Queer

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For other uses, see Queer (disambiguation).

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Queer is an umbrella term for people who are non-heterosexual or non-cisgender.[1][2] Originally meaning 'strange' or 'peculiar', queer came to be used pejoratively against LGBTQ people in the late 19th century. From the late 1980s, queer activists began to reclaim the word as a neutral or positive self-description.[3][4][5]

In the 21st century, queer became increasingly used to describe a broad spectrum of non-heteronormative sexual or gender identities and politics.[6][7] Academic disciplines such as queer theory and queer studies share a general opposition to binarism, normativity, and a perceived lack of intersectionality, some of them only tangentially connected to the LGBTQ movement. Queer arts, queer cultural groups, and queer political groups are examples of modern expressions of queer identities.

Critics of the term include members of the LGBTQ community who associate it more with its colloquial, derogatory usage;[8] those who wish to dissociate themselves from queer radicalism;[9] and those who see it as too amorphous or trendy.[10] Queer is sometimes expanded to include any non-normative sexuality, including cisgender queer heterosexuality, although some LGBTQ people view this use of the term as appropriation.[11]

## Origins and early use

[edit]

Entering the English language in the 16th century, queer originally meant 'strange', 'odd', 'peculiar', or 'eccentric'. It might refer to something suspicious or "not quite right", or to a person with mild derangement or who exhibits socially inappropriate behaviour.[6][12] The Northern English expression "there's nowt so queer as folk", meaning "there is nothing as strange as people", employs this meaning.[13] Related meanings of queer include a feeling of unwellness or something that is questionable or suspicious.[6][12] In the 1922 comic monologue "My Word, You Do Look Queer", the word is taken to mean "unwell".[14] The expression "in Queer street" is used in the United Kingdom for someone in financial trouble. Over time, queer acquired a number of meanings related to sexuality and gender, from narrowly meaning "gay or lesbian"[15] to referring to those who are "not heterosexual" to referring to those who are either not heterosexual or not cisgender (those who are LGBTQ+).[15][16] The term is still widely used in Hiberno-English with its original meaning as well as to provide adverbial emphasis (very, extremely).[17]

### Early pejorative use

[edit]

By the late 19th century, queer was beginning to gain a connotation of sexual deviance, used to refer to feminine men or men who were thought to have engaged in same-sex relationships. An early recorded usage of the word in this sense was in an 1894 letter by John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, as read aloud at the trial of Oscar Wilde.[18][19]

Queer was used in mainstream society by the early 20th century, along with fairy and faggot, as a pejorative term to refer to men who were perceived as flamboyant. This was, as historian George Chauncey notes, "the predominant image of all queers within the straight mind".[20]

Starting in the underground gay bar scene in the 1950s,[21] then moving more into the open in the 1960s and 1970s, the homophile identity was gradually displaced by a more radicalized gay identity. At that time gay was generally an umbrella term including lesbians, as well as gay-identified bisexuals and transsexuals; gender nonconformity, which had always been an indicator of gayness,[21] also became more open during this time. During the endonymic shifts from invert to homophile to gay, queer was usually pejoratively applied to men who were believed to engage in receptive or passive anal or oral sex with other men[22] as well as those who exhibited non-normative gender expressions.[23]

### Early 20th-century queer identity

[edit]

Drag Ball in Webster Hall, c. 1920s. Many queer-identifying men distanced themselves from the "flagrant" public image of gay men as effeminate "fairies".[20]: 16, 298

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, queer, fairy, trade, and gay signified distinct social categories within the gay male subculture. In his book Gay New York, Chauncey noted that queer was used as a within-community identity term by men who were stereotypically masculine.[24] Many queer-identified men at the time were, according to Chauncey, "repelled by the style of the fairy and his loss of manly status, and almost all were careful to distinguish themselves from such men", especially because the dominant straight culture did not acknowledge such distinctions. Trade referred to straight men who would engage in same-sex activity; Chauncey describes trade as "the 'normal men' [queers] claimed to be."[20]

In contrast to the terms used within the subculture, medical practitioners and police officers tended to use medicalized or pathological terms like "invert", "pervert", "degenerate", and "homosexual".[20]

None of the terms, whether inside or outside of the subculture, equated to the general concept of a homosexual identity, which only emerged with the ascension of a binary (heterosexual/homosexual) understanding of sexual orientation in the 1930s and 1940s. As this binary became embedded into the social fabric, queer began to decline as an acceptable identity in the subculture.[20]

Similar to the earlier use of queer, gay was adopted by many U.S. assimilationist men in the mid-20th century as a means of asserting their normative status and rejecting any associations with effeminacy. The idea that queer was a pejorative term became more prevalent among younger gay men following World War II. As the gay identity became more widely adopted in the community, some men who preferred to identify as gay began chastising older men who still referred to themselves as queer by the late 1940s:

> In calling themselves gay, a new generation of men insisted on the right to name themselves, to claim their status as men, and to reject the "effeminate" styles of the older generation. [...] Younger men found it easier to forget the origins of gay in the campy banter of the very queens whom they wished to reject.[20]: 19-20

In other parts of the world, particularly England, queer continued to be the dominant term used by the community well into the mid-twentieth century, as noted by historical sociologist Jeffrey Weeks:

> By the 1950s and 1960s to say "I am queer" was to tell of who and what you were, and how you positioned yourself in relation to the dominant, "normal" society. … It signaled the general perception of same-sex desire as something eccentric, strange, abnormal, and perverse.[25]

## Reclamation

[edit]

### General

[edit]

Queer resistance banner at a march

Beginning in the 1980s, the label queer began to be reclaimed from its pejorative use as a neutral or positive self-identifier by LGBTQ people.[6] An early example of this usage was by an LGBTQ organisation called Queer Nation, which was formed in March 1990 and circulated an anonymous flier at the New York Gay Pride Parade in June 1990 titled "Queers Read This".[3] The flier included a passage explaining their adoption of the label queer:

> Ah, do we really have to use that word? It's trouble. Every gay person has his or her own take on it. For some it means strange and eccentric and kind of mysterious [...] And for others "queer" conjures up those awful memories of adolescent suffering [...] Well, yes, "gay" is great. It has its place. But when a lot of lesbians and gay men wake up in the morning we feel angry and disgusted, not gay. So we've chosen to call ourselves queer. Using "queer" is a way of reminding us how we are perceived by the rest of the world.[3]

Queer people, particularly queer Black and Brown people, also began to reclaim queer in response to a perceived shift in the gay community toward liberal conservatism, catalyzed by Andrew Sullivan's 1989 piece in The New Republic, titled Here Comes the Groom: The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage.[26] By identifying themselves as queer rather than gay, LGBTQ activists sought to reject causes they viewed as assimilationist, such as marriage, military inclusion and adoption.[4] This radical stance, including the rejection of U.S. imperialism,[4] continued the tradition of earlier lesbian and gay anti-war activism, and solidarity with a variety of leftist movements, as seen in the positions taken at the first two National Marches on Washington in 1979 and 1987, the radical direct action of groups like ACT UP, and the historical importance of events like the Stonewall riots. The radical queer groups following in this tradition of LGBTQ activism contrasted firmly with "the holy trinity of marriage, military service and adoption [which had] become the central preoccupation of a gay movement centered more on obtaining straight privilege than challenging power."[4] Commentators such as Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore have argued that it was exactly these "revolting queers" (who were now being pushed aside) who had made it safe for the assimilationists to now have the option of assimilation.[4]

### Other usage

[edit]

The term may be capitalized when referring to an identity or community, in a construction similar to the capitalized use of Deaf.[27] The 'Q' in extended versions of the LGBTQ acronym, such as LGBTQIA+,[28] is most often considered an abbreviation of queer. It can also stand for questioning.[29]

### Reactions

[edit]

Reclamation and use of the term queer is controversial; several people and organizations, both LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ, object to some or all uses of the word for various reasons.[30] Some LGBTQ people dislike the use of queer as an umbrella term because they associate it with political and social radicalism. Sociologist Joshua Gamson argues that the controversy about the word also marks a social and political divide in the LGBTQ community between those (including civil-rights activists) who perceive themselves as "normal" and who wish to be seen as ordinary members of society and those who see themselves as separate, confrontational or not part of the ordinary social order.[9] Other LGBTQ people disapprove of reclaiming or using queer because they consider it offensive, in part due to its continued use as a pejorative.[8] Some LGBTQ people avoid queer because they perceive it as faddish slang, or alternatively as academic jargon.[10]

## Scope

[edit]

### Intersex and queer identities

[edit]

Further information: Intersex and LGBT

Scholars and activists have proposed different ways in which queer identities apply or do not apply to intersex people. Sociologist Morgan Holmes and bioethicists Morgan Carpenter and Katrina Karkazis have documenting a heteronormativity in medical rationales for the surgical normalization of infants and children born with atypical sex development, and Holmes and Carpenter have described intersex bodies as queer bodies.[31][32][33][34] In "What Can Queer Theory Do for Intersex?" Iain Morland contrasts queer "hedonic activism" with an experience of insensate post-surgical intersex bodies to claim that "queerness is characterized by the sensory interrelation of pleasure and shame".[35]

Emi Koyama describes a move away from a queer identity model within the intersex movement:

> Such tactic [of reclaiming labels] was obviously influenced by queer identity politics of the 1980s and 90s that were embodied by such groups as Queer Nation and Lesbian Avengers. But unfortunately, intersex activists quickly discovered that the intersex movement could not succeed under this model. For one thing, there were far fewer intersex people compared to the large and visible presence of LGBTQ people in most urban centers. For another, activists soon realized that most intersex individuals were not interested in building intersex communities or culture; what they sought were professional psychological support to live ordinary lives as ordinary men and women and not the adoption of new, misleading identity. ... To make it worse, the word "intersex" began to attract individuals who are not necessarily intersex, but feel that they might be, because they are queer or trans. ... Fortunately, the intersex movement did not rely solely on queer identity model for its strategies.[36]

### Queer heterosexuality

[edit]

Main article: Queer heterosexuality

Queer is sometimes expanded to include any non-normative sexuality,[37] including (cisgender) "queer heterosexuality". This has been criticized by some LGBTQ people, who argue that queer can only be reclaimed by those it has been used to oppress: "A straight person identifying as queer can feel like choosing to appropriate the good bits, the cultural and political cachet, the clothes and the sound of gay culture, without ... the internalized homophobia of lived gay experience."[38] Many queer people believe that "you don't have to identify as queer if you're on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum, but you do have to be on the LGBTQIA+ spectrum to identify as queer."[11]

## Academia

[edit]

Main articles: Queer studies and Queer theory

In academia, the term queer (and the related verb queering) broadly indicate the study of literature, discourse, academic fields, and other social and cultural areas from a non-heterosexual or non-cisgender viewpoint. Though the fields of queer studies and queer theory are broad, such studies often focus on LGBTQ+ lives, and may involve challenging the assumption that being heterosexual and cisgender are the default or "normal". Queer theory, in particular, may embrace ambiguities and fluidity in traditionally "stable" categories such as gay or straight.[39][40]

Queer studies is the study of issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity, usually focusing on LGBTQ people and cultures. Originally centered on LGBTQ history and literary theory, the field has expanded to include the academic study of issues raised in biology, sociology, anthropology, history of science, philosophy, psychology, sexology, political science, ethics, and other fields by an examination of the identity, lives, history, and perception of queer people. Organizations such as the Irish Queer Archive attempt to collect and preserve history related to queer studies.

Queer theory is a field of post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and women's studies. Applications of queer theory include queer theology and queer pedagogy. Philosopher Judith Butler has described queer theory as a site of "collective contestation", referring to its commitment to challenging easy categories and definitions.[41] Critics of queer theory argue that this refusal of straightforward categories can make the discipline overly abstract or detached from reality.[42]

Queer theorists such as Rod Ferguson, Jasbir Puar, Lisa Duggan, and Chong-suk Han have critiqued the mainstream gay political movement as allied with neoliberal and imperialistic agendas, including gay tourism, gay and trans military inclusion, and state- and church-sanctioned marriages for monogamous gay couples. Puar, a queer theorist of color, specifically coined the term homonationalism to refer to the perceived rise of American exceptionalism, nationalism, white supremacy, and patriarchy within the gay community, catalyzed in response to the September 11 attacks.[43]

In their research on the queer movements of Indonesia and Malaysia, scholars Jón Ingvar Kjaran and Mohammad Naeimi have said that the "localization of modern queer identity", rooted in local interpretations of queer theory and "Muslim modernism", has helped queer Indonesians and Malaysians to "promote their self-construction and organize a collective mobilization for their rights". They contrast this with the rhetoric of those conservative Muslim homophobes who portray "gay" or "LGBTQ" identities as a form of Western imperialism, as well as the "Eurocentric discourse", homonationalism and homonormativity of "LGBTQ politics" in the global north.[44]

## Culture and politics

[edit]

Several LGBTQ social movements around the world use the identifier queer, such as the Queer Cyprus Association in Cyprus and the Queer Youth Network in the UK. In India, pride parades include Queer Azaadi Mumbai and the Delhi Queer Pride Parade. The use of queer and Q is also widespread in Australia, including national counselling and support service Qlife[45] and QNews.

Other social movements exist as offshoots of queer culture or combinations of queer identity with other views.[44][46][47] Adherents of queer nationalism support the notion that the LGBTQ community forms a distinct people due to their unique culture and customs. Queercore (originally homocore) is a cultural and social movement that began in the mid-1980s as an offshoot of punk expressed in a do-it-yourself style through zines, music, writing, art and film.[48][49]

The term queer migration is used to describe the movement of LGBTQ people around the world often to escape discrimination or ill treatment due to their orientation or gender expression. Organizations such as the Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees and Rainbow Railroad attempt to assist individuals in such relocations.[50]

### Flag

[edit]

Queer pride flag

A pride flag for the queer community was created in 2015, though it is not widely known.[51] Its colors include blue and pink for attraction to the same gender, orange and green for non-binary people, and black and white for agender, asexual, and aromantic people.

## Art

[edit]

The label queer is often applied to art movements, particularly cinema. New queer cinema was a movement in queer-themed independent filmmaking in the early 1990s. Modern queer film festivals include the Melbourne Queer Film Festival and Mardi Gras Film Festival (run by Queer Screen) in Australia, the Mumbai Queer Film Festival in India, the Asian Queer Film Festival in Japan, and Queersicht in Switzerland. Chinese film director Cui Zi'en titled his 2008 documentary about homosexuality in China Queer China, which premiered at the 2009 Beijing Queer Film Festival after previous attempts to hold a queer film festival were shut down by the government.[52]

Multidisciplinary queer arts festivals include the Outburst Queer Arts Festival in Northern Ireland,[53] the Queer Arts Festival in Canada,[54] and the National Queer Arts Festival in the US.[55]

Television shows that use queer in their titles include the UK series Queer as Folk[56] and its American-Canadian remake of the same name, Queer Eye,[57] and the cartoon Queer Duck.[58]

## See also

[edit]

* Gay Shame
* Heterosexism
* Homophobia
* Queers (TV series)
* Sexual minority
* Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
* Queerplatonic relationship

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ "Definition of QUEER". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
2. ^ "The 'Q' in LGBTQ: Queer/Questioning". American Psychiatric Association. December 11, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
3. ^ a b c Queer Nation (June 1990). "Queers Read This". Archived from the original on 2023-06-15. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
4. ^ a b c d e Sycamore, Mattilda Bernstein (2008). That's Revolting!: Queer Strategies for Resisting Assimilation (illustrated, revised ed.). Counterpoint Press. p. 1\. ISBN 9781593761950. Retrieved July 17, 2024 - via Open Library. "Willful participation in U.S. imperialism is crucial to the larger goal of assimilation, as the holy trinity of marriage, military service and adoption has become the central preoccupation of a gay movement centered more on obtaining straight privilege than challenging power"
5. ^ Barker, Meg-John (2016). Queer: A Graphic History. Icon Books, Ltd. ISBN 9781785780721.
6. ^ a b c d "queer". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014.
7. ^ “Queer, Adj. (1), Sense 3.b.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2958900538.
8. ^ a b Wisegeek, "Is Queer a Derogatory Word?" Archived 2018-06-18 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2 October 2023.
9. ^ a b Gamson, Joshua (August 1995). "Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma". Social Problems. 42 (3): 390–407\. doi:10.1525/sp.1995.42.3.03x0104z.
10. ^ a b Phillip Ayoub; David Paternotte (28 October 2014). LGBT Activism and the Making of Europe: A Rainbow Europe?. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 137–138\. ISBN 978-1-137-39177-3.
11. ^ a b Kassel, Gabrielle (2021-06-04). "Can Straight People Call Themselves Queer Without Being Appropriative? It's Complicated". Well+Good. Archived from the original on 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
12. ^ a b "queer". Merriam-Webster. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-10-03. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
13. ^ "there's nowt so queer as folk". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary and Thesaurus (via Cambridge Dictionaries Online). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
14. ^ "My Word, You Do Look Queer", Monologues.co.uk Archived 2021-01-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 January 2021
15. ^ a b "queer". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
16. ^ Jodi O'Brien, Encyclopedia of Gender and Society (2009), volume 1.
17. ^ Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). "Q". A Dictionary of Hiberno English: The Irish Use of English (2nd ed.). Dublin: Gill Books. p. 187\. ISBN 978-0717190201. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
18. ^ Foldy, Michael S. (1997). The Trials of Oscar Wilde: Deviance, Morality, and Late-Victorian Society. Yale University Press. pp. 22–23\. ISBN 9780300071122.
19. ^ Robb, Graham (2005). Strangers: Homosexual Love in the Nineteenth Century. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 262\. ISBN 9780393326499.
20. ^ a b c d e f Chauncey, George (1995). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. Basic Books. pp. 13–16. ISBN 9780465026210.
21. ^ a b Grahn, Judy (1984). Another Mother Tongue - Gay Words, Gay Worlds. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. pp. 30–33. ISBN 0-8070-7911-1.
22. ^ Robertson, Stephen (2002). "A Tale of Two Sexual Revolutions". Australasian Journal of American Studies. 21 (1). Australia and New Zealand American Studies Association: 103. JSTOR 41053896. "The most striking addition to the picture offered by D'Emilio and Freedman is a working-class sexual culture in which only those men who took the passive or feminine role were considered 'queer.' A man who took the 'active role,' who inserted his penis into another man, remained a 'straight' man, even when he had an on-going relationship with a man who took the passive role."
23. ^ Czyzselska, Jane (1996). "untitled". Pride 1996 Magazine. London: Pride Trust & Gay Times: 15.
24. ^ Barrett, R. (2009). "Queer Talk". In Mey, Jacob L. (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics. Elsevier. p. 821\. ISBN 978-0080962986.: "In the early 20th century in the United States, the term queer was used as a term of self-reference (or identity category) for homosexual men who adopted masculine behavior (Chauncey, 1994: 16-18)."
25. ^ Weeks, Jeffrey (2012). "Queer(y)ing the "Modern Homosexual"". Journal of British Studies. 51 (3): 523–539\. doi:10.1086/664956. ISSN 0021-9371. JSTOR 23265593. S2CID 143022465.
26. ^ Duggan, Lisa (2003). The Twilight of Equality?: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780807079553.
27. ^ "Deaf Culture". glbtq.com. 2005. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
28. ^ "LGBTQIA+". www.uncw.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
29. ^ Grisham, Lori. "What does the Q in LGBTQ stand for?". USA Today. USA Today Network. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
30. ^ For example, see Drew Cordes "New Yorker magazine refuses to use the word queer" Archived 2014-02-20 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
31. ^ Holmes, Morgan (May 1994). "Re-membering a Queer Body". UnderCurrents. 6. Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Ontario: 11–130\. doi:10.25071/2292-4736/37695. S2CID 142878263. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
32. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (18 June 2013). "Australia can lead the way for intersex people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
33. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (2020). "Intersex human rights, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex characteristics and the Yogyakarta principles plus 10". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 23 (4): 516–532\. doi:10.1080/13691058.2020.1781262. ISSN 1369-1058. PMID 32679003. S2CID 220631036.
34. ^ Karkazis, Katrina (November 2009). Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822343189.
35. ^ Morland, Iain, ed. (2009). "Intersex and After". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 15 (2). ISBN 978-0-8223-6705-5. Archived from the original on 2014-12-26. Retrieved 2014-12-26.
36. ^ Koyama, Emi. "From 'Intersex' to 'DSD': Toward a Queer Disability Politics of Gender". Intersex Initiative. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 30 Sep 2015.
37. ^ "queer". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020.
38. ^ Mortimer, Dora (9 Feb 2016). "Can Straight People Be Queer? - An increasing number of young celebrities are labeling themselves 'queer.' But what does this mean for the queer community?". Vice Media. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
39. ^ Samuels, Jacinth (1999-01-31). "Dangerous Liaisons: Queer Subjectivity, Liberalism and Race". Cultural Studies. 13 (1): 91–92\. doi:10.1080/095023899335383. ISSN 0950-2386. Archived from the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
40. ^ Jagose, Annamarie (1996). Queer Theory: an introduction (Repr ed.). New York: New York Univ. Press (published 2010). pp. 1–2\. ISBN 978-0-8147-4234-1.
41. ^ Butler, Judith (2020-04-03), Phelan, Shane (ed.), "Critically Queer", Playing with Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories (1 ed.), Routledge, pp. 11–29, doi:10.4324/9780203760505-3, ISBN 978-0-203-76050-5, retrieved 2024-07-18
42. ^ Seidman, Steven (1997-10-09). "Identity and politics in a "postmodern" gay culture". Difference Troubles: Queering Social Theory and Sexual Politics (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–138\. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511557910.008. ISBN 978-0-521-59043-3. Archived from the original on 2024-10-01. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
43. ^ Puar, Jasbir (2007). Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822341147.
44. ^ a b Kjaran, Jón Ingvar; Naeimi, Mohammad (2022), Kjaran, Jón Ingvar; Naeimi, Mohammad (eds.), "Politics of Modernity: Hybridity, Sexual Politics, and Queer Movements in the Global South", Queer Social Movements and Activism in Indonesia and Malaysia, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 73–102, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15809-4_4, ISBN 978-3-031-15809-4, archived from the original on 2024-09-03, retrieved 2024-09-03
45. ^ "Home". Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
46. ^ Miskolci, Richard. "Foreword". In Pereira, Pedro Paulo Gomes. Queer in the tropics: gender and sexuality in the Global South. Springer, 2019. p. ix.
47. ^ McEwen, Haley; Milani, Tommaso M (2014-10-02). "queer & trans Art-iculations : Decolonising gender and sexualities in the global South". Agenda. 28 (4): 3–8\. doi:10.1080/10130950.2014.993832. ISSN 1013-0950. Archived from the original on 2024-10-01. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
48. ^ Nault, Curran (2017). Queercore-Queer Punk Media Subculture. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781315317847. Archived from the original on 2024-08-11. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
49. ^ Warfield, Liam; Crasshole, Walter; Leyser, Yony, eds. (2021). Queercore-How to Punk a Revolution: An Oral History. PM Press. ISBN 9781629638201. Archived from the original on 2024-08-11. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
50. ^ "Rainbow Railroad - What we do". Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
51. ^ "LGBTQ+ Pride Flags". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
52. ^ Tran, Tini (June 18, 2009). "Gays In China: Beijing Queer Film Festival Goes Off Without A Hitch". The World Post. Archived from the original on 20 June 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
53. ^ Wild, Stephi. "Outburst Queer Art Festival Announces 2021 Lineup". BroadwayWorld.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
54. ^ "CBC Vancouver sponsors Western Canada's largest queer arts event". CBC. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
55. ^ ""Each Garment Is Layered With Imagery That Is Queer…"". Instinct Magazine. 2021-10-09. Archived from the original on 2021-10-22. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
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58. ^ Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence La (January 2007). "Queer Ducks, Puerto Rican Patos, and Jewish American Feygelekh: Birds and the Cultural Representation of Homosexuality". CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies. Archived from the original on 2022-06-29. Retrieved 2021-10-26.

### General bibliography

[edit]

* Anon (1992). "Queercore". I-D Magazine. Vol. 110, no. the Sexuality Issue. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
* Crimp, Douglas; Rolston, Adam (1990). AIDS DemoGraphics. Seattle Bay Press. ISBN 9780941920162.
* Kalin, Tom (November 1990). "Slant: Queer Nation". Artforum. pp. 21–23\. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
* Sicurella, Federico Giulio (2016). "The approach that dares speak its name: queer and the problem of 'big nouns' in the language of academia". Gender and Language. 10 (1): 73–84\. doi:10.1558/genl.v10i1.20895.
* Tucker, Scott (1990). "Gender, Fucking, and Utopia: An Essay in Response to John Stoltenberg's Refusing to Be a Man". Social Text. 27 (27): 3–34\. doi:10.2307/466305. JSTOR 466305.

## External links

[edit]

Look up queer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society

Links to related articles

* v
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* e

Gender and sexual identities

Gender
identities|

| Genders|

* Man
* Woman
* Male
* Female
* Androgyne
* Boi
* Cisgender
* Cross-dresser
* Femboy
* Gender bender
* Gender fluidity
* Gender neutrality
* Gender variance
* Masculine of center
* Non-binary / genderqueer
* Transgender
* Akava'ine
* Trans man
* Trans woman
* Fakaleitī
* Mak nyah
* Rae-rae
* Transsexual

|

Third genders
and sexes|

* Androgynos
* Apwint
* Bakla
* Binabinaaine
* Bugis genders
* Bissu
* Calabai
* Calalai
* Chibados
* Enaree
* Eunuch
* Galli
* Fa'afafine
* Fakafifine
* Femminiello
* Güevedoce
* Hijra
* Kathoey
* Köçek
* Koekchuch
* Lhamana
* Māhū
* Mudoko dako
* Mukhannath
* Muxe
* Nádleehi
* Nullo
* Palopa
* Sipiniq
* Sworn virgin
* Travesti
* Tumtum
* Two-spirit
* Vakasalewalewa
* Winkte
* X-gender

Sexual
orientation
identities|

| Sexual orientations|

* Asexual
* Bisexual
* Heterosexual
* Homosexual

|

Alternative labels|

* Banjee
* Bi-curious
* Ex-gay
* Ex-ex-gay
* Down-low
* Fictosexual
* Gay
* Gay men
* Gray asexual
* Demisexual
* Aegosexual
* Heteroflexible
* Khanith
* Lesbian women
* Non-heterosexual
* Pansexual
* Polysexual
* Queer
* Questioning
* Same gender loving
* Takatāpui

Social aspects|

* Sociosexuality
* Antisexuality
* Asociality
* Homosociality
* Heterosociality

Other|

* Achillean
* Allosexuality
* Analloeroticism
* Androphilia and gynephilia
* Aromanticism
* Attraction to transgender people
* Kinsey scale
* Monosexuality
* Plurisexuality
* Postgenderism
* Romantic orientation
* Sapphism

See also|

* Aphobia
* Acephobia
* Arophobia
* Anti-gender movement
* Discrimination against non-binary people
* Discrimination against transgender men
* Discrimination against transgender women
* Gender assignment
* Gender modality
* Gender roles
* Gender self-identification
* Healthcare and the LGBTQ community
* Intersex
* Legal recognition of non-binary gender
* Legal status of transgender people
* Mental health of LGBTQ people
* Queer heterosexuality
* Right to personal identity
* Sex as a biological variable
* Sex–gender distinction
* Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
* Social construction of gender
* Split attraction model
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* Transgender archaeology
* Transgender inequality
* Transmisogyny
* Transphobia

* v
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LGBTQ people (topic outline)

* Academic fields
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* LGBTQ topics in education
* Gender studies
* Lesbian feminism
* Linguistics
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* Psychology
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* Community
* Culture

* Anthems
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* Films
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* Periodicals
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* Organizations
* People
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* Religious groups
* Rodeos
* Same-sex relationships
* Slang
* Slogans
* Sports
* Pride Nights
* Takatāpui
* Theatre
* Companies
* Tourism

Symbols|

* Black triangle
* Gaysper
* Labrys
* Lambda
* Pink triangle
* Rainbow plaque

Pride flags|

* Aromantic
* Asexual
* Bear
* Bisexual
* Gay flag of South Africa
* Gay men
* Intersex
* Leather
* Lesbian
* Non-binary
* Pansexual
* Rainbow
* Rainbow crossing
* Transgender

* Gender identities
* Sexual identities
* Sexual diversities

| Gender identity|

* Androgyny
* Boi
* Cisgender
* Gender bender
* Gender nonconformity
* Khanith
* Man
* Non-binary / genderqueer
* Queer heterosexuality
* Theyby
* Transgender
* Akava'ine
* Trans man
* Transsexual
* Trans woman
* Mak nyah
* Woman
* Womxn
* Womyn
* Xenogender

Third sex / Third gender|

* Bakla
* Balkan sworn virgins
* Bissu
* Faʻafafine
* Fakaleitī
* Femminiello
* Hijra
* Kathoey
* Köçek
* Māhū
* Mukhannath
* Muxe
* Travesti
* Two-spirit
* Winkte

Sexual identities|

| Sexual orientations|

* Asexual
* Bisexual
* Homosexual

|

* Aromanticism
* Asexuality
* Gray asexuality
* Demisexuality
* Aegosexuality
* Attraction to transgender people
* Banjee
* Bi-curious
* Fictosexuality
* Gay
* Gay men
* Heteroflexible
* Lesbian
* Monosexual
* Non-heterosexual
* Pansexual
* Queer
* Questioning
* Romantic orientation
* Same gender loving
* Sexual minority
* Tom / Dee

Related|

* Acronyms
* LGBTQ
* Detransition
* Effeminacy
* Erotic target location error
* Ex-gay
* Ex-ex-gay
* Female
* Gender and sexual diversity
* Gender assignment
* Gender binary
* Gender essentialism
* Gender expression
* Gender modality
* Gender neutrality
* Gender roles
* Gender transition
* Health
* Organizations
* Hermaphrodite
* Human female sexuality
* Human male sexuality
* Intersex
* Androgynos
* Tumtum
* Legal status of transgender people
* Male
* Men who have sex with men / Sexual practices between men
* Sex–gender distinction
* Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
* Social construction of gender
* Straight ally
* Tomboy
* Transgender health care
* Misinformation
* Women who have sex with women / Sexual practices between women

History

| LGBTQ history|

* History of homosexuality
* History of gay men in the United States
* History of lesbianism
* Transgender history
* Timeline of transgender history
* Timeline of asexual history
* LGBTQ history timeline
* Migration
* Social movements
* Students
* History of Christianity and homosexuality
* History of same-sex unions
* Pederasty
* Category:LGBTQ history

|

Pre-modern era|

* Adelphopoiesis
* Ancient Egypt
* Ancient Greece
* pre-Columbian Peru
* Ancient Rome
* Medieval Europe

16th to 19th century|

* Molly house
* Section 377
* First homosexual movement

20th century|

* Dance of the Forty-One
* Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Cadet scandal
* Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
* Sea queens
* Compton's Cafeteria riot
* Stonewall riots
* Gay Liberation Front
* Handkerchief code
* Festival of Light action
* White Night riots
* Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire
* Florida orange juice boycott
* Operation Soap
* Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
* ACT UP
* Section 28
* Tasty nightclub raid
* Bar Abanicos police raid

21st century|

* Timeline of same-sex marriage
* Lawrence v. Texas
* Russian anti-LGBTQ law
* Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014
* Rainbow wave
* Rainbow Night
* 2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States

* Rights and legal issues

| LGBTQ rights by country or territory|

* Africa
* Americas
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* List of LGBTQ rights articles by region

|

LGBTQ rights topics|

* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Censorship of LGBTQ issues
* Civil unions and partnerships
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* decriminalization
* Hate crime laws
* Intersex human rights
* Military service
* Same-sex parenting
* Adoption
* Assisted reproduction
* Same-sex marriage
* Timeline
* Socialism
* Legal status of transgender people
* Transgender rights movement
* United Nations/Yogyakarta Principles
* La Francophonie
* Commonwealth of Nations

LGBTQ rights movements|

* Homophile
* Gay liberation
* LGBTQ rights groups
* LGBTQ rights activists
* Rainbow capitalism
* Separatism
* Gay
* Lesbian

Sexual orientation — Medicine, science and sexology

* Autism and LGBTQ identities
* Biology
* Birth order
* Demographics
* Disability and LGBTQ identities
* Environment
* Homosexuality and psychology
* Homosexuality in the DSM
* Kinsey scale
* Klein Grid
* Life expectancy
* Neuroscience
* Prenatal hormones
* Sexual inversion
* Conversion therapy
* Split attraction model
* Sexual orientation identity
* Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine

* Societal attitudes
* Prejudice
* Violence

| Societal attitudes|

* Amatonormativity
* Heteronormativity
* Heteropatriarchy
* Homonationalism
* Pinkwashing
* Gay panic defense
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* LGBTQ stereotypes
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* list
* Monuments and memorials
* Queerbaiting
* Homosexuality and religion
* Transgender people and religion

|

Prejudice and discrimination|

* Arophobia
* Acephobia
* Anti-gender movement
* AIDS stigma
* Biphobia
* Gayphobia
* Grooming conspiracy theory
* Heterosexism
* Homophobia
* Liberal homophobia
* Discrimination against lesbians
* Discrimination against non-binary people
* Racism
* Riddle scale
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Transmisogyny
* Transphobia

Violence against LGBTQ people|

* Corrective rape
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Gay bashing
* History of violence in the UK
* History of violence in the US
* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Acts of violence against LGBTQ people
* Stop Murder Music
* Violence against transgender people
* Unlawfully killed transgender people

* LGBTQ portal
* Category

*[v]: View this template
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*[c.]: circa