Rabbinic literature

Jewish literature attributed to rabbis

See also: Chazal, Rabbinic Judaism, and Oral Torah

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Rabbinic literature

Talmud Readers by Adolf Behrman

Talmudic literature
|  Tannaitic

* Mishnah
* Tosefta

Amoraic (Gemara)

* Jerusalem Talmud
* Babylonian Talmud

Later

* Minor Tractates

Halakhic Midrash
|  Exodus

* Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
* Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai

Leviticus

* Sifra (Torat Kohanim)

Numbers and Deuteronomy

* Sifre
* Sifrei Zutta on Numbers
* (Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim)

Aggadic Midrash
|  Tannaitic

* Seder Olam Rabbah
* Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva
* Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules
* Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules
* Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle

400–600 CE

* Genesis Rabbah
* Lamentations Rabbah
* Pesikta de-Rav Kahana
* Esther Rabbah
* Midrash Iyyob
* Leviticus Rabbah
* Seder Olam Zutta
* Tanhuma
* Megillat Antiochus

650–900 CE

* Avot de-Rabbi Natan
* Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer
* Tanna Devei Eliyahu
* Alphabet of Sirach
* Ecclesiastes Rabbah
* Shir HaShirim Rabbah
* Deuteronomy Rabbah
* Devarim Zutta
* Pesikta Rabbati
* Midrash Shmuel
* Midrash Proverbs
* Ruth Rabbah
* Baraita of Samuel
* Targum Sheni

900–1000 CE

* Ruth Zuta
* Eichah Zuta
* Midrash Tehillim
* Midrash Hashkem
* Exodus Rabbah
* Shir ha-Shirim Zutta
* Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon

1000–1200 CE

* Midrash Tadshe
* Sefer haYashar

Later

* Yalkut Shimoni
* Yalkut haMachiri
* Midrash Jonah
* Ein Yaakov
* Midrash HaGadol
* Numbers Rabbah
* Smaller midrashim

Targum
|  Torah

* Targum Onkelos
* Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
* Fragment Targum
* Targum Neofiti

Nevi'im

* Targum Jonathan

Ketuvim

* Targum Tehillim
* Targum Mishlei
* Targum Iyyov
* Targum to the Five Megillot
* Targum Sheni to Esther
* Targum to Chronicles

* v
* t
* e

Rabbinical eras

* Chazal
* Zugot
* Tannaim
* Amoraim
* Savoraim
* Geonim
* Rishonim
* Acharonim

* v
* t
* e

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|

Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense, is the entire corpus of works authored by rabbis throughout Jewish history.[1] The term typically refers to literature from the Talmudic era (70–640 CE),[2] as opposed to medieval and modern rabbinic writings. It aligns with the Hebrew term Sifrut Chazal (Hebrew: ספרות חז״ל), which translates to “literature [of our] sages” and generally pertains only to the sages (Chazal) from the Talmudic period. This more specific sense of "Rabbinic literature"—referring to the Talmud, Midrashim (Hebrew: מדרשים), and related writings, but hardly ever to later texts—is how the term is generally intended when used in contemporary academic writing. The terms mefareshim and parshanim (commentaries and commentators) almost always refer to later, post-Talmudic writers of rabbinic glosses on Biblical and Talmudic texts.

## Mishnaic literature

[edit]

The Midr'she halakha, Mishnah, and Tosefta (compiled from materials pre-dating the year 200 CE) are the earliest extant works of rabbinic literature, expounding and developing Judaism's Oral Law, as well as ethical teachings. Following these came the two Talmuds:

* The Jerusalem Talmud, c. 450 CE
* The Babylonian Talmud, full canonization of all the previous texts c. 600 CE.
* The minor tractates (part of the Babylonian Talmud)

The earliest extant material witness to rabbinic literature of any kind is the Tel Rehov inscription dating to the 6th–7th centuries, also the longest Jewish inscription from late antiquity.[3] Meanwhile, the earliest extant Talmudic manuscripts are from the 8th century.

## The Midrash

[edit]

Main article: Midrash

Midrash (מדרש; pl. Midrashim) is a Hebrew word referring to a method of reading details into or out of a biblical text. The term midrash also can refer to a compilation of Midrashic teachings in the form of legal, exegetical, homiletical, or narrative writing, often configured as a commentary on the Bible or Mishnah. There are a large number of "classical" Midrashic works spanning a period from Mishnaic to Geonic times, often showing evidence of having been worked and reworked from earlier materials and frequently coming to us in multiple variants. A compact list of these works, drawing upon Barry Holtz's Back to the Sources,[4] is given below. The timeline below is approximate because many of the works were composed over a long period, borrowing and collating material from earlier versions; their histories are, therefore, somewhat uncertain and the subject of scholarly debate. In the table, "n.e." designates that the work in question is not extant except in secondary references.

Extra-canonical rabbinical literature ("n.e." designates "not extant")  Estimated date | Exegetical | Homiletical | Narrative

|
|
|

Tannaitic period
(till 200 CE)

Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael
Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon
Mekilta le-Sefer Devarim (n.e.)
Sifra
Sifre
Sifre Zutta

Alphabet of Akiba ben Joseph (?)

Seder Olam Rabbah

400–650 CE

Genesis Rabbah

Midrash Tanhuma
Lamentations Rabbah

Leviticus Rabbah

650–900 CE

Midrash Proverbs
Ecclesiastes Rabbah

Deuteronomy Rabbah
Pesikta de-Rav Kahana
Pesikta Rabbati
Avot of Rabbi Natan

Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer
Seder Olam Zutta
Tanna Devei Eliyahu

900–1000 CE

Midrash Psalms
Exodus Rabbah
Ruth Zuta
Lamentations Zuta

|  |

1000–1200

Midrash Aggadah of Moses ha-Darshan
Midrash Tadshe

|  |

Later

Yalkut Shimoni
Midrash ha-Gadol
Ein Yaakov
Numbers Rabbah

|  | Sefer ha-Yashar

## Later works by category

[edit]

### Aggada

[edit]

Main article: Aggadah

* Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva
* Ein Yaakov
* Legends of the Jews
* Midrash HaGadol
* Midrash Hashkem
* Midrash Rabba
* Midrash Shmuel
* Midrash Tehillim
* Pesikta de-Rav Kahana
* Pesikta Rabbati
* Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer
* Seder Olam Rabbah
* Seder Olam Zutta
* Sefer HaAggadah
* Sefer haYashar (midrash)
* Smaller midrashim
* Tanhuma
* Tanna Devei Eliyahu
* Tseno Ureno
* Yalkut Shimoni

### Hasidic thought

[edit]

Further information: Hasidic Judaism § Literature, and Hasidic philosophy § Writings

* Keter Shem Tov
* Tzavaat HaRivash
* Toledot Yaakov Yosef
* Ben Porat Yosef, Tzafnat Paneach, and Ketonet Pasim
* Magid Devarav L'Yaakov
* Or Torah
* Menachem Zion
* Meor Einayim and Yesamach Lev
* Noam Elimelech
* Menorat Zahav
* Avodat Yisrael
* Pri Ha'Aretz and P'ri Ha'Eitz
* Kedushas Levi
* Tiferes Shlomo
* Bet Aharon
* Yosher Divrei Emes
* Tanya (Likutei Amarim)
* Torah Or/Likutei Torah
* Likutei Moharan
* Sippurei Ma'asiyot ("Rabbi Nachman's Stories")
* Sichot HaRan
* Be'er Mayim Hayyim
* Siduro Shel Shabbos
* Avodas HaLevi
* Mei Hashiloach
* Kol Simcha
* Bnei Yissoschar
* Imrei Elimelech and Divrei Elimelech
* Aish Kodesh
* Sefas Emes
* Imrei Emes
* Shem Mishmuel
* Likkutei Sichos
* Nesivos Sholom
* Darchei Noam

### Hebrew poetry

[edit]

Main article: Hebrew poetry

* Biblical poetry
* Medieval Hebrew poetry

### Jewish liturgy

[edit]

Main article: Jewish liturgy

* Piyyut
* Siddur

### Jewish philosophy

[edit]

Main article: Jewish philosophy

See also: Category:Medieval Jewish philosophers

* Chovot HaLevavot
* Derech Hashem
* Emunah Ubitachon
* Emunot v'Dayyot
* Kad ha-Kemach
* Kuzari
* Moreh Nevukhim (Guide for the Perplexed)
* Milchamot Hashem (Wars of the Lord)
* Nefesh Ha-Chaim
* Or Adonai
* Perek Chelek
* Philo
* Sefer ha-Ikkarim
* Sefer ha-Chinuch

### Kabbalah

[edit]

Main article: Kabbalah

* Etz Chaim
* Maggid Mesharim
* Pardes Rimonim
* Sefer haBahir
* Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
* Sefer Yetzirah
* Tikunei haZohar
* Tomer Devorah
* Zohar

### Jewish law

[edit]

Main article: Halakha

See also: History of responsa in Judaism

* Arba'ah Turim
* Aruch HaShulchan
* Beit Yosef
* Ben Ish Hai
* Chayei Adam and Chochmat Adam
* Darkhei Moshe
* Halachot Gedolot
* Kaf HaChaim
* Hilchot HaRif
* Kessef Mishneh
* Kitzur Shulchan Aruch
* Levush Malchut
* Minchat Chinuch
* Mishnah Berurah
* Mishneh Torah
* Responsa literature
* Sefer ha-Chinuch
* Sefer Hamitzvot
* Sefer Mitzvot Gadol
* Shulchan Aruch
* Shulchan Aruch HaRav
* Yalkut Yosef

### Musar literature

[edit]

Main article: Musar literature

* Mesillat Yesharim
* Orchot Tzaddikim
* Sefer Chasidim
* Shaarei Teshuva
* Sefer ha-Yir'ah
* Chovot ha-Levavot
* Ma'alot ha-Middot
* Mishnat R' Aharon
* Mikhtav me-Eliyahu
* Tomer Devorah
* Sichos Mussar
* Pele Yoetz
* Kav ha-Yashar
* Kad HaKemah
* Madreigat Ha'Adam
* Shemonah Perakim

## Later works by historical period

[edit]

### Works of the Geonim

[edit]

The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha in Babylon (650–1250 CE) :

* She'iltoth of Acha'i [Gaon]
* Halachot Gedolot
* Halachot Pesukot, by Rav Yehudai Gaon
* Emunoth ve-Deoth (Saadia Gaon)
* The Siddur by Amram Gaon
* Responsa

### Works of the Rishonim (the "early" rabbinical commentators)

[edit]

The Rishonim are the rabbis of the early medieval period (1000–1550 CE)

* The commentaries on the Torah, such as those by Rashi, Abraham ibn Ezra, and Nahmanides.
* Commentaries on the Talmud, principally by Rashi, his grandson Samuel ben Meir and Nissim of Gerona.
* Commentaries on the Mishnah, such as those composed by Maimonides, Obadiah of Bertinoro, and Nathan ben Abraham
* Talmudic novellae (chiddushim) by Tosafists, Nahmanides, Nissim of Gerona, Solomon ben Aderet (RaShBA), Yomtov ben Ashbili (Ritva)
* Works of halakha (Asher ben Yechiel, Mordechai ben Hillel)
* Codices by Maimonides and Jacob ben Asher, and finally Shulkhan Arukh
* Responsa, e.g., by Solomon ben Aderet (RaShBA)
* Kabbalistic works (such as the Zohar)
* Philosophical works (Maimonides, Gersonides, Nahmanides)
* Ethical works (Bahya ibn Paquda, Jonah of Gerona)

### Works of the Acharonim (the "later" rabbinical commentators)

[edit]

The Acharonim are the rabbis from 1550 to the present day.

* Important Torah commentaries include Keli Yakar (Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz), Ohr ha-Chayim by Chayim ben-Attar, the commentary of Samson Raphael Hirsch, and the commentary of Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin.
* Important works of Talmudic novellae include: Pnei Yehoshua, Hafla'ah, Sha'agath Aryei
* Responsa, e.g., by Moses Sofer, Moshe Feinstein
* Works of halakha and codices, e.g., Mishnah Berurah by Yisrael Meir Kagan and the Aruch ha-Shulchan by Yechiel Michel Epstein
* Ethical and philosophical works: Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Yisrael Meir Kagan and the Mussar Movement
* Hasidic works (Kedushath Levi, Sefath Emmeth, Shem mi-Shemuel)
* Philosophical/metaphysical works (the works of the Maharal of Prague, Moshe Chaim Luzzatto and Nefesh ha-Chayim by Chaim of Volozhin)
* Mystical works
* Historical works, e.g., Shem ha-Gedolim by Chaim Joseph David Azulai.

## Mefareshim

[edit]

Mefareshim is a Hebrew word meaning "commentators" (or roughly meaning "exegetes"), Perushim means "commentaries". In Judaism, these words refer to commentaries on the Torah (five books of Moses), Tanakh, Mishnah, Talmud, the responsa literature, or even the siddur (Jewish prayerbook), and more.

### Classic Torah and Talmud commentaries

[edit]

Classic Torah and/or Talmud commentaries have been written by the following individuals:

* Geonim
* Saadia Gaon, 10th century Babylon
* Rishonim
* Rashi (Shlomo Yitzchaki), 12th century France
* Abraham ibn Ezra
* Nachmanides (Moshe ben Nahman)
* Samuel ben Meir, the Rashbam, 12th century France
* Gersonides, also known as Levi ben Gershom or Ralbag)
* David Kimhi, the Radak, 13th century France
* Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor, 12th century France
* Nissim of Gerona, also known as Nissim ben Reuben Gerondi, or the RaN, 14th century Spain
* Isaac Abarbanel (1437–1508)
* Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno, 16th century Italy
* Acharonim
* The Vilna Gaon, also known as Elijah ben Solomon Zalman, 18th century Lithuania
* The Malbim, Meir Leibush ben Yehiel Michel Wisser

Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi. After Rashi, the Tosafot was written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples and descendants of Rashi; this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France.[citation needed]

### Modern Torah commentaries

[edit]

Modern Torah commentaries which have received wide acclaim in the Jewish community include:

* Haemek Davar by Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin
* The Chofetz Chaim
* Torah Temimah of Baruch ha-Levi Epstein
* Kerem HaTzvi, by Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Ferber
* Sefat Emet (Lips of Truth), Yehudah Aryeh Leib of Ger, 19th century Europe
* The "Pentateuch and Haftaras" by Joseph H. Hertz
* Uebersetzung und Erklärung des Pentateuchs ("Translation and Commentary of the Pentateuch") by Samson Raphael Hirsch
* Nechama Leibowitz, a noted woman scholar
* HaTorah vehaMitzva ("The Torah and the Commandment") by Meïr Leibush, the "Malbim"
* Ha-Ketav veha-Kabbalah by Rabbi Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg
* The Soncino Books of the Bible
* Richard Elliot Friedman's Commentary on the Torah (2001)

### Modern Siddur commentaries

[edit]

Modern Siddur commentaries have been written by:

* Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan HaCohen, The Chofetz Chaim's Siddur
* Samson Raphael Hirsch, The Hirsch Siddur, Feldheim
* Abraham Isaac Kook, Olat Reyia
* The Authorised Daily Prayer Book with commentary by Joseph H. Hertz
* Elie Munk, The World of Prayer, Elie Munk
* Nosson Scherman, The Artscroll Siddur, Mesorah Publications
* Jonathan Sacks, in the Authorised Daily Prayer Book of the British Commonwealth (the new version of "Singer's Prayer Book") as well as the Koren Sacks Siddur.
* Reuven Hammer, Or Hadash, a siddur commentary built around the text of Siddur Sim Shalom, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
* My Peoples Prayer Book, Jewish Lights Publishing, written by a team of non-Orthodox rabbis and Talmud scholars.

## See also

[edit]

* Judaism portal
* Jewish portal

* Jewish commentaries on the Bible
* Judaism § Religious texts
* List of Jewish prayers and blessings
* List of rabbis
* Rabbinic Judaism
* Torah databases (electronic versions of traditional Jewish texts)
* Yeshiva § Curriculum

### Biblical figures in rabbinic literature

[edit]

* Adam in rabbinic literature
* Daniel in rabbinic literature
* Esther in rabbinic literature
* Ezra in rabbinic literature
* Haman in rabbinic literature
* Jethro in rabbinic literature
* Joab in rabbinic literature
* Job in rabbinic literature
* Moses in rabbinic literature
* Noah in rabbinic literature
* Samson in rabbinic literature
* Simeon in rabbinic literature

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Jenson, Jeff. "LibGuides: A Guide to Jewish Studies: Rabbinic Literature". libguides.gustavus.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
2. ^ Safrai 1969, p. 305, 307.
3. ^ Fine, Steven; Koller, Aaron J. (2014). Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: archaeology and the rabbis in late antique Palestine. Studia Judaica. Center for Israel studies. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 231–237\. ISBN 978-1-61451-485-5.
4. ^ Holtz, Barry W. (2008-06-30). Back To The Sources. Riverside: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2665-3.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Holtz, Barry W. (2008) [1984]. Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781439126653.
* Introduction to Rabbinic Literature Jacob Neusner, (Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday)
* Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, H. L. Strack and G. Stemberger, (Fortress Press)
* The Literature of the Sages: Oral Torah, Halakha, Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, External Tractates, Shemuel Safrai and Peter J. Tomson (Fortress, 1987)
* Safrai, S. (1969). "The Era of the Mishnah and Talmud (70–640)". In Ben-Sasson, H.H. (ed.). A History of the Jewish People. Translated by Weidenfeld, George. Harvard University Press (published 1976). pp. 305–382\. ISBN 9780674397316.

## External links

[edit]

### General

[edit]

* A survey of rabbinic literature
* A timeline of Jewish texts
* Comprehensive listing by category - Global Jewish Database
* Judaica archival project
* Chapters On Jewish Literature
* Online Resources for the Study of Rabbinic Literature

### Links to full text resources

[edit]

* The Sefaria Library
* Mechon Mamre
* Halacha Brura and Birur Halacha Institute
* The Electronic Torah Warehouse
* hebrewbooks.org
* seforimonline.org[usurped]
* Primary Sources @ Ben Gurion University Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
* Young Israel library Archived 2013-03-14 at the Wayback Machine

### Glossaries

[edit]

* Judaic glossary
* Sources@JTS
* Glossary/Bibliography

* v
* t
* e

Jews and Judaism

* Outline of Judaism
* Index of Jewish history-related articles

History|

* Timeline
* Israelites
* Origins of Judaism
* Ancient Israel and Judah
* Second Temple period
* Synagogal Judaism
* Rabbinic Judaism
* Middle Ages
* Zionism

Population|

* Assimilation
* Atheists
* Buddhists
* Israeli Jews
* Karaites
* Samaritans
* Lists of Jews
* Persecution
* Antisemitism
* Xueta Christianity
* Zionism, race and genetics
* Gentile
* Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites

| Diaspora|

* Ashkenazim
* Afrikaner-Jode
* Chuts
* Galitzianers
* Lita'im
* Oberlander Jews
* Ostjuden
* Udmurt and Tatar Jews
* Unterlander Jews
* Yekkes
* Beta Israel
* Beta Abraham
* Falash Mura
* Desi Jews
* Bene Israel
* Kochinim
* Dönmeh
* Gruzínim
* Italkim
* Neofiti
* Kaifeng Jews
* Karaites
* Constantinopolitan Karaites
* Crimean Karaites
* Kurdish Jews
* Krymchaks
* Lemba
* Maghrebi
* Berber Jews
* Mizrahi
* Afghan Jews
* Alexandrian Jews
* Baghdadi
* Bukharan Jews
* Egyptian Jews
* Mountain Jews
* Palestinian Jews
* Persian Jews
* Urfalim
* Teimanim
* Adeni Jews
* Ḥabbanim
* Hadhrami Jews
* Saada Jews
* Mustaʿravim
* Jewish tribes of Arabia
* Romaniote
* Sephardim
* Eastern Sephardim
* Livornese Jews
* North African Sephardim
* Paradesi
* Meshuchrarim
* Sephardic Bnei Anusim
* Xuetes

|

Languages
(Diasporic)|

* Hebrew
* Modern
* Ashkenazi
* Sephardi
* Mizrahi
* Yemenite
* Tiberian
* Samaritan
* Signed
* Medieval
* Mishnaic
* Biblical
* Babylonian
* Palestinian
* Catalanic
* Judeo-Amazigh
* Judeo-Arabic
* Yahudic
* Judeo-Baghdadi
* Judeo-Moroccan
* Judeo-Tripolitanian
* Judeo-Tunisian
* Judeo-Yemeni
* Judaeo-Aramaic
* Targum
* Barzani
* Betanure
* Hulaulá
* Lishana Deni
* Lishán Didán
* Lishanid Noshan
* Biblical
* Talmudic
* Palestinian
* Galilean
* Judeo-Aragonese
* Jewish English
* Yeshivish
* Yinglish
* Heblish
* Judeo-Gascon
* Judaeo-Greek
* Judeo-Italian
* Judaeo-Piedmontese
* Judeo-Latin
* Judeo-Malay
* Judeo-Malayalam
* Judeo-Marathi
* Judaeo-Occitan
* Judeo-Persian
* Bukhori
* Judeo-Borujerdi
* Judeo-Golpaygani
* Judeo-Hamedani
* Judeo-Shirazi
* Juhuri
* Judaeo-Portuguese
* Judeo-Urdu
* Karaim
* Kayliñña
* Kivruli
* Knaanic
* Koiné Greek
* Krymchak
* Lachoudisch
* Ladino
* Haketia
* Tetuani
* Lotegorisch
* Qwareña
* Shassagh
* Shassi
* Shuadit
* Yiddish
* dialects
* Eastern
* Galitzish
* Litvish
* Poylish
* Klezmer-loshn
* Western
* Judeo-Alsatian
* Lachoudisch
* Scots-Yiddish
* Zarphatic

Philosophy|

* Beliefs
* Mitzvah
* Rabbinic authority
* Chosen people
* Conversion
* Eschatology
* Messiah
* Ethics
* Holiness
* God
* Names of God
* Halakha
* Haskalah
* Kabbalah
* Sefirot
* Land of Israel
* Who is a Jew?

Branches|

* Religious movements
* Orthodox
* Haredi
* Hasidic
* Litvaks
* Modern
* Conservative
* Reform
* Reconstructionist
* Humanistic
* Neo-Hasidism
* Renewal
* Neolog
* relations
* Haymanot
* Hellenistic
* Karaite
* Samaritanism
* Science
* Secularism
* Schisms

Literature|

* Sifrei Kodesh
* Tanakh/Hebrew Bible
* Torah
* Nevi'im
* Ketuvim
* Rabbinic
* Mishnah
* Talmud
* Tosefta
* Midrash
* Kabbalah texts
* Hekhalot literature
* Pardes Rimonim
* Sefer HaBahir
* Sefer HaEtz Chaim
* Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
* Sefer Yetzirah
* Zohar
* Shulchan Aruch
* Siddur
* Hebrew literature

Culture|

* Astrology
* perspectives
* Monen
* Astronomy
* Calendar
* Holidays
* Cuisine
* Kashrut
* Education
* Leadership
* Rabbi
* Rebbe
* Marriage
* Divorce
* Music
* Mythology
* Names
* Politics
* Prayer
* Synagogue
* Hazzan
* Symbolism

Studies|

* Center for Jewish History
* American Jewish Historical Society
* American Sephardi Federation
* Leo Baeck Institute New York
* Yeshiva University Museum
* YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
* Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
* Encyclopaedia Judaica
* Genetics
* Jew (word)
* Jewish Encyclopedia
* Jewish Virtual Library
* National Library of Israel
* YIVO Encyclopedia
* United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
* Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
* Holocaust Encyclopedia
* Relations with other religions
* Christian
* Anabaptism
* Catholicism
* Mormonism
* Protestantism
* Jews and Christmas
* Jews and Halloween
* non-Christian
* Buddhism
* Islam
* Hinduism

Italics indicate extinct languages

* Category
* Judaism portal

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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*[c.]: circa