reforms
* British expedition to Tibet
* 1905 Batang uprising
* Preparative Constitutionalism
* 1909 Parliamentary election
* 1909 Provincial Assembly elections
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
* Manchurian plague
* Railway Protection Movement
* 1911 Revolution
* Wuchang Uprising
* Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
* Mongolian Revolution of 1911
* 1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
* Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
* Articles of Favourable Treatment
* Manchu Restoration

Government|

* Emperor
* List
* Family tree
* Advisory Council
* Amban
* Consultative Bureau
* Cup of Solid Gold
* Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
* Da-Qing Bank
* Deliberative Council
* Diplomatic missions
* Flag of the Qing dynasty
* Grand Council
* Great Qing Legal Code
* Imperial Clan Court
* Imperial Commissioner
* Imperial Household Department
* Lifan Yuan
* Ministry of Posts and Communications
* Nine Gates Infantry Commander
* Provincial governor
* Provincial military commander
* Principles of the Constitution (1908)
* Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
* Ejen
* Administrative divisions
* Viceroys
* Zhili
* Shaan-Gan
* Liangjiang
* Huguang
* Sichuan
* Min-Zhe
* Liangguang
* Yun-Gui
* Three Eastern Provinces
* Zongli Yamen

Military|

* Beiyang Army
* Eight Banners
* Ever Victorious Army
* Green Standard Army
* Imperial Guards
* Firearm Battalion
* Peking Field Force
* New Army
* Hushenying
* Shuishiying
* Wuwei Corps
* Yong Ying
* Chu Army
* Huai Army
* Xiang Army
* Navy

Special regions|

* Inner Asia
* Manchuria
* Mongolia
* Administrative divisions
* Tibet
* Golden Urn
* List of ambans
* Xinjiang
* Timeline
* General of Ili
* Taiwan
* Guest House of Imperial Envoys

Palaces &
mausoleums|

* Chengde Mountain Resort
* Forbidden City
* Hetu Ala
* Mukden Palace
* Old Summer Palace
* Summer Palace
* Eastern Qing tombs
* Western Qing tombs
* Fuling Mausoleum
* Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
* Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Society &
culture|

* Booi Aha
* Changzhou School of Thought
* Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
* Dibao
* Economy
* performance criticism
* Four Wangs
* History of Ming
* Kangxi Dictionary
* Kaozheng
* Literary inquisition
* Manchu Han Imperial Feast
* Peiwen Yunfu
* Pentaglot Dictionary
* Qing official headwear
* Qing poetry
* Complete Tang Poems
* Queue
* Researches on Manchu Origins
* Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
* Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
* Islam during the Qing dynasty
* Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
* Annotated Bibliography

Treaties

* Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
* Treaty of Nerchinsk
* Unequal treaties
* Boxer Protocol
* Burlingame Treaty
* Chefoo Convention
* Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
* Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
* Convention of Peking
* Convention of Tientsin
* Li–Lobanov Treaty
* Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
* Treaty of Aigun
* Treaty of the Bogue
* Treaty of Canton
* Treaty of Kulja
* Treaty of Nanking
* Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
* Treaty of Shimonoseki
* Treaty of Tarbagatai
* Treaty of Tientsin
* Treaty of Wanghia
* Treaty of Whampoa

Currency|

| Coinage|

* Zhiqian
* Kangxi Tongbao
* Qianlong Tongbao
* Hongqian
* Great Qing Copper Coin
* Great Qing Gold Coin

|

Paper money|

* Great Qing Treasure Note
* Hubu Guanpiao
* Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank

Other topics|

* Aisin Gioro
* Anti-Qing sentiment
* Canton System
* Chuang Guandong
* Draft History of Qing
* History of Qing (People's Republic)
* Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
* Legacy of the Qing dynasty
* Manchu people
* Names of the Qing dynasty
* New Qing History
* Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
* Treaty ports
* Willow Palisade

* v
* t
* e

Historical clothing

Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings

Body-length|

* Abolla
* Banyan
* Brunswick
* Court dress (Empire of Japan)
* Chiton
* Frock
* Frock coat
* Hanfu
* Justacorps
* Paenula
* Peplos
* Stola
* Toga
* Tunic
* Xout lao

Tops|

* Basque
* Bedgown
* Bodice
* Doublet
* Peascod belly
* Poet shirt
* Sbai
* Suea pat

Trousers|

* Braccae
* Breeches
* Sompot Chong Kben
* Culottes
* Harem
* Knickerbockers
* Pedal pushers
* Zaragüelles [es]

Skirts|

* Hobble
* Poodle
* Safeguard
* Sompot
* Sinh
* Train

Dresses|

* Bliaut
* Close-bodied gown
* Debutante
* Gown
* Kirtle
* Mantua
* Polonaise
* Robe de cour
* Sack-back gown
* Sailor
* Tea gown
* Zaju chuishao fu

Outerwear|

* Capote
* Car coat
* Caraco
* Cardinal cloak
* Chamail
* Chlamys
* Cloak
* Kinsale cloak
* Dolman
* Doublet
* Duster
* Exomis
* Greatcoat
* Himation
* Houppelande
* Inverness cape
* Jerkin
* Kandys
* Mackinaw jacket
* Nadiri
* Norfolk jacket
* Overfrock
* Pañuelo
* Palla
* Pallium
* Pelisse
* Poncho
* Shadbelly
* Shawl
* Galway shawl
* Kullu
* Smock-frock
* Spencer
* Surcoat
* Surtout
* Ulster coat
* Visite
* Witzchoura

Underwear|

* Basque
* Bustle
* Chausses
* Chemise
* Codpiece
* Corselet
* Corset
* Waist cincher
* Dickey
* Garter
* Hoop skirt
* Crinoline
* Farthingale
* Pannier
* Hose
* Liberty bodice
* Loincloth
* Open drawers
* Pantalettes
* Petticoat
* Peignoir
* Pettipants
* Union suit
* Yếm

Headwear|

* Anthony Eden
* Apex
* Arakhchin
* Attifet
* Aviator
* Ba tầm
* Bergère
* Blessed hat
* Bonnet
* Calath crown (headdress)
* Capotain
* Caubeen
* Cavalier
* Coif
* Coonskin
* Cornette
* Dunce
* Fillet
* French hood
* Fontange
* Futou
* Gable hood
* Hennin
* Jeongjagwan
* Jewish
* Kausia
* Khat (apparel)
* Kokoshnik
* Llawt'u
* Malahai
* Matron's badge
* Miner's
* Mob
* Modius
* Monmouth
* Mooskappe
* Motoring hood
* Mounteere
* Nemes
* Nightcap
* Ochipok
* Pahlavi
* Petasos
* Phrygian
* Pileus
* Printer's
* Pudding
* Qeleshe
* Qing
* Salakot
* Snood
* Smoking
* Stephane (headdress)
* Tainia
* Taranga
* Welsh Wig
* Wimple

Footwear|

* Buskins
* Calcei
* Caligae
* Carbatina
* Chinese styles
* Chopines
* Duckbills
* Episcopal sandals
* Hessian
* Lotus shoes
* Manchu platform shoes
* Pampooties
* Pattens
* Pigaches
* Poulaines
* Socci
* Tiger-head shoes
* Turnshoes

Accessories|

* Ascot tie
* Belt hook
* Cointoise
* Cravat (early)
* Hairpin
* Hatpin
* Jabot
* Lavallière
* Muff
* Oes
* Partlet
* Perfumed gloves
* Ruff
* Shoe buckle
* Visard

Clothing portal
*[lit.]: Literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template