Queen Mother of the West

Mother goddess in Chinese religion and mythology

"Si Wang-mu" redirects here. For the Ender's Game character, see List of Ender's Game characters § Wang-mu.

Queen Mother of the West

The Queen Mother of the West in a detail from a painting by Xie Wenli

Abode| Mount Kunlun, or
Tortoise Mountain
Consort| Dongwanggong
Chinese name
Chinese| 西王母
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Xīwángmǔ
Wade–Giles| Hsi Wang-mu
Golden Mother of the Jade Pond
Traditional Chinese| 瑤池金母
Simplified Chinese| 瑶池金母
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Yáochí Jīnmǔ
Wade–Giles| Yao-chih Chin-mu
Golden Mother the First Ruler
Chinese| 金母元君
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Jīnmǔ Yuánjūn
Lady Queen Mother
Chinese| 王母娘娘
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Wángmǔ Niángniáng
Wade–Giles| Wang-mu Niang-niang

The Queen Mother of the West, known by various local names, is a mother goddess in Chinese religion and mythology, also worshipped later in neighbouring countries. She is attested from ancient times.

The first historical information on her can be traced back to Shang dynasty oracle bone inscriptions that record sacrifices to a "Western Mother".[1] Even though these inscriptions illustrate that she predates organized Taoism, she is most often associated with Taoism. The growing popularity of the Queen Mother of the West, as well as the beliefs that she was the dispenser of prosperity, longevity, and eternal bliss, took place during Han dynasty, in the 2nd century BCE, when the northern and western parts of China became more accessible through the opening of the Silk Road.[2][3]

## Names

[edit]

Queen Mother of the West is a calque of Xiwangmu in Chinese sources, Seiōbo in Japan, Seowangmo in Korea, and Tây Vương Mẫu in Vietnam. She has numerous titles, one being Yaochi Jinmu (瑤池金母), the "Golden Mother of the Jade Pond (瑤池)" [4] (also translated "Turquoise Pond"[5][6]). She is also known in contemporary sources as the Lady Queen Mother.

In Chinese salvationist religions, she is believed to be the same being as their main deity, Wusheng Laomu (Chinese: 無生老母; lit. 'birthless old mother'), also known as Wujimu (無極母; lit. 'infinite mother').[7] The title, Wujimu, signifies the absolute principle of reality, or the creational origin of all things.[8]

Tang writers called her "Golden Mother the First Ruler", the "Golden Mother of Tortoise Mountain", "She of the Nine Numina and the Grand Marvel", and the "Perfected Marvel of the Western Florescence and Ultimate Worthy of the Cavernous Darkness". Commoners and poets of the era referred to her more simply as the "Queen Mother", the "Divine Mother", or simply "Nanny" (Amah).

## Iconography and representation

[edit]

Peach Festival of the Queen Mother of the West, Ming dynasty painting, early 17th century Jade Pond Birthday greeting, by Jin Tingbiao, Qing dynasty Liao dynasty fresco from the tomb on mount Pao. The first figure from left is Xiwangmu Xiwangmu's Peaches of Immortality, Japanese painting by Kumashiro Yūhi, circa 1750

The Queen Mother of the West is most often depicted holding court within her palace on the mythological Mount Kunlun, usually supposed to be in western China (a modern Mount Kunlun is named after this). Her palace is believed to be a perfect and complete paradise, where it was used as a meeting place for the deities and a cosmic pillar where communications between deities and humans were possible.[9] At her palace she was surrounded by a female retinue of prominent goddesses and spiritual attendants. One of her symbols is the Big Dipper.[10][11]

Although not definite there are many beliefs that her garden had a special orchard of longevity peaches which would ripen once every three thousand years,[9] others believe though that her court on Mount Kunlun was nearby to the orchard of the Peaches of Immortality. No matter where the peaches were located, the Queen Mother of the West is widely known for serving peaches to her guests, which would then make them immortal. She normally wears a distinctive headdress with the Peaches of Immortality suspended from it.

> Flourishing parasols, we reach the chronograms' extremity;
>  Riding on the mist, I wander to Lofty Whirlwind Peak.
>  The Lady of the Supreme Primordial descends through jade interior doors;
>  The Queen Mother opens her Blue-gem Palace.
>  Celestial people—What a Crowd!
>  A lofty meeting inside the Cyan Audience Hall.
>  Arrayed Attendants perform Cloud Songs;
>  Realized intonations fill the Grand Empty Space.
>  Every thousand years, her purple crabapple ripens;
>  Every four kalpas, her numinous melon produces abundantly.
>  This music differs from that at the feast in the wilderness—
>  So convivial, and certainly infinite.

> — Wu Yun (Complete Tang Poems 1967, line 4942)

Representations of Xiwangmu

* Xi Wangmu in Shanhaijing

* Han Dynasty stone-relief from Sichuan

* Han Dynasty stone-relief (Xiwangmu sitting in between tiger and dragon)

* Xiwangmu in the celestial court, from the murals of Yongle Temple, Yuan dynasty

* Xiwangmu from Ming dynasty Imperial Encyclopaedia - Spirits and the Supernatural

* Ming Dynasty Water and Land Ritual painting of Xiwangmu with Jiutian, an Houtu from Baoning Temple.

* Chinese painting of Xiwangmu riding a foo dog

* Xiwangmu on porcelain, Qing dynasty

* Seiōbo in painting, Japanese

* Tây Vương Mẫu on drape, Vietnamese, c. 1800

## History

[edit]

Han Dynasty stone-relief of Xiwangmu found in Tengzhou, Shandong.

The first mentions of the Queen Mother date back to the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang dynasty (1766 – 1122 BCE).

One inscription reads:

> Crack-making on day IX (9th day), we divined. If we make offering to the eastern mother and the western mother, there will be approval.

Western Mother refers to an archaic divinity residing in the west. The exact nature of the Mother divinities in the Shang dynasty is unclear, but they were seen as powerful forces deserving of ritual by the people of the Shang dynasty.

Originally, from the earliest known depictions of her in accounts like the Classic of Mountains and Seas during the Zhou dynasty, she was a ferocious goddess of death with the teeth of a tiger, who rules over wild beasts and sends down heavenly punishments such as pestilences. She was also mentioned as an authority ruling over other divinities such as Jiutian Xuannü, a goddess of war and sex.

Other stories hold that she is a mountain goddess or a divine tigress.[12] She is also popularly thought to have blessed the Eight Immortals with their supernatural abilities.[13]

After her integration into the Taoist pantheon, she gradually took on associations with other aspects, such as immortality,[14] as well as being the god of stars, directions, profit, and the sun and moon.[15]

The worship of the Queen Mother is organised today in Taiwan as Yaochidao.

## Literary accounts

[edit]

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### Zhuangzi

[edit]

One of the earliest written references to the Queen Mother comes from the writings of the Taoist writer Zhuangzi (c. 4th century BCE):

> The Queen Mother of the West obtained it [the Dao]... ...and took up her seat at Shao kuang. No one knows her beginning; no one knows her end.[16]

Zhuangzi describes the Queen Mother as one of the highest of the deities, meaning she had gained immortality and celestial powers. Zhuangzi also states that Xiwangmu is seated upon a spiritual western mountain range, suggesting she is connected to not only the heavens, but also to the west.

### Legendary encounters

[edit]

In Tu Kuang-ting's text, he includes narrative accounts of the Queen Mother's encounters with legendary Chinese heroes. One such account narrates an encounter between the Queen Mother and Laozi (Lord Lao):

> "In the 25th year of King Chao of the Chou dynasty (1028 BCE) ..."
>  "...Lord Lao and the realized person Yin Hsi went traveling..."
>  "...on their behalf, the Queen Mother of the West explicated the Scripture of Constant Purity and Quiet."[17]

In this account, the Queen Mother plays the role of Laozi's superior and is credited with the ultimate authorship of the Dao De Jing. This dichotomy of the Queen Mother as the superior is a characteristic of Shangqing Taoism, a goddess worshiping sect of Taoism of which Tu Kuang-ting was a master. There is also an account of a meeting between the Queen Mother and Laozi in Tang poetry.[18] This account however, being of traditional Taoist thought, has the Queen Mother taking an inferior role to Laozi, calling him "Primordial Lord" (the title of his highest manifestation) and pays homage to the sage.

### Mythological accounts in the Tang dynasty

[edit]

During the Tang dynasty (June 18, 618 – June 4, 907) poetry flourished throughout China (this period is commonly known as the "Golden age of Chinese poetry"). It was during this period that the Queen Mother became an extremely popular figure in poetry. Her mythology was recorded in the poems of the Complete Tang Poems, a collection of surviving poems (of an estimated 50,000 written during the period)[citation needed] from the Tang dynasty.

After the fall of the Tang dynasty, (c. 910 – c. 920) a Shang-ching Taoist master and court chronicler named Du Guangting wrote a hagiographical biography of the queen mother as part of his text "Yung ch'eng chi hsien lu" ("Records of the Assembled Transcendents of the Fortified Walled City"). This account represents the most complete source of information about Tang society's perceptions of Xiwangmu.

#### Women of the Tang

[edit]

As depicted in the album Famous Women, 1799

Because she was the highest goddess of the Taoist religion and ruler of female Transcendents, The Queen Mother was seen to have had a special relationship with all women. In the beginning section of Tu Kuang-ting's hagiography, he lists the most important functions of the Queen Mother:

> In heaven, beneath heaven, in the three worlds, and in the ten directions
>  all women who ascend to transcendence and attain the way are her dependents.

> — [19]

The Queen Mother of the West was said to care for all woman Daoists in the universe, both perfected and aspirants. Tang writers frequently refer to her in poems about Daoist women. In accordance with the Shang Ch'ing vision expressed by Tu, she appears as teacher judge, registrar, and Guardian of female believers. Her forms reflect Tu's definitions.

The Queen Mother was held in especially high regard by Chinese women who did not represent the societal norm of the submissive woman. To these women, The Queen Mother of the West was seen as "a powerful, independent deity representing the ultimate yin controlling immortality and the afterlife."[20]

### Description in sectarian scriptures

[edit]

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Wusheng Laomu is described in many ways in the scriptures of some Chinese folk religious sects.[21] For instance, an excerpt from the Precious Scripture of the Dragon Flower (c. 1654), pertaining to the Dragon Flower sect, says:[22]

> After the emergence of the Ancient Awakened, heaven and earth were established; after the rise of the Eternal Venerable Mother, Former Heaven was established. The Eternal Venerable Mother conceives from herself and begets yin and yang. The yin is the daughter and the yang is the son. Their names are Fuxi and Nüwa respectively.

From another section of the Dragon Flower, "It is required that all male and female members gather with neither difference nor discrimination".[21] Equality of men and women is a characteristic element of the Chinese sectarian tradition, for both males and females are equally children of the Eternal Mother, and both of them are the same in the "Former Heaven", the original state of birth from the goddess.[21]

The aim of every follower of the Wusheng Laomu is to return to her. For example, an excerpt of the "Precious Scroll Explaining the Great Vehicle" says:[23]

> After preaching the wonderful message with an enlightened mind and manifested nature, they return home in complete pleasure. ... All children are redeemed and reunited ... and they will resume a long life. They see the Mother sitting on the Lotus Throne, surrounded by golden light. They are received and led to their original place.

In the sect tradition, for example as explained in the "Precious Repentance of Blood Lake" of Hongyangism (弘阳敎), the condition of suffering is inherent to the human being in the world, necessary to creation itself. The material world is likened to a "Blood Lake", filthy and dirty waters that necessarily flow out of women's bodies when a child is born.[24]

## Chinese rulers

[edit]

Xiwangmu meeting with a Chinese regent, likely King Mu of Zhou or Emperor Wu of Han

### Shun

[edit]

The Bamboo Annals record that in the 9th year of reign of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun, "messengers from the western Wang-mu (Queen Mother) came to do him homage." It further notes that "the coming to court from the Western Wang-mu was to present white stone rings and archers' thimbles of gem." Shun's immediate successor was Yu the Great, who was Shun's prime minister and already present in the court at this time.

### Yu the Great

[edit]

The Xunzi, a 3rd-century BCE classic of statecraft written by Xun Kuang, wrote that "Yu studied with the Queen Mother of the West". This passage refers to Yu the Great, the legendary founder of the Xia dynasty, and posits that the Queen Mother of the West was Yu's teacher. It is believed that she grants Yu both legitimacy, and the right to rule, and the techniques necessary for ruling.[16] The fact that she taught Yu gives her enormous power, since the belief in Chinese thinking is that the teacher automatically surpasses the pupil in seniority and wisdom.

### King Mu of the Zhou dynasty

[edit]

Joseon dynasty Korean painting "Yoji yeondo" (요지연도(瑤池宴圖)), depicting King Mu of Zhou visiting the Queen Mother at the Yaochi (Yoji) in the mythical Kunlun Mountain.

Probably one of the best known stories of contact between a goddess and a mortal ruler is between King Mu of Zhou and the Queen Mother of the West. There are several different accounts of this story but they all agree that King Mu, one of the greatest rulers of the Zhou, set out on a trip with his eight chargers to the far western regions of his empire. As he obtains the eight chargers and has the circuit of his realm, it proves that he has the Mandate of Heaven. On his journey he encounters the Queen Mother of the West on the mythical Mount Kunlun. They then have a love affair, and King Mu, hoping to obtain immortality, gives the Queen Mother important national treasures. In the end he must return to the human realm, and does not receive immortality. The relationship between the Queen Mother of the West and King Mu has been compared to that of a Taoist master and disciple.[25] She passes on secret teachings to him at his request and he, the disciple, fails to benefit, and dies like any other mortal.

### The first emperor of the Qin dynasty

[edit]

The first emperor of the Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, united the Warring States of China through brilliant military strategy and diplomacy to control the greatest territory yet seen in China. It was also under his command that workers joined pre-existing sections of wall to create the Great Wall of China. Even after these accomplishments he is known in history as a failure both as a king and as a seeker of immortality. Qin had the opportunity to meet the Queen Mother of the West and attain greatness from her, but instead wasted it [26] and died without the Mandate of Heaven or a dynasty. His story of not jumping at the chance to meet the Queen Mother serves as a warning to later men, as despite huge and costly efforts to pursue immortality, he died and speaks no more. The 9th century poet Zhuang Nanjie wrote:

> His flourishing breath once departed, he never more will speak;

> His white bones buried deep, the evening mountains turn cyan.[27]

### Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty

[edit]

Queen Mother of the West, earthenware, 2nd century, Han dynasty

According to legend, Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty and the Queen Mother of the West met during the height of Wu's reign, when she visited him during the night of Double Seven, the night for encounters between mortal men and divine women.[16] When the Queen Mother of the West visits Emperor Wu she shares a banquet with him, grants him special teachings, and then departs. Emperor Wu just like King Mu before him fails to follow her teachings, and fails to put them into practice, and therefore he inevitably dies. The whole story of their meeting is described in Li Qi's long work "Songs of the Queen Mother":

> The Martial Illustrious One fasted and observed abstinence in his Basilica for Receiving Florescence;
>  As he stood upright with folded hands, instantly the Queen Mother came to grant him an audience.
>  Rainbow standards numinously flashing: her qilin-drawn chariots,
>  With feathered parasols streaming and pheasant fans.
>  Her fingers holding intertwined pears, she sent them along for the emperor to eat;
>  By means of them one can prolong life and preside over the cosmos.
>  On top of her head she wore the nine-starred crown;
>  She led a flock of jade lads, then sat facing south.
>  "Do you want to hear my essential words? Now I'll report them to you."
>  The emperor thereupon burned incense and requested such a discussion.
>  "If you can rarefy your earth soul and dispatch the three corpses,
>  Afterward you will certainly have an audience with me at the Celestial Illustrious One's palace."
>  Turning her head back, she told the servant girl, Dong Shuangcheng,
>  "The wind is finished; you may perform on the Cloud Harmony Mouth Organ."
>  Red auroral clouds and the white sun, in strict attendance, did not move;
>  Seven dragons and five phoenixes in variegated disarray greeted them.
>  How regrettable! He was too ambitious and arrogant; the divinities were not satisfied,
>  But sighed and lamented over his horses' hooves and chariots' wheel tracks.
>  In his covered walkways, song bells became hard to discern in the approaching evening;
>  In the deep palace, peach and plum flowers turned snowy.
>  Now I just look at my blue jade five-branched lamp;
>  Its coiled dragon spits fire as the light is about to be severed.[28]

## In popular culture

[edit]

* Lake Heihai in the Kunlun Mountains has been associated with the Jade Pond of the Queen Mother of the West and a temple has been erected in her honor on its shore.
* "Si Wang-mu", named after the goddess, is a character in Orson Scott Card's Xenocide and Children of the Mind.
* Xiwangmu is a character in Carrie Vaughn's Kitty's Big Trouble.
* Xiwangmu appears in several of the Shin Megami Tensei games. Her latest appearance was in Shin Megami Tensei IV.
* Xiwangmu is the name of a city on the planet T'ien Shan based on oriental religions in the book The Rise of Endymion by Dan Simmons, part of the Hyperion Cantos series. The planet is mountainous and therefore likely named after Tian Shan.
* Xiwangmu appears as one of the heroes of Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom: in the game, she boosts monument construction and can capture animals on the map.
* Part Four of Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club is titled "Queen Mother of the Western Skies." In its prologue, a grandmother addresses her infant granddaughter, teasingly suggesting the child is the reincarnation of the Queen Mother of the West, come to share the secret of eternal happiness.
* The Fountain by Darren Aronofsky contains symbols similar to those of Xiwangmu.
* In 2004 Hong Kong drama, My Date with a Vampire III Yaochi Shengmu is one of the antagonist from the Pangu clan.
* In The Grave Robbers' Chronicles volume six, the Graveyard of a Queen refers to Xiwangmu's.
* In the 2022 mobile game Dislyte, Jin Yuyao is a Legendary Esper with the powers of Queen Mother.
* In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier, Orlando was an intimate acquaintance of hers, she was later usurped by a reincarnate of Ayesha.

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xi Wangmu.

* Dongwanggong "King Father of the East" – her male counterpart
* Bixia
* Doumu
* Houtu
* Huxian
* Jiutian Xuannü, goddess of war, sex, and longevity as well as disciple of Xiwangmu
* Kunlun Mountain (mythology)
* Qingniao
* Sungmo
* Xian or Immortal
* Yaochidao
* Yumjao Leima, queen mother goddess

## External Resources

[edit]

* Mt. Yushan is Mt. Mandara

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Cahill 1993, p. 12-13.
2. ^ Mair 2006, p. [page needed].
3. ^ Pregadio 2013, p. 94.
4. ^ Theobald 2010.
5. ^ Cahill 1984.
6. ^ Little 2000.
7. ^ Pregadio 2013, pp. 94, 150, 172.
8. ^ Feuchtwang 2016, p. 151.
9. ^ a b Dien 2003, p. [page needed].
10. ^ Ma & Meng 2011, p. 11.
11. ^ Seiwert 2003, p. 387.
12. ^ Carrasco, David; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton; Reynolds, Frank; Giarardot, Norman; Neusner, Jacob; Pelikan, Jaroslav; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999). Wendy Doniger (ed.). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 1066\. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
13. ^ Stark, Rodney (2007). Discovering God: The Origins of the Great Religions and the Evolution of Belief (1st ed.). New York: HarperOne. p. 409\. ISBN 978-0-06-117389-9.
14. ^ Mori 1990, pp. 1–26.
15. ^ Schneewind, Sarah (2020). "5.1: The Queen Mother of the West". LibreTexts. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
16. ^ a b c Bernard & Moon 2000, p. [page needed].
17. ^ Tu 850, line 24159.
18. ^ Complete Tang Poems 1967, line 1708.
19. ^ Tu 850, p. [page needed].
20. ^ Cahill 1986.
21. ^ a b c Ma & Meng 2011, p. 316.
22. ^ Ma & Meng 2011, pp. 316–319.
23. ^ Ma & Meng 2011, p. 321.
24. ^ Ma & Meng 2011, p. 318.
25. ^ Bernard & Moon 2000, p. 206.
26. ^ Bernard & Moon 2000, p. 207.
27. ^ Complete Tang Poems 1967, line 2836.
28. ^ Complete Tang Poems 1967, line 750.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Bernard, Elizabeth; Moon, Beverly (2000). Goddesses who Rule. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512130-9.
* Cahill, Suzanne E. (1984), "Beside the Turquoise Pond: The Shrine of the Queen Mother of the West in Medieval Chinese Poetry and Religious Practice", Journal of Chinese Religions, vol. 12, pp. 19–3219-32&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+E.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Queen+Mother+of+the+West" class="Z3988">.
* Cahill, Suzanne E. (1986). Performers and Female Taoist Adepts: Hsi Wang Mu as the Patron Deity of Women in Medieval China. Journal of the American Oriental Society. pp. 106, 155–168.155-168&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+E.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Queen+Mother+of+the+West" class="Z3988">
* Cahill, Suzanne E. (1993). Transcendence & Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China. Stanford University Press.
* Dien, Dora Shu-Fang (2003). Empress Wu Zetian in Fiction and in History: Female Defiance in Confucian China. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
* Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016), "Chinese religions", in Woodhead, Linda; Kawanami, Hiroko; Partridge, Christopher H. (eds.), Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations (3nd ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 143–172, ISBN 978-1-317-43960-8143-172&rft.edition=3nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-43960-8&rft.aulast=Feuchtwang&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Queen+Mother+of+the+West" class="Z3988">
* Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-30416-8.
* Irwin, Lee (1990). "Divinity and Salvation: The Great Goddesses of China" (PDF). Asian Folklore Studies. 49 (1): 53–68\. doi:10.2307/1177949. JSTOR 1177949.53-68&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/1177949&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177949#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag33208.pdf?origin=publication_detail&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Queen+Mother+of+the+West" class="Z3988">
* Knauer, Elfriede R. (2006). "The Queen Mother of the West: A Study of the Influence of Western Prototypes on the Iconography of the Taoist Deity". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 62–115.62-115&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaiʻi+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Knauer&rft.aufirst=Elfriede+R.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Queen+Mother+of+the+West" class="Z3988">
* Lindgren, Linda Anett (2010). Shamanism and Chinese Goddesses ~Xi wangmu and Nugua~ (PDF) (Thesis). University of Oslo.
* Little, Stephen (2000), "Offerings for Long Life at the Turquoise Pond", Taoism and the Arts of China, Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, pp. 156–7, ISBN 978-0-520-22785-9
* Ma, Xisha; Meng, Huiying (2011). Popular Religion and Shamanism. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17455-9.
* Mair, Victor H (2006). Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
* Mori, Masako (1990). "Quest for the Archetypal Image of Xi Wang Mu: A Mythological Study of the Mother Goddess in Ancient China". Orient. 26: 1–26\. doi:10.5356/orient1960.26.1. ISSN 1884-1392.1-26&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info:doi/10.5356/orient1960.26.1&rft.issn=1884-1392&rft.aulast=Mori&rft.aufirst=Masako&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient1960.26.1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Queen+Mother+of+the+West" class="Z3988">
* Pregadio, Fabrizio (2013). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79634-1. Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z.
* Complete Tang Poems. Taipei. 1967.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Seiwert, Hubert Michael (2003). Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History. Brill. ISBN 90-04-13146-9.
* Theobald, Ulrich (2010). "Xiwangmu 西王母, the Queen Mother of the West". China Knowledge.
* Tu Kuang-ting (850–933). Chin-mu Yuan-chun [The Primordial Ruler, Metal Mother]. Yung-cheng Chi-hsien Lu.
* Zinck, Laura. "Inquiry Report on the Chinese Goddesses Hsi Wang Mu and Ma-tsu". St. Thomas University. Archived from the original on 23 August 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.

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* t
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Chinese mythology

Overview topics|

* Creation myth
* Godly world concepts
* Astrology
* Dragons
* Shenmo fiction
* Gods and immortals
* Tian
* Pangu
* Ghosts
* Chinese folk religion

Major personages|

* Gods and immortals
* Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
* Eight Immortals
* Youchao
* Shennong
* Yellow Emperor
* Yan Emperor
* Chiyou
* Chang'e
* Hou Yi
* Kuafu

Mythological creatures|

* Four Symbols
* Black Tortoise
* Azure Dragon
* White Tiger
* Vermilion Bird
* Yellow Dragon
* Four Holy Beasts
* Qilin
* Fenghuang
* Yinglong
* Spirit turtle
* Bixi
* Huli jing (Fox spirit)
* Nine-tailed fox
* Chinese guardian lions
* Pixiu (Bixie)
* Nian
* Horses
* Hundun
* Xiezhi
* Wuzhiqi
* Yeren
* Four Perils (Four Evildoers)
* Peng (mythology)
* Nine-headed Bird
* Tianma
* more...

Places|

* Buzhou
* Diyu
* Eight Pillars
* Gate of the Ghosts
* Fusang
* Jade Mountain
* Kunlun Mountain
* Longmen
* Moving Sands
* Penglai
* Red River
* Weak River
* Youdu

Items|

* Gu
* Peaches of Immortality
* Xirang

Literary works|

* Classic of Mountains and Seas
* Shi Yi Ji
* Bowuzhi
* Liexian Zhuan
* Shenxian Zhuan
* Shenyi Jing
* The Peach Blossom Spring
* The Four Journeys
* Investiture of the Gods
* The Sorcerer's Revolt
* Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
* Journey to the West
* In Search of the Supernatural
* What the Master Would Not Discuss
* Heavenly Questions (Chu Ci)
* Huainanzi
* Records of the Grand Historian
* Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations

Other folk tales|

* Legend of the White Snake
* Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
* The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
* The Magic Lotus Lantern
* Mulian Rescues His Mother

* v
* t
* e

Taoism

Philosophy|

| Metaphysics|

* Tao (way)
* Taiji (ultimate)
* Wuji (non-polarity)
* Yin and yang (duality)
* Bagua (eight trigrams)
* Feng shui
* Wuxing (five phases)
* Bianhua (transformation)
* Fan (reversion)

|

Ethics|

* De (integrity)
* Wu wei (nonaction)
* Ziran (spontenaity)

* Pu (plainness)

* Zhenren
* Five Precepts
* Ten Precepts

|

Practice|

* Neidan (internal alchemy)
* Waidan (external alchemy)
* Yangsheng (self-cultivation)
* Daoyin (calisthenics)
* Meditation
* Three Treasures
* Jing (essence)
* Qi (breath)
* Shen (spirit)
* Diet
* Xian (immortality)
* Art
* Fulu (talismancy)

Texts|

* Tao Te Ching
* Zhuangzi
* Liezi
* Huainanzi
* Taipingjing
* Xiang'er
* Sanhuangjing
* Huahujing
* Qingjing Jing
* Baopuzi
* Daozang

Deities|

* Hongjun Laozu
* Three Pure Ones
* Yuanshi Tianzun
* Lingbao Tianzun
* Daode Tianzun
* Four Sovereigns
* Jade Emperor
* Ziwei Emperor
* Tianhuang Emperor
* Houtu
* Three Great Emperor-Officials
* Queen Mother of the West
* King Father of the East
* Eight Immortals
* Chang'e
* Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
* Yellow Emperor
* Guan Shengdi
* Other deities

People|

* Laozi
* Zhuang Zhou
* Lie Yukou
* Heshang Gong
* Wei Boyang
* Zhang Daoling
* Gan Ji
* Zhang Jue
* Zhang Lu
* Ge Xuan
* He Yan
* Wang Bi
* Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
* Guo Xiang
* Wei Huacun
* Ge Hong
* Bao Jingyan
* Kou Qianzhi
* Lu Xiujing
* Tao Hongjing
* Cheng Xuanying
* Chen Tuan
* Zhang Boduan
* Sun Bu'er
* Wang Chongyang
* Qiu Chuji
* Zhang Guoxiang
* Zhang Sanfeng
* Zhu Quan
* Fangshi

Schools|

* Huang–Lao
* Taiping
* Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
* Way of the Celestial Masters
* Northern Celestial Masters
* Zhengyi
* Xuanxue
* Shangqing
* Lingbao
* Jingming
* Chongxuan
* Quanzhen (Dragon Gate)
* Wuliu
* Yao

Sacred places|

* Grotto-heavens
* Sacred Mountains of China
* Wudang Mountains
* Mount Penglai
* Mount Kunlun
* Temples
* Cebu
* Hanford
* Louguantai
* Tong Jee Teung
* White Cloud

* v
* t
* e

Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West

Characters|

* Sun Wukong
* Tang Sanzang
* Zhu Bajie
* Sha Wujing
* White Dragon Horse
* Red Boy
* Baigujing
* Xiezijing
* Princess Iron Fan
* Bull Demon King
* Six-Eared Macaque
* Heifeng Guai
* Zhenyuan Daxian
* Puti Zushi
* Kui Mulang
* Pilanpo
* Maori Xingguan
* Dapeng Jinchi Mingwang

Films|

| Animated|

* Princess Iron Fan (1941)
* Alakazam the Great (1960)
* Havoc in Heaven (1961)
* Starzinger (1979)
* The Monkey King Conquers the Demon (1985)
* Doraemon: The Record of Nobita's Parallel Visit to the West (1988)
* Saiyuki: Requiem (2001)
* Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen (2007)
* Monkey King: Hero Is Back (2015)
* The Monkey King (2023)

|

Live action|

* The Cave of the Silken Web (1927)
* Princess Iron Fan (1966)
* The Cave of the Silken Web (1967)
* A Chinese Odyssey (1995)
* A Chinese Tall Story (2005)
* Saiyūki (2007)
* The Forbidden Kingdom (2008)
* Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons (2013)
* The Monkey King (2014)
* The Monkey King 2 (2016)
* A Chinese Odyssey Part Three (2016)
* Journey to the West: The Demons Strike Back (2017)
* Wu Kong (2017)
* The Monkey King 3 (2018)

Sequels|

* A Supplement to the Journey to the West (c. 1640)

TV|

| Animated|

* Gokū no Daibōken (1966)
* Science Fiction Saiyuki Starzinger (1978)
* Monkey Magic (1998)
* Journey to the West: Legends of the Monkey King (1998)
* Saiyūki (1999)
* Shinzo (2000)
* Monkey Typhoon (2002)
* Patalliro Saiyuki! (2005)
* Lego Monkie Kid (2020)
* SD Gundam World Heroes (2021)

|

Live action|

* Monkey (1978)
* Journey to the West (1986)
* Journey to the West (1996)
* Journey to the West II (1996)
* Sunny Piggy (2000)
* The Monkey King (2001)
* The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra (2002)
* Saiyūki (2006)
* Journey to the West (2010)
* Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West (2010)
* Journey to the West (2011)
* A Korean Odyssey (2017)
* The New Legends of Monkey (2018)

Stage|

* Monkey: Journey to the West (play)

Manga and comics|

* Patalliro Saiyuki! (1978)
* Starzinger (1979)
* Dragon Ball (1984)
* Saiyūki (1997)
* The Monkey King (1998)
* Shinzo (2000)
* Monkey Typhoon (2001)
* Xin (2003)
* American Born Chinese (2006)
* Saint

Games|

* Ether Saga Odyssey
* Enslaved: Odyssey to the West
* Fantasy Westward Journey
* Ganso Saiyūki: Super Monkey Daibōken
* Legend of Wukong
* Monkey Hero
* Monkey King: Hero Is Back
* Monkey Magic
* Saiyuki: Journey West
* SonSon
* Westward Journey Online II
* Whomp 'Em
* Yūyūki
* Black Myth: Wukong

Literature|

* Monkey (1942 novel)
* Griever: An American Monkey King in China (1986 novel)
* Tripmaster Monkey (1989 novel)
* Four Great Classical Novels

Places|

* Gao Village
* Mount Huaguo
* Shuilian Cave
* Tongtian River
* Liusha River

Other|

* List of media adaptations of Journey to the West
* Monkey King Festival
* Ruyi Jingu Bang
* Journey to the West (2008 soundtrack)

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany

*[lit.]: literal translation
*[c.]: circa
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