Queen of Guyana

Elizabeth II's reign in Guyana from 1966 to 1970

Queen of Guyana

Coat of arms of Guyana

Elizabeth II

Details
Style| Her Majesty
Formation| 26 May 1966
Abolition| 23 February 1970

Elizabeth II was Queen of Guyana from 1966 to 1970, when Guyana was an independent sovereign state with a constitutional monarchy. She was also the sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles were delegated to the governor-general of Guyana.

On 23 February 1970, 45 months after independence, Guyana became a republic within the Commonwealth, with a president as head of state.

## History

[edit]

> We have come to the end of the road of colonial rule, and not without significance to our minds is the fact that Her Gracious Majesty, Queen of the United Kingdom is Queen of Guyana. Our association with the Crown, our membership of the Commonwealth, are matters of free and untrammelled choice by the representatives of the people of Guyana.[1]

Prime Minister Forbes Burnham on Independence Day 1966

The Guyana Independence Act 1966, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, transformed the Crown colony of British Guiana into a sovereign state called Guyana on 26 May 1966, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state and Queen of Guyana.[2] The Duke of Kent represented the Queen at the independence celebrations. On Independence Day, Governor Sir Richard Luyt was sworn in as the country's first governor-general.[3] The Duke of Kent opened the first session of the National Assembly, on behalf of the Queen, and gave the Speech from the Throne.[4] The Duke presented the instruments of independence to Prime Minister Forbes Burnham, formally declaring the country independent.[1] The Queen sent the following message to the people of Guyana:[1]

> I have entrusted to my cousin, the Duke of Kent, the duty of acting as my representative at the celebrations of the independence of your country.

> My husband and I recall with pleasure the kindliness and the warmth of the welcome we received from the people of Guyana during our visit to you earlier this year. The memory of that happy experience enables us to picture the enthusiasm with which you will now be celebrating your country's independence.

> It is with especial pleasure that I welcome you to the Commonwealth of Nations.

> My thoughts are with you today. I send you my good wishes and I pray that God may bless and guide you throughout the coming years.

## Constitutional role

[edit]

Guyanese state leaders (1966–1970)

Monarch  | Elizabeth II
Governor-General | Sir Richard Luyt (1966)
Sir David Rose (1966–1969)
Sir Edward Luckhoo (1969–1970)
Prime Minister | Forbes Burnham
See List of heads of state of Guyana for details of heads
of state after 1970

Guyana was one of the realms of the Commonwealth of Nations that shared the same person as sovereign and head of state.

Effective with the Guyana Independence Act 1966, no British government minister could advise the sovereign on any matters pertaining to Guyana, meaning that on all matters of Guyana, the monarch was advised solely by Guyanese ministers. The monarch was represented in the country by the governor-general of Guyana, who was appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Guyanese prime minister.[5]

By virtue of his office, the governor-general was also the commander-in-chief of Guyana's armed forces.[6]

### Executive

[edit]

The flag of the governor-general featuring St Edward's Crown

All executive powers of Guyana were vested in the monarch, but were mostly exercised by the governor-general on her behalf.[7]

One of the main duties of the governor-general was to appoint a prime minister, who thereafter headed the Cabinet and advised the governor-general on how to execute their executive powers over all aspects of government operations and foreign affairs.[8] The monarch's, and thereby the viceroy's role was almost entirely symbolic and cultural, acting as a symbol of the legal authority under which all governments and agencies operate. The governor-general was kept fully informed by the prime minister of the general conduct of the government of Guyana. The prime minister was responsible for furnishing the governor-general any information he requested with respect to any matter relating to the government of Guyana.[9] The constitution also allowed the governor-general to unilaterally use reserve powers in relation to the dismissal of a prime minister, dissolution of parliament, and removal of a judge in exceptional, constitutional crisis situations.[10]

The governor-general, to maintain the stability of government, appointed as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the support of the National Assembly.[11] The governor-general additionally appointed a Cabinet, at the direction of the prime minister, consisting of the prime minister and other ministers, which had the general direction and control of the government of Guyana and were collectively responsible to Parliament.[12]

Members of various executive agencies and other officials were appointed by the governor-general, including the appointment of the leader of the opposition,[13] the attorney-general of Guyana,[14] parliamentary secretaries,[15] the ombudsman,[16] chairman of the Elections Commission,[17] and members of the Public Service Commission.[18]

### Parliament

[edit]

The sovereign, along with the National Assembly, was one of the two components of the Parliament of Guyana.[19]

All laws in Guyana were enacted only with the governor-general's granting of Royal Assent in the monarch's name.[20] The governor-general additionally summoned, prorogued, and dissolved parliament;[21] after the latter, the writs for a general election were usually dropped by the governor-general.[22]

Every new parliamentary session was marked by an address from the governor-general, in which he outlined the government's legislative agenda.[23]

### Courts

[edit]

All judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature, consisting of a Court of Appeal and a High Court, were appointed by the governor-general.[24]

The highest court of appeal for Guyana was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.[25]

The governor-general, on behalf of the monarch, could also grant immunity from prosecution, exercise the royal prerogative of mercy, and pardon offences against the Crown, either before, during, or after a trial.[26]

## Royal style and titles

[edit]

Shortly after independence, Elizabeth II, at the request of the Prime Minister of Guyana, adopted separate and distinct style and titles in her role as Queen of Guyana. By a royal proclamation, later published in the Official Gazette of Guyana in June 1966, the Queen's style and titles in relation to Guyana became: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Guyana and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.[27][28][29]

## Abolition

[edit]

Guyana's path to independence was unusual, because its constitution, while establishing it as a Commonwealth realm, allowed for a future transition to a republic. This provision, agreed upon despite Colonial Office reservations, was a compromise to maintain the Burnham-D'Aguiar coalition. Sir Hilton Poynton, permanent under-secretary of state for the Colonies, noted that "the most powerful argument" for accepting the arrangement was that it represented a compromise between Burnham's republican instincts and D'Aguiar's desire to retain the monarchy. The Queen herself was unperturbed by the proposal. Her private secretary told Poynton, "Her Majesty's comment was that if a country fully intended to become a Republic after Independence, there was something to be said for including provisions in the constitution to regulate when this was to take place." He later mentioned that the Queen "had been rather attracted by the idea".[30]

The provision, agreed to at the 1965 Independence Conference, enabled a change to republican status to be made by the House of Assembly passing a resolution moved by the prime minister and supported by a majority of all members of the House. Notice of this motion could, however, only be given by the prime minister on or after 1 January 1969, and three further months needed to elapse before the passing of the resolution.[31] In speaking in support of this motion, which was debated in the National Assembly in August 1969, Prime Minister Forbes Burnham said:[32][33]

> In the first place, though we accept the fact that Her Gracious Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is Queen of Guyana merely titularly and exercises no executive powers within her Dominion of Guyana, though we accept the fact that Her Majesty's representative the Governor-General performs his duties in the name of Her Majesty the Queen but again on the advice, which has to be taken, of the elected Ministers of the Government, one must confess that looking at the history of Guyana, looking at our own former connection to a relationship with the United Kingdom, a natural fulfilment of our history should be the cutting of even formal ties with the Queen or the Royal House of Great Britain.

The National Assembly passed the resolution by an overwhelming majority,[34] and resolved that the country become a republic on 23 February 1970, the anniversary of the 1763 Berbice Rebellion.[35] 45 months after independence, Guyana became a republic within the Commonwealth, with a president as head of state.

## Royal visits

[edit]

The Queen during her visit to British Guiana, February 1966

The Queen visited British Guiana from 4 to 5 February 1966, where she opened the Queen Elizabeth II National Park (now Guyana National Park).[36][37] She toured the Co-operative Republic of Guyana as Head of the Commonwealth from 19 to 22 February 1994.[38]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Parliamentary Debates: 1st Sitting Thursday, 26th May, 1966 (Independence Day)" (PDF), Parliament of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, 1966, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2024
2. ^ Ralph Premdas (2014). "Guyana". In Patrick Heenan; Monique Lamontagne (eds.). The South America Handbook. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 161\. ISBN 978-1-57958-333-0.
3. ^ Link: Volume 8, Issues 26-52, United India Periodicals, 1966, p. 34
4. ^ INDEPENDENCE GRANTED TO GUYANA
5. ^ Elizabeth II (1966), The Constitution of Guyana (PDF), Article 30, Chapter IV, retrieved 19 January 2025
6. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 30, Chapter IV
7. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 33, Chapter V
8. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 40, Chapter V
9. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 41, Chapter V
10. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 40, Chapter V
11. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 34, Chapter V
12. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 35, Chapter V
13. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 39, Chapter V
14. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 42, Chapter V
15. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 43, Chapter V
16. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 52, Chapter V
17. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 67, Chapter V
18. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 95, Chapter VIII
19. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 57, Chapter VI
20. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 79, Chapter VI
21. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 81-82, Chapter VI
22. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 67, Chapter VI
23. ^ The Parliamentary Debates Official Report (PDF), vol. 2, Parliament of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, 14 August 1967
24. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 87-88, Chapter VII
25. ^ Johnson Research Associates, William Burton Mitchell (1969), Area Handbook for Guyana: Volume 550, Issue 82, U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 342
26. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 49, Chapter V
27. ^ "Guyana: Heads of State: 1966-1970". archontology.org. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
28. ^ A notice on the issuing of a royal proclamation affecting the change in the style is published in the Official Gazette, 18 Jun 1966.
29. ^ The Statesman's Year-Book 1971-72: The Businessman's Encyclopaedia of All Nations, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016, p. 58, ISBN 9780230271005
30. ^ Philip Murphy (2013). Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth. Oxford University Press. p. 95\. ISBN 978-0-19-921423-5.
31. ^ Elizabeth II 1966, Article 73(5), Chapter VI
32. ^ Lloyd Searwar, ed. (1970), Co-operative Republic, Guyana 1970: A Study of Aspects of Our Way of Life, Government of Guyana, p. 220
33. ^ "A Destiny to Mould: Selected Speeches by the Prime Minister of Guyana", Forbes Burnham, Africana Publishing Corporation, p. 67, 1970
34. ^ "Guyana Republic Bill Hl", House of Lords Hansard, vol. 308, UK Parliament, 26 March 1970
35. ^ "Resolution No. XXVI" (PDF), Second Parliament of Guyana: First Session, Parliament of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, 1969, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2025
36. ^ "A royal visit to welcome Guyana's independence". Guyana Times. 26 May 2019. "If Friday's schedule was considered tight, Saturday's [Feb. 5, 1966] was even tighter. [...] Later that afternoon, she was again bound for another engagement, this time to open the Queen Elizabeth National Park on Thomas Lands." [Errata: The article wrote "Friday, February" 2 [sic], but that Friday was Feb. 4, the day before she visited the park.]
37. ^ "Historic Thomaslands". National Trust of Guyana. "The National Park, located in Thomas Lands, Georgetown, was formerly occupied by the Demerara (Georgetown) Golf Club since 1923. It was renamed the Queen Elizabeth II National Park in 1965 in honour of the Queen's visit to the country. On May 25, 1966, moments to midnight, the park was the scene for one of the most historic events in Guyana's history; the Union Jack was lowered and the Golden Arrow Head was hoisted marking the birth of an independent nation. The park occupies approximately 0.23 kilometres (57 acres) and is home to several monuments. It is utilized for cultural, educational and recreational activities and is managed by the National Parks Commission."
38. ^ "Commonwealth visits since 1952". Official website of the British monarchy. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012.

* v
* t
* e

Commonwealth realms and dominions

Current|

* Antigua and Barbuda (monarchy)
* Australia (monarchy)
* Bahamas (monarchy)
* Belize (monarchy)
* Canada (monarchy)
* Grenada (monarchy)
* Jamaica (monarchy)
* Realm of New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* New Zealand
* Niue
* Papua New Guinea (monarchy)
* Saint Kitts and Nevis (monarchy)
* Saint Lucia (monarchy)
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (monarchy)
* Solomon Islands (monarchy)
* Tuvalu (monarchy)
* United Kingdom (monarchy)

Former|

* Barbados (monarchy)
* Ceylon (monarchy)
* Fiji (monarchy)
* The Gambia (monarchy)
* Ghana (monarchy)
* Guyana (monarchy)
* India
* Ireland (monarchy)
* Kenya (monarchy)
* Malawi (monarchy)
* Malta (monarchy)
* Mauritius (monarchy)
* Newfoundland1
* Nigeria (monarchy)
* Pakistan (monarchy)
* Rhodesia2 (monarchy)
* Sierra Leone (monarchy)
* South Africa (monarchy)
* Tanganyika (monarchy)
* Trinidad and Tobago (monarchy)
* Uganda (monarchy)

1 Annexed by Canada in 1949
2 Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.

* v
* t
* e

Elizabeth II

Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022)

Realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* The Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Ceylon
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Grenada
* Guyana
* Jamaica
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Sierra Leone
* Solomon Islands
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Tuvalu
* Uganda
* United Kingdom

Titles and
honours|

* Head of the Commonwealth
* Defender of the Faith
* Supreme Governor of the Church of England
* Head of the British Armed Forces
* Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces
* Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)
* Lord of Mann
* Duke of Normandy
* Royal Family Order
* Elizabeth Cross
* Elizabeth Emblem
* Queen's Official Birthday
* Flags

Family|

* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband)
* Charles III (son)
* Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (son)
* George VI (father)
* Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (mother)
* Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)
* Mountbatten-Windsor family

Early life|

* Christmas pantomimes
* 21st birthday speech
* Wedding
* Wedding dress
* Wedding cake

Accession and
coronation|

* Proclamation of accession
* Coronation
* Guests
* Participants in the procession
* Coronation chicken
* Coronation gown
* Medal
* Honours
* Award
* The Queen's Beasts
* Coronation Arches
* Orb and Sceptre
* "O taste and see"
* Treetops Hotel
* MacCormick v Lord Advocate

Reign|

* Household
* Personality and image
* Prime ministers
* Pillar Box War
* Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
* Queen of Rhodesia
* Lithgow Plot
* 1975 Australian constitutional crisis
* Palace letters
* Marcus Sarjeant incident
* Christopher John Lewis incident
* Michael Fagan incident
* 1987 Fijian coups d'état
* 1992 Windsor Castle fire
* Annus horribilis
* Handover of Hong Kong
* Death of Diana, Princess of Wales
* 1999 Australian republic referendum
* Perth Agreement
* State Opening of Parliament
* 2021
* 2022

Jubilees|

| Silver Jubilee|

* Events
* Medal
* Honours
* Jubilee Gardens
* Jubilee line
* Jubilee Walkway
* Rosa 'Silver Jubilee'

|

Ruby Jubilee|

* Queen's Anniversary Prizes

Golden Jubilee|

* Prom at the Palace
* Party at the Palace
* Medal
* Honours
* The Odyssey
* 2002 royal tour of Canada

Diamond Jubilee|

* Pageant
* Armed Forces Parade and Muster
* Thames Pageant
* Gloriana
* Spirit of Chartwell
* Concert
* Gibraltar Flotilla
* Medal
* Honours

Sapphire Jubilee|

Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch

Platinum Jubilee|

* Medal
* Beacons
* Elizabeth line
* Platinum Party at the Palace
* Pageant
* Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History
* Trooping the Colour
* National Service of Thanksgiving
* Platinum Pudding
* The Queen's Green Canopy
* Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours
* The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta
* The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Concert
* Big Jubilee Read
* "Queenhood"
* Queen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens

Commonwealth
tours|

* Aden Colony
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* official openings
* Canada
* Ceylon
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Saint Lucia
* Sierra Leone

| Ships used|

* HMS Vanguard (23)
* SS Gothic (1947)
* HMY Britannia

|

State visits|

| Outgoing|

* State visit to Spain
* State visit to Russia
* State visit to Ireland

|

Incoming|

* Juan Carlos I
* Pope Benedict XVI
* President Michael D. Higgins
* President Xi Jinping

Broadcasts|

* Christmas messages
* Special addresses

Depictions|

| Books|

* The Little Princesses (1950)
* The BFG (1982)
* The Queen and I (1992)
* Queen Camilla (2006)
* The Uncommon Reader (2007)
* Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen (2016)

|

Documentaries|

* Royal Journey (1951)
* A Queen Is Crowned (1953)
* Royal New Zealand Journey (1954)
* The Queen in Australia (1954)
* The Royal Tour of the Caribbean (1966)
* Royal Family (1969)
* Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)
* Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)
* The Diamond Queen (2012)
* Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)
* The Coronation (2018)
* Elizabeth: A Portrait in Parts (2022)
* Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen (2022)
* The Cowboy and the Queen (2023)

Fictionalised film
and television
depictions|

* Spitting Image (1984–96); (2020–21)
* The BFG (1989)
* A Question of Attribution (1992)
* Willi und die Windzors (1996)
* Her Majesty (2001)
* The Queen (2006)
* South Park: The Snuke (2007)
* The Queen (2009 TV serial)
* Happy and Glorious (2012)
* A Royal Night Out (2015)
* Minions (2015)
* The BFG (2016)
* The Crown (2016–23)
* The Queen's Corgi (2019)
* 2020 alternative Christmas message
* The Prince (2021)

Plays|

* A Question of Attribution (1988)
* The Audience (2013)
* Handbagged (2013)

Portraits|

* Herbert James Gunn (1950)
* Herbert James Gunn (1953–56)
* William Dargie (1954)
* Pietro Annigoni (1955, 1969 and 1972)
* Andy Warhol (1985)
* Richard Stone (1992 and 2015)
* Justin Mortimer (1997)
* John Wonnacott (2000)
* Rolf Harris (2005)
* Ralph Heimans (2012)
* Damien Hirst (2014)
* Henry Ward (2016)
* Ai-Da (2022)

Stamps|

* Wilding series
* Canadian domestic rate stamp
* Castle series
* Country definitives
* Machin series (list)

Statues|

* Windsor
* Winnipeg
* Lagos
* Toronto
* York Minster
* Oakham
* Antrim
* Newcastle-under-Lyme
* Andover
* London (planned)

Songs|

* "God Save the Queen" (Sex Pistols song)
* "Her Majesty"

Animals|

| Corgis|

* Dookie
* Susan

|

Horses|

* Aureole
* Burmese
* Carrozza
* Dunfermline
* Estimate
* Height of Fashion
* Highclere
* Pall Mall
* Winston

Death|

* Reactions
* Queue for the lying-in-state
* State funeral
* Operation London Bridge
* Guests
* "Like as the hart"
* "Who shall separate us?"
* "Sleep, Dearie, Sleep"
* Queen Elizabeth II Memorial Day
* Honours

Related|

* Jewels
* Namesakes
* Ships christened
* Queen Elizabeth II Commonwealth Trust
* Sagana Lodge
* Villa Guardamangia
* Dorgi
* Children's Party at the Palace
* The Queen's Birthday Party
* Jeannette Charles
* Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth'
* Queen Elizabeth cake

* ← George VI
* Charles III →

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