Ra (Indic)

Letter "Ra" in Indic scripts

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Example glyphs
Assamese|

Bengali|
Tibetan|
Tamil|
Thai|

Malayalam|

Sinhala|

Ashoka Brahmi|
Devanagari|
Cognates
Hebrew| ר
Greek| Ρ
Latin| R
Cyrillic| Р
Properties
Phonemic representation| /ɾ/
IAST transliteration| r R
ISCII code point| CF (207)

This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Indic letters

Consonants
|  Ka|  Ca|  Ṭa|  Ta|  Pa|  Ya|  Śa

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Kha|  Cha|  Ṭha|  Tha|  Pha|  Ra|  Ṣa
Ga|  Ja|  Ḍa|  Da|  Ba|  La|  Sa
Gha|  Jha|  Ḍha|  Dha|  Bha|  Va|  Ha
Ṅa|  Ña|  Ṇa|  Na|  Ma| |
|  Ḷa|  Ḻa|  Ṟa| | |
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Vowels
|  A|  I|  U|  Ṛ|  Ḷ|  E|  O

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Ā|  Ī|  Ū|  Ṝ|  Ḹ|  Ai|  Au
Other marks

* Chandrabindu
* Anusvara
* Visarga
* Virama
* Nuqta
* Avagraha

Punctuation

* Daṇḍa

* v
* t
* e

Ra is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ra is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter  after having gone through the Gupta letter . Most Indic scripts have differing forms of Ra when used in combination with other consonants, including subjoined and repha forms. Some of these are encoded in computer text as separate characters, while others are generated dynamically using conjunct shaping with a virama.

## Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of र are:[1]

* र [ɾə] = 40 (४०)
* रि [ɾɪ] = 4,000 (४ ०००)
* रु [ɾʊ] = 400,000 (४ ०० ०००)
* रृ [ɾri] = 40,000,000 (४ ०० ०० ०००)
* रॢ [ɾlə] = 4×109 (४×१०९)
* रे [ɾe] = 4×1011 (४×१०११)
* रै [ɾɛː] = 4×1013 (४×१०१३)
* रो [ɾoː] = 4×1015 (४×१०१५)
* रौ [ɾɔː] = 4×1017 (४×१०१७)

## Historic Ra

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ra as found in standard Brahmi, , was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ra  had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of ra, in Kharoshthi (), was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

### Brahmi Ra

[edit]

The Brahmi letter , Ra, is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ra can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ra historic forms  Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar
(~150 BCE) | Kushana
(~150-250 CE) | Gujarat
(~250 CE) | Gupta
(~350 CE)

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### Tocharian Ra

[edit]

The Tocharian letter  is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form  used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Rä. The use of repha forms in modern Indic scripts is similar to the Fremdzeichen Ra in Tocharian.

Tocharian Ra with vowel marks  Ra | Rā | Ri | Rī | Ru | Rū | Rr | Rr̄ | Re | Rai | Ro | Rau | Rä | Fremdzeichen

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### Kharoṣṭhī Ra

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter  is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to R and Rho, in addition to the Brahmi Ra.[2]

## Devanagari Ra

[edit]

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration

* IAST
* Hunterian
* NLK
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and syllabic consonants

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū
ॶ (कॖ)| | |  ॷ (कॗ)
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai
(कॕ)| | |  (कॎ)
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au
ॳ (कऺ)| | |  ॴ (कऻ)
| | |  ॵ (कॏ)

* (Schwa deletion)

Consonants

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| |

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ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

च c| | | |  छ ch| | |
ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|

ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | |
ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|

त t| | | |  थ th| | |
द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ

प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| |
ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|

य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ
ल l| | | |  व v| | |

श ś|  ष ṣ|  स s| |  ह h| |  ॽ|

* (Conjuncts)

Diacritics, punctuation, symbols

|  अं ṁ|  अः ḥ|  अँ m̐|  अऀ|  ऽ ’

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क़|  क्|  ३ 3|  ᳵ ẖ|  ᳶ ḫ
अ॑  `|  अ॒  _|  अ॓|  अ॔|  ॐ aum̐
।|  ॥|  ॰|  ॱ|  ₹ INR

* and more (Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions)

Numerals

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā
* Kaṭapayādi

* v
* t
* e

Ra (र) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ર, and the Modi letter 𑘨. Ra, along with the Latin capital letter R, is the basis of the currency symbol ₹, which represents the Indian rupee.

### Devanagari-using languages

[edit]

In all languages, र is pronounced as [ɾə] or [ɾ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari र with vowel marks  Ra | Rā | Ri | Rī | Ru | Rū | Rr | Rr̄ | Rl | Rl̄ | Re | Rai | Ro | Rau | R

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र  | रा  | रि  | री  | रु  | रू  | रृ  | रॄ  | रॢ  | रॣ  | रे  | रै  | रो  | रौ  | र्

Several languages use the dotted form Rra for the [r] sound instead of र. ऱ combines with vowel marks identically to र.

### Conjuncts with र

[edit]

Devanagari Repha

Devanagari Rakar

Eyelash Ra

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

When in conjuncts with other letters, र takes on several different forms, the most important of which are Repha and Rakar. Repha is used to indicate that a conjunct begins with "R". It is crescent shape attached atop the headline of the rest of the conjunct at the right, immediately above the vertical stem, if present. The other members of the conjunct ignore Repha for shaping, combining with the other members of the conjunct to form ligatures or stacked conjuncts normally.

Rakar is used to indicate a consonant conjunct ending in "Ra". It is an upward-pointing wedge shape that is found either centered below the rest of the conjunct, or tilted to the right and integrated with the bottom of the stemline. Like with Repha, the rest of the conjunct ignores Rakar for shaping, except for minor alteration of the bottom of any stemline.

The third conjunct form of Ra is the so-called Eyelash Ra. It resembles a half-form in retaining the head line, with a shape below that connects to the following letter, but this remaining eyelash shape does not resemble either र or ऱ. The eyelash Ra is used in Nepali and Marathi texts instead of Repha for an initial "R" sound in a conjunct. Even though those languages both use the dotted Ra ऱ, eyelash Ra is the default form of Ra + Virama in Unicode for backwards compatibility, and the Repha form is mapped individually as a ligature with each other Devanagari consonant.

#### Devanagari Repha

[edit]

* Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba: note

* Repha र্ (r) + भ (bha) gives the ligature rbha:

* Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

* Repha र্ (r) + छ (cha) gives the ligature rcha:

* Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

* Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

* Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

* Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

* Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

* Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

* Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

* Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

* Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

* Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

* Repha र্ (r) + झ (jha) gives the ligature rjha:

* Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

* Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

* Repha र্ (r) + ख (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

* Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

* Repha र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

* Repha र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

* Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

* Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

* Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

* Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

* Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

* Repha र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

* Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

* Repha र্ (r) + फ (pha) gives the ligature rpha:

* Repha र্ (r) + र (ra) gives the ligature rra:

* Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

* Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

* Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

* Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature rsva:

* Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

* Repha र্ (r) + थ (tha) gives the ligature rtha:

* Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

* Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives the ligature rtta:

* Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature rṭha:

* Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

* Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

#### Devanagari Rakar

[edit]

* भ্ (bh) + र (ra) gives the ligature bhra:

* ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature bra:

* छ্ (ch) + र (ra) gives the ligature chra:

* च্ (c) + र (ra) gives the ligature cra:

* द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

* ड্ (ḍ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

* द্ (d) + द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

* द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

* ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

* द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

* घ্ (ɡʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

* ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

* ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

* ह্ (h) + र (ra) gives the ligature hra:

* झ্ (jh) + र (ra) gives the ligature jhra:

* ज্ (j) + र (ra) gives the ligature jra:

* क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature kra:

* क্ (k) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

* ळ্ (ḷ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḷra:

* ल্ (l) + र (ra) gives the ligature lra:

* म্ (m) + र (ra) gives the ligature mra:

* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

* ङ্ (ŋ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

* ण্ (ṇ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

* न্ (n) + र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

* ञ্ (ñ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ñra:

* फ্ (ph) + र (ra) gives the ligature phra:

* प্ (p) + र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

* प্ (p) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

* श্ (ʃ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

* स্ (s) + र (ra) gives the ligature sra:

* ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

* ष্ (ṣ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

* थ্ (th) + र (ra) gives the ligature thra:

* त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature tra:

* त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature trya:

* ठ্ (ṭh) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭhra:

* ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

* त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ttra:

* व্ (v) + र (ra) gives the ligature vra:

* य্ (y) + र (ra) gives the ligature yra:

##### Conjuncts with both Repha and Rakar forms

[edit]

* र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:

* र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

* र্ (r) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

* र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rttra:

#### Devanagari Eyelash Ra

[edit]

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (bha) gives the ligature rbha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (cha) gives the ligature rcha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + झ (jha) gives the ligature rjha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (pha) gives the ligature rpha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + थ (tha) gives the ligature rtha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature rṭha:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

## Bengali/Assamese Ra

[edit]

The Bengali script র and Assamese script ৰ are derived from the Siddhaṃ , and are marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than their Devanagari counterpart, र. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter র will sometimes be transliterated as "ro" instead of "ra". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ro/. Although the inherent vowel of Assamese consonant letters is different (/ɑ/), the bare letter ৰ is also transliterated as "ro" or "ra". Like all Indic consonants, র/ৰ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali র / Assamese ৰ with vowel marks  ra | rā | ri | rī | ru | rū | rr | rr̄ | re | rai | ro | rau | r

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র  | রা  | রি  | রী  | রু  | রূ  | রৃ  | রৄ  | রে  | রৈ  | রো  | রৌ  | র্
ৰ  | ৰা  | ৰি  | ৰী  | ৰু  | ৰূ  | ৰৃ  | ৰৄ  | ৰে  | ৰৈ  | ৰো  | ৰৌ  | ৰ্

### র/ৰ in languages using Bengali-Assamese

[edit]

র or ৰ is used as a basic consonant character in many of the Bengali-Assamese script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese. Bengali uses র and Assamese uses ৰ. In Assamese, র was used earlier for wa but now it is standardised as a separate letter ৱ.

### Conjuncts with র/ৰ

[edit]

Bengali/Assamese র/ৰ exhibit conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Much like other Indic scripts, Bengali-Assamese র/ৰ also rarely appear in conjuncts in full form, and have special unrelated graphic forms for both initial and trailing র/ৰ in conjuncts called Repha and Ra phala (in Bengali) or Ra kar (in Assamese).[5]

#### Bengali/Assamese Ra-phala/kar

[edit]

Bengali-Assamese Ra-phala/kar

The letters র/ৰ have a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ra phala/kar" (or "Ro pholo"). This reduced form of র/ৰ is appended to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. Both Ya and Va have a similar "phala" trailing form. Ra-phala and Ya-phala can be found together in many conjuncts.

* ভ্ (bh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature bhra:

* ব্ (b) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature bra:

* চ্ (c) + ছ্ (ch) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature cchra:

* দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dbhra:

* ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

* ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

* ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

* দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dra:

* দ্ (d) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

* গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra:

* ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

* গ্ (g) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gra:

* গ্ (g) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

* জ্ (j) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature jra:

* খ্ (kh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature khra:

* ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kra:

* ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

* ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kṭra:

* ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mbhra:

* ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mpra:

* ম্ (m) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mra:

* ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mvra:

* ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nḍra:

* ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra:

* ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndra:

* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra:

* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

* ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra:

* ন্ (n) + থ্ (th) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nthra:

* ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ntra:

* ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

* ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nṭra:

* ফ্ (ph) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature phra:

* প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature pra:

* প্ (p) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

* শ্ (ʃ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

* স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature skra:

* স্ (s) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sra:

* ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

* ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra:

* ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra:

* স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature stra:

* স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sṭra:

* থ্ (th) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature thra:

* ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature tra:

* ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature trya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

* ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

#### Bengali/Assamese Repha

[edit]

Bengali-Assamese Repha

Unlike other letters, র/ৰ also have a special form when used as the initial letter of a conjunct called "Repha". This reduced form of র is on top of the following letter or conjunct. Repha can be found in combination with Ra-phala, Ya-phala/kar and Va-phala/kar in many conjuncts.

* র্ (r) + ভ (bha) gives the ligature rbha:

* র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the ya phala suffix:

* র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives the ligature rca:

* র্ (r) + ছ (cha) gives the ligature rcha:

* র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature rcya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda:

* র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

* র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rḍʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

* র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra:

* র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

* র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

* র্ (r) + (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + গ্ (ga) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha:

* র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja:

* র্ (r) + ঝ (jha) gives the ligature rjha:

* র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives the ligature rka:

* র্ (r) + খ (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

* র্ (r) + খ্ (kh) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ল (la) gives the ligature rla:

* র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma:

* র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna:

* র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

* র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

* র্ (r) + ফ (pha) gives the ligature rpha:

* র্ (r) + স (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

* র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

* র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

* র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives the ligature rta:

* র্ (r) + থ (tha) gives the ligature rtha:

* র্ (r) + থ্ (th) + য (ya) gives the ligature rthya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

* র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

* র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature rtya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

* র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature rya, with repha, not ya phala:

## Gujarati Ra

[edit]

Gujarati Ra.

Ra (ર) is twenty-seventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ra  with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter . When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ra may assume unique forms, such as રુ and રૂ.

### Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ર is pronounced as [rə] or [r] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ra | Rā | Ri | Rī | Ru | Rū | Rr | Rl | Rr̄ | Rl̄ | Rĕ | Re | Rai | Rŏ | Ro | Rau | R

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Gujarati Ra syllables, with vowel marks in red.

### Conjuncts with ર

[edit]

Gujarati Repha Gujarati Rakar

Gujarati ર exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ra does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. The most common conjunct variants are the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. A leading consonant or conjunct will use its full form, rather than half form, when being modified by a trailing Rakar.

Repha  | Rakar

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* ર્ (r) + ક (ka) gives the ligature RKa:

* ર્ (r) + ખ (kha) gives the ligature RKha:

* ર્ (r) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature RGa:

* ર્ (r) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature RGha:

* ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa:

* ર્ (r) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature RCa:

* ર્ (r) + છ (cha) gives the ligature RCha:

* ર્ (r) + જ (ja) gives the ligature RJa:

* ર્ (r) + ઝ (jha) gives the ligature RJha:

* ર્ (r) + ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RÑa:

* ર્ (r) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature RṬa:

* ર્ (r) + ઠ (ʈha) gives the ligature RṬha:

* ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa:

* ર્ (r) + ઢ (ɖʱa) gives the ligature RḌha:

* ર્ (r) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature RṆa:

* ર્ (r) + ત (ta) gives the ligature RTa:

* ર્ (r) + થ (tha) gives the ligature RTha:

* ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:

* ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha:

* ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa:

* ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:

* ર્ (r) + ફ (pha) gives the ligature RPha:

* ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa:

* ર્ (r) + ભ (bha) gives the ligature RBha:

* ર્ (r) + મ (ma) gives the ligature RMa:

* ર્ (r) + ય (ya) gives the ligature RYa:

* ર્ (r) + લ (la) gives the ligature RLa:

* ર્ (r) + ળ (ɭ̆a) gives the ligature Ra:

* ર્ (r) + વ (va) gives the ligature RVa:

* ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa:

* ર્ (r) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RṢa:

* ર્ (r) + સ (sa) gives the ligature RSa:

* ર્ (r) + હ (ha) gives the ligature RHa:

* ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa:

* ર્ (r) + જ (ja) ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RJÑa:

* ર્ (r) + ર (ra) gives the ligature RRa:

| * ક્ (k) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KRa:

* ખ્ (kh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KhRa:

* ગ્ (g) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GRa:

* ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GhRa:

* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa:

* ચ્ (c) + ર (ra) gives the ligature CRa:

* છ્ (ch) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa:

* જ્ (j) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JRa:

* ઝ્ (jh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JhRa:

* ઞ્ (ɲ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ÑRa:

* ટ્ (ʈ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬRa:

* ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa:

* ઠ્ (ʈh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬhRa:

* ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌhRa:

* ણ્ (ɳ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṆRa:

* ત્ (t) + ર (ra) gives the ligature TRa:

* થ્ (th) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ThRa:

* દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:

* ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa:

* ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa:

* પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:

* ફ્ (ph) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PhRa:

* બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa:

* ભ્ (bh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BhRa:

* મ્ (m) + ર (ra) gives the ligature MRa:

* ય્ (y) + ર (ra) gives the ligature YRa:

* લ્ (l) + ર (ra) gives the ligature LRa:

* ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ર (ra) gives the ligature Ra:

* વ્ (v) + ર (ra) gives the ligature VRa:

* શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa:

* ષ્ (ʂ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṢRa:

* સ્ (s) + ર (ra) gives the ligature SRa:

* હ્ (h) + ર (ra) gives the ligature HRa:

* ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) ર (ra) gives the ligature KṢRa:

* જ્ (j) + ઞ (ɲa) ર (ra) gives the ligature JÑRa:

## Javanese Ra

[edit]

Main article: Ra (Javanese)

## Telugu Ra

[edit]

Telugu independent and subjoined Ra.

Ra (ర) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ರ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Like the Rakar forms in other Indic scripts, the subjoined Ra in Telugu is not immediately related to the full form of Ra. Unlike other the Repha in other Indic scripts, there is no special prefix form of Ra in Telugu. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

### Telugu Rra

[edit]

Telugu independent and subjoined Rra.

In addition, Telugu also contains a second /r/ consonant, Rra (ఱ). It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಱ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఱ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

## Malayalam Ra

[edit]

Malayalam letter Ra

Ra (ര) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter  Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ra matras: Ra, Rā, Ri, Rī, Ru, Rū, Rr̥, Rr̥̄, Rl̥, Rl̥̄, Re, Rē, Rai, Ro, Rō, Rau, and R.

### Conjuncts of ര

[edit]

Malayalam Chillu R and conjoining Ra

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Like in most Indic scripts, Malayalam Ra has special forms, including a chillu letter and a conjoining form for a trailing ra, which appears before the other elements of a conjunct but is pronounced after. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

* ക് (k) + ര (ra) gives the ligature kra:

* ഖ് (kh) + ര (ra) gives the ligature khra:

* ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

* ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ര (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

### Malayalam Ṟa

[edit]

Malayalam letter Ṟa

Ṟa (റ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It is related to the Malayalam Ra consonant and has a similar pronunciation.

Malayalam Ṟa matras: Ṟa, Ṟā, Ṟi, Ṟī, Ṟu, Ṟū, Ṟr̥, Ṟr̥̄, Ṟl̥, Ṟl̥̄, Ṟe, Ṟē, Ṟai, Ṟo, Ṟō, Ṟau, and Ṟ.

#### Conjuncts of റ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

* ന് (n) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature nṟa:

* റ് (ṟ) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature ṟṟa:

## Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Re

[edit]

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics

| E| Pe| Te
(Tte, Tye, Tthe)| Ke
(Qe)| Ce

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Me| Ne| Se| Ye| Re
She| Le| We| He| Fe
The| Ze| | |

* v
* t
* e

ᕂ, ᕆ, ᕈ and ᕋ are the base characters "Re", "Ri", "Ro" and "Ra" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᕐ (R) is a small version of the A-series letter ᕋ, although the Western Cree letter ᕑ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for R. The character ᕂ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter र, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring and rotation.[6][7] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant  | E-series  | I-series  | O-series  | A-series  | Other

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R + vowel  | ᕂ | ᕃ | ᕆ | ᕈ | ᕋ | ᣅ
Re | Cree Re | Ri | Ro | Ra | Ray
Small  | - | - | - | ᕐ | \-
- | - | - | R | \-
R with long vowels  | - | ᕇ | ᕉ | ᕌ | ᕅ
- | Rī | Rō | Rā | Rāi
R + W-vowels  | ᣠ | ᣏ | ᣑ | ᣓ | \-
Cree Rwe | Rwi | Rwo | Rwa | Rway
R + long W-vowels  | ᣎ | ᣐ | ᣒ | ᕎ | ᕏ | \-
Rwē | Rwī | Rwō | Rwā | Cree Rwā | \-
Related characters  | - | - | - | ᕒ | ᕑ
|  |  | Medial R | Cree R

## Odia Ra

[edit]

Odia independent letter Ra

Ra (ର) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ra with vowel matras  Ra | Rā | Ri | Rī | Ru | Rū | Rr̥ | Rr̥̄ | Rl̥ | Rl̥̄ | Re | Rai | Ro | Rau | R

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ର | ରା | ରି | ରୀ | ରୁ | ରୂ | ରୃ | ରୄ | ରୢ | ରୣ | ରେ | ରୈ | ରୋ | ରୌ | ର୍

### Conjuncts of ର

[edit]

Odia Repha and Ra Phala

s is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ra is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ra Phala". In addition, an initial Ra is indicated with a special form called "Repha". The Repha and Ra-Phala forms are the only way conjuncts with Ra are made.

#### Odia Repha

[edit]

* ର୍ (r) + କ (ka) gives the ligature rka:

* ର୍ (r) + ଖ (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

* ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

* ର୍ (r) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

* ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

* ର୍ (r) + ର (ra) gives the ligature rra:

#### Odia Ra Phala

[edit]

* କ୍ (k) + ର (ra) gives the ligature kra:

* ଖ୍ (kh) + ର (ra) gives the ligature khra:

* ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

* ଘ୍ (ɡʱ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

* ଲ୍ (l) + ର (ra) gives the ligature lra:

## Tirhuta Ra

[edit]

Tirhuta consonant Ra

Ra (𑒩) is a consonant of the Tirhuta abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Tirhuta Ra with vowel matras  Ra | Rā | Ri | Rī | Ru | Rū | Rṛ | Rṝ | Rḷ | Rḹ | Rē | Re | Rai | Rō | Ro | Rau | R

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𑒩 | 𑒩𑒰 | 𑒩𑒱 | 𑒩𑒲 | 𑒩𑒳 | 𑒩𑒴 | 𑒩𑒵 | 𑒩𑒶 | 𑒩𑒷 | 𑒩𑒸 | 𑒩𑒹 | 𑒩𑒺 | 𑒩𑒻 | 𑒩𑒼 | 𑒩𑒽 | 𑒩𑒾 | 𑒩𑓂

### Conjuncts of 𑒩

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. Conjucts of ra in almost all scripts are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the adjacent consonant cluster.

* 𑒦୍ (bʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature bʰra:

* 𑒕୍ (cʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature cʰra:

* 𑒔୍ (c) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature cra:

* 𑒜୍ (ḍʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

* 𑒛୍ (ḍ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

* 𑒡୍ (dʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

* 𑒠୍ (d) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature dra:

* 𑒒୍ (ɡʱ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

* 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature gra:

* 𑒯୍ (h) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature hra:

* 𑒗୍ (jʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature jʰra:

* 𑒖୍ (j) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature jra:

* 𑒐୍ (kʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature kʰra:

* 𑒏୍ (k) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature kra:

* 𑒪୍ (l) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature lra:

* 𑒧୍ (m) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature mra:

* 𑒓୍ (ŋ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature nra:

* 𑒘୍ (ñ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ñra:

* 𑒤୍ (pʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature pʰra:

* 𑒣୍ (p) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature pra:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒥 (ba) gives the ligature rba:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒦 (bʰa) gives the ligature rbʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature rca:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒠 (da) gives the ligature rda:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒛 (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒑 (ga) gives the ligature rga:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒒 (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒯 (ha) gives the ligature rha:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒖 (ja) gives the ligature rja:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒗 (jʰa) gives the ligature rjʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒖୍ (j) + 𑒘 (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒏 (ka) gives the ligature rka:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒐 (kʰa) gives the ligature rkʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒏୍ (k) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒪 (la) gives the ligature rla:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒧 (ma) gives the ligature rma:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature rna:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒓 (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒝 (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒘 (ña) gives the ligature rña:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒣 (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒤 (pʰa) gives the ligature rpʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature rra:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒮 (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒬 (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒭 (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒞 (ta) gives the ligature rta:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒟 (tʰa) gives the ligature rtʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒙 (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒚 (ṭʰa) gives the ligature rṭʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature rva:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒨 (ya) gives the ligature rya:

* 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

* 𑒮୍ (s) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature sra:

* 𑒭୍ (ṣ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

* 𑒟୍ (tʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature tʰra:

* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature tra:

* 𑒚୍ (ṭʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṭʰra:

* 𑒙୍ (ṭ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

* 𑒫୍ (v) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature vra:

* 𑒨୍ (y) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature yra:

Unlike other conjuncts, the letter Ba 𑒥 does not add a rakar form when followed by Ra 𑒩:

* 𑒥୍ (b) + 𑒩 (ra) has an explicit virama bra:

Ra 𑒩 is one of the few Tirhuta letters that forms true ligatures when attached to some vowel matras:

* 𑒩 (r) + 𑒳 (u) gives the ligature ru:

* 𑒩 (r) + 𑒴 (ū) gives the ligature rū:

## Kaithi Ra

[edit]

Kaithi bare Ra consonant.

Ra (𑂩) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ra with vowel matras  Ra | Rā | Ri | Rī | Ru | Rū | Re | Rai | Ro | Rau | R

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𑂩 | 𑂩𑂰 | 𑂩𑂱 | 𑂩𑂲 | 𑂩𑂳 | 𑂩𑂴 | 𑂩𑂵 | 𑂩𑂶 | 𑂩𑂷 | 𑂩𑂸 | 𑂩𑂹𑂩𑂹

### Conjuncts of 𑂩

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster.

Kaithi Repha and Rakar.

#### Repha

[edit]

Kaithi repha takes the form of a crescent attached to the top of a following consonant or consonant cluster.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂍 (ka) gives the ligature rka:

#### Rakar

[edit]

Kaithi rakar take the form of a diagonal stroke attached near the bottom of the vertical stem of the preceding consonant or consonant cluster.

* 𑂍୍ (k) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature kra:

## Comparison of Ra

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ra, are related as well.

Comparison of Ra in different scripts

| | | | | | Aramaic
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| | | | | |
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨪| | | | | | Ashoka Brahmi
| | Kushana Brahmi[a]
| | Tocharian[b]
/ | | | | | |

| | | | Gupta Brahmi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pallava
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kadamba
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Bhaiksuki
𑰨| | Siddhaṃ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grantha
𑌰| | Cham
ꨣ| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sinhala
ර| | | Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Tibetan
| | | | Newa
𑐬| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ahom
𑜍| | | Malayalam
ര| |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Telugu
ర| | | Burmese
ရ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Lepcha
ᰛ| | | | | Ranjana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saurashtra
ꢬ| | Dives Akuru
𑤧| |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kannada
ರ| | Kayah Li
ꤚ| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Limbu
ᤖ| | | | | Soyombo[d]
𑩼| | | | | | | | | | | | | Khmer
រ| | Tamil
| |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chakma
𑄢| | | Tai Tham
ᩁ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Meitei Mayek
ꯔ| | | | | Gaudi
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thai
ร| | Lao
ຣ / ຮ| |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tai Le
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Marchen
𑲊| | | | | Tirhuta
𑒩| | | | | | | | | | New Tai Lue
ᦣ| | Tai Viet
ꪦ / ꪧ| | Aksara Kawi

| |
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| 'Phags-pa
ꡘ| | | Odia
ର| | | | Sharada
𑆫| | Rejang
ꤽ| | | Batak
ᯒ| | | Buginese

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Zanabazar Square
𑨫| | | | | Bengali-Assamese
| | Takri
𑚤| | | | Javanese
ꦫ| | | Balinese
ᬭ| | Makasar

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Hangul[e]
-| | | | Northern Nagari
-| | Dogri
𑠤| | Laṇḍā
-| | | Sundanese
ᮛ| | Baybayin

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Modi
𑘨| | Gujarati
ર| | | | | Khojki
𑈦| | | Khudabadi
𑋙| | | Mahajani
𑅭| | | Tagbanwa

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Devanagari
| | Nandinagari
𑧈| | Kaithi
| | | | Gurmukhi
ਰ| | Multani
𑊢| | | | Buhid

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Canadian Syllabics[f]
ᕂ| | Soyombo[g]
𑩼| | Sylheti Nagari
ꠞ| | Gunjala Gondi
𑶈| | | Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴦| | | Hanuno'o

Notes

1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

## Character encodings of Ra

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ra in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ra from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information  Preview |  |  |  | ర | ର | ರ | ര | ર | ਰ

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Unicode name  | DEVANAGARI LETTER RA  | BENGALI LETTER RA  | TAMIL LETTER RA  | TELUGU LETTER RA  | ORIYA LETTER RA  | KANNADA LETTER RA  | MALAYALAM LETTER RA  | GUJARATI LETTER RA  | GURMUKHI LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 2352 | U+0930 | 2480 | U+09B0 | 2992 | U+0BB0 | 3120 | U+0C30 | 2864 | U+0B30 | 3248 | U+0CB0 | 3376 | U+0D30 | 2736 | U+0AB0 | 2608 | U+0A30
UTF-8 | 224 164 176 | E0 A4 B0 | 224 166 176 | E0 A6 B0 | 224 174 176 | E0 AE B0 | 224 176 176 | E0 B0 B0 | 224 172 176 | E0 AC B0 | 224 178 176 | E0 B2 B0 | 224 180 176 | E0 B4 B0 | 224 170 176 | E0 AA B0 | 224 168 176 | E0 A8 B0
Numeric character reference | &#2352; | &#x930; | &#2480; | &#x9B0; | &#2992; | &#xBB0; | &#3120; | &#xC30; | &#2864; | &#xB30; | &#3248; | &#xCB0; | &#3376; | &#xD30; | &#2736; | &#xAB0; | &#2608; | &#xA30;
ISCII | 207 | CF | 207 | CF | 207 | CF | 207 | CF | 207 | CF | 207 | CF | 207 | CF | 207 | CF | 207 | CF

Character information  Preview |

Ashoka

Kushana

Gupta

| 𐨪 |  | 𑌰

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Unicode name  | BRAHMI LETTER RA  | KHAROSHTHI LETTER RA  | SIDDHAM LETTER RA  | GRANTHA LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 69677 | U+1102D | 68138 | U+10A2A | 71080 | U+115A8 | 70448 | U+11330
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 173 | F0 91 80 AD | 240 144 168 170 | F0 90 A8 AA | 240 145 150 168 | F0 91 96 A8 | 240 145 140 176 | F0 91 8C B0
UTF-16 | 55300 56365 | D804 DC2D | 55298 56874 | D802 DE2A | 55301 56744 | D805 DDA8 | 55300 57136 | D804 DF30
Numeric character reference | &#69677; | &#x1102D; | &#68138; | &#x10A2A; | &#71080; | &#x115A8; | &#70448; | &#x11330;

Character information  Preview |  | ྲ | ꡘ | 𑨫 | 𑐬 | 𑰨 | 𑆫

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Unicode name  | TIBETAN LETTER RA  | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA  | PHAGS-PA LETTER RA  | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA  | NEWA LETTER RA  | BHAIKSUKI LETTER RA  | SHARADA LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3938 | U+0F62 | 4018 | U+0FB2 | 43096 | U+A858 | 72235 | U+11A2B | 70700 | U+1142C | 72744 | U+11C28 | 70059 | U+111AB
UTF-8 | 224 189 162 | E0 BD A2 | 224 190 178 | E0 BE B2 | 234 161 152 | EA A1 98 | 240 145 168 171 | F0 91 A8 AB | 240 145 144 172 | F0 91 90 AC | 240 145 176 168 | F0 91 B0 A8 | 240 145 134 171 | F0 91 86 AB
UTF-16 | 3938 | 0F62 | 4018 | 0FB2 | 43096 | A858 | 55302 56875 | D806 DE2B | 55301 56364 | D805 DC2C | 55303 56360 | D807 DC28 | 55300 56747 | D804 DDAB
Numeric character reference | &#3938; | &#xF62; | &#4018; | &#xFB2; | &#43096; | &#xA858; | &#72235; | &#x11A2B; | &#70700; | &#x1142C; | &#72744; | &#x11C28; | &#70059; | &#x111AB;

Character information  Preview | ရ | ᦣ

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Unicode name  | MYANMAR LETTER RA  | NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW HA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 4123 | U+101B | 6563 | U+19A3
UTF-8 | 225 128 155 | E1 80 9B | 225 166 163 | E1 A6 A3
Numeric character reference | &#4123; | &#x101B; | &#6563; | &#x19A3;

* See further below for Tai Tham codepoints.

Character information  Preview | រ | ຣ | ຮ | ร | ꪦ | ꪧ

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Unicode name  | KHMER LETTER RO  | LAO LETTER LO LING  | LAO LETTER HO TAM  | THAI CHARACTER RO RUA  | TAI VIET LETTER LOW RO  | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH RO
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6042 | U+179A | 3747 | U+0EA3 | 3758 | U+0EAE | 3619 | U+0E23 | 43686 | U+AAA6 | 43687 | U+AAA7
UTF-8 | 225 158 154 | E1 9E 9A | 224 186 163 | E0 BA A3 | 224 186 174 | E0 BA AE | 224 184 163 | E0 B8 A3 | 234 170 166 | EA AA A6 | 234 170 167 | EA AA A7
Numeric character reference | &#6042; | &#x179A; | &#3747; | &#xEA3; | &#3758; | &#xEAE; | &#3619; | &#xE23; | &#43686; | &#xAAA6; | &#43687; | &#xAAA7;

Character information  Preview | ර | ꤚ | 𑄢 | 𑜍 | 𑤧 | ꢬ | ꨣ

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Unicode name  | SINHALA LETTER RAYANNA  | KAYAH LI LETTER RA  | CHAKMA LETTER RAA  | AHOM LETTER RA  | DIVES AKURU LETTER RA  | SAURASHTRA LETTER RA  | CHAM LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3515 | U+0DBB | 43290 | U+A91A | 69922 | U+11122 | 71437 | U+1170D | 71975 | U+11927 | 43180 | U+A8AC | 43555 | U+AA23
UTF-8 | 224 182 187 | E0 B6 BB | 234 164 154 | EA A4 9A | 240 145 132 162 | F0 91 84 A2 | 240 145 156 141 | F0 91 9C 8D | 240 145 164 167 | F0 91 A4 A7 | 234 162 172 | EA A2 AC | 234 168 163 | EA A8 A3
UTF-16 | 3515 | 0DBB | 43290 | A91A | 55300 56610 | D804 DD22 | 55301 57101 | D805 DF0D | 55302 56615 | D806 DD27 | 43180 | A8AC | 43555 | AA23
Numeric character reference | &#3515; | &#xDBB; | &#43290; | &#xA91A; | &#69922; | &#x11122; | &#71437; | &#x1170D; | &#71975; | &#x11927; | &#43180; | &#xA8AC; | &#43555; | &#xAA23;

Character information  Preview | 𑘨 | 𑧈 | 𑩼 | ꠞ | 𑶈 |

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Unicode name  | MODI LETTER RA  | NANDINAGARI LETTER RA  | SOYOMBO LETTER RA  | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER RO  | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER RA  | KAITHI LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71208 | U+11628 | 72136 | U+119C8 | 72316 | U+11A7C | 43038 | U+A81E | 73096 | U+11D88 | 69801 | U+110A9
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 168 | F0 91 98 A8 | 240 145 167 136 | F0 91 A7 88 | 240 145 169 188 | F0 91 A9 BC | 234 160 158 | EA A0 9E | 240 145 182 136 | F0 91 B6 88 | 240 145 130 169 | F0 91 82 A9
UTF-16 | 55301 56872 | D805 DE28 | 55302 56776 | D806 DDC8 | 55302 56956 | D806 DE7C | 43038 | A81E | 55303 56712 | D807 DD88 | 55300 56489 | D804 DCA9
Numeric character reference | &#71208; | &#x11628; | &#72136; | &#x119C8; | &#72316; | &#x11A7C; | &#43038; | &#xA81E; | &#73096; | &#x11D88; | &#69801; | &#x110A9;

Character information  Preview | 𑒩 | ᰛ | ᤖ | ꯔ | 𑲊

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Unicode name  | TIRHUTA LETTER RA  | LEPCHA LETTER RA  | LIMBU LETTER RA  | MEETEI MAYEK LETTER RAI  | MARCHEN LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 70825 | U+114A9 | 7195 | U+1C1B | 6422 | U+1916 | 43988 | U+ABD4 | 72842 | U+11C8A
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 169 | F0 91 92 A9 | 225 176 155 | E1 B0 9B | 225 164 150 | E1 A4 96 | 234 175 148 | EA AF 94 | 240 145 178 138 | F0 91 B2 8A
UTF-16 | 55301 56489 | D805 DCA9 | 7195 | 1C1B | 6422 | 1916 | 43988 | ABD4 | 55303 56458 | D807 DC8A
Numeric character reference | &#70825; | &#x114A9; | &#7195; | &#x1C1B; | &#6422; | &#x1916; | &#43988; | &#xABD4; | &#72842; | &#x11C8A;

Character information  Preview | 𑚤 | 𑠤 | 𑈦 | 𑋙 | 𑅭 | 𑊢

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Unicode name  | TAKRI LETTER RA  | DOGRA LETTER RA  | KHOJKI LETTER RA  | KHUDAWADI LETTER RA  | MAHAJANI LETTER RA  | MULTANI LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71332 | U+116A4 | 71716 | U+11824 | 70182 | U+11226 | 70361 | U+112D9 | 69997 | U+1116D | 70306 | U+112A2
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 164 | F0 91 9A A4 | 240 145 160 164 | F0 91 A0 A4 | 240 145 136 166 | F0 91 88 A6 | 240 145 139 153 | F0 91 8B 99 | 240 145 133 173 | F0 91 85 AD | 240 145 138 162 | F0 91 8A A2
UTF-16 | 55301 56996 | D805 DEA4 | 55302 56356 | D806 DC24 | 55300 56870 | D804 DE26 | 55300 57049 | D804 DED9 | 55300 56685 | D804 DD6D | 55300 56994 | D804 DEA2
Numeric character reference | &#71332; | &#x116A4; | &#71716; | &#x11824; | &#70182; | &#x11226; | &#70361; | &#x112D9; | &#69997; | &#x1116D; | &#70306; | &#x112A2;

Character information  Preview | ᬭ | ᯒ | ᨑ | ꦫ | 𑻭 | ꤽ | ᮛ

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Unicode name  | BALINESE LETTER RA  | BATAK LETTER RA  | BUGINESE LETTER RA  | JAVANESE LETTER RA  | MAKASAR LETTER RA  | REJANG LETTER RA  | SUNDANESE LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6957 | U+1B2D | 7122 | U+1BD2 | 6673 | U+1A11 | 43435 | U+A9AB | 73453 | U+11EED | 43325 | U+A93D | 7067 | U+1B9B
UTF-8 | 225 172 173 | E1 AC AD | 225 175 146 | E1 AF 92 | 225 168 145 | E1 A8 91 | 234 166 171 | EA A6 AB | 240 145 187 173 | F0 91 BB AD | 234 164 189 | EA A4 BD | 225 174 155 | E1 AE 9B
UTF-16 | 6957 | 1B2D | 7122 | 1BD2 | 6673 | 1A11 | 43435 | A9AB | 55303 57069 | D807 DEED | 43325 | A93D | 7067 | 1B9B
Numeric character reference | &#6957; | &#x1B2D; | &#7122; | &#x1BD2; | &#6673; | &#x1A11; | &#43435; | &#xA9AB; | &#73453; | &#x11EED; | &#43325; | &#xA93D; | &#7067; | &#x1B9B;

Character information  Preview | ᝍ | ᜭ | 𑴦

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Unicode name  | BUHID LETTER RA  | HANUNOO LETTER RA  | MASARAM GONDI LETTER RA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 5965 | U+174D | 5933 | U+172D | 72998 | U+11D26
UTF-8 | 225 157 141 | E1 9D 8D | 225 156 173 | E1 9C AD | 240 145 180 166 | F0 91 B4 A6
UTF-16 | 5965 | 174D | 5933 | 172D | 55303 56614 | D807 DD26
Numeric character reference | &#5965; | &#x174D; | &#5933; | &#x172D; | &#72998; | &#x11D26;
Character information  Preview | ᕂ | ᕆ | ᕈ | ᕋ | ᕐ

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Unicode name  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS RE  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS RI  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS RO  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS RA  | CANADIAN SYLLABICS R
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 5442 | U+1542 | 5446 | U+1546 | 5448 | U+1548 | 5451 | U+154B | 5456 | U+1550
UTF-8 | 225 149 130 | E1 95 82 | 225 149 134 | E1 95 86 | 225 149 136 | E1 95 88 | 225 149 139 | E1 95 8B | 225 149 144 | E1 95 90
Numeric character reference | &#5442; | &#x1542; | &#5446; | &#x1546; | &#5448; | &#x1548; | &#5451; | &#x154B; | &#5456; | &#x1550;

* The full range of RE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1542-1550, 1622-1627, 18CE-18D3, 18B0-18B3, 18DC-18DD.

Character information  Preview | ᩁ | ᩕ | ᩺

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Unicode name  | TAI THAM LETTER RA  | TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA  | TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6721 | U+1A41 | 6741 | U+1A55 | 6778 | U+1A7A
UTF-8 | 225 169 129 | E1 A9 81 | 225 169 149 | E1 A9 95 | 225 169 186 | E1 A9 BA
Numeric character reference | &#6721; | &#x1A41; | &#6741; | &#x1A55; | &#6778; | &#x1A7A;

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
2. ^ a b Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
3. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
4. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
5. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
6. ^ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
7. ^ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

* v
* t
* e

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages|

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration|

* IAST
* Hunterian
* National Library at Kolkata
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and
syllabic consonants|

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā| | |

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī| | |
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū|  ॶ (कॖ)|  ॷ (कॗ)|
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄| | |
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄| | |
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai|  (कॕ)|  (कॎ)|
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au|  ॳ (कऺ)|  ॴ (कऻ)|  ॵ (कॏ)

* Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages

Consonants|

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| | |  ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

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च c| | | |  छ ch| | | |  ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|
ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | | |  ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|
त t| | | |  थ th| | | |  द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ
प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| | |  ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|
य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ|  ल l| | | |  व v| | |
श ś| | | |  ष ṣ| | | |  स s| | | |  ह h| | |  ॽ
* Consonant conjuncts

Diacritics,
punctuation
and other symbols|

|  अं ṁ (anusvāra)|  अः ḥ (visarga)|  अँ m̐ (candrabindu)|  अऀ (inverted candrabindu)|  ऽ ’ (avagraha)

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क़ (nuqta)|  क् (virāma)|  ३ 3 (pluta)|  ᳵ ẖ (jihvāmūlīya)|  ᳶ ḫ (upadhmānīya)
अ॑ ` (svarita)|  अ॒ (anudātta)|  अ॓ (grave)|  अ॔ (acute)|  ॐ aum̐
। (daṇḍa)|  ॥ (double daṇḍa)|  ॰ (lāghava cihna)|  ॱ (high spacing dot)|  ₹ INR (Indian rupee sign)
* Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions
* Devanagari Braille

Numerals|

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa numeration
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā system
* Kaṭapayādi system
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