Race and ethnicity in Colombia

Ethnicity according to the 2018 Colombian Census:[1]

1. No ethnic affiliation (87.6%)
2. Afro-Colombian (includes Mixed) (6.68%)
3. Amerindian (4.31%)
4. Not Stated (1.35%)
5. Raizal (0.06%)
6. Palenquero (0.02%)
7. Romani (0.01%)

Race and ethnicity in Colombia descend mainly from three racial groups—Europeans, Amerindians, and Africans—that have mixed throughout the last 500 years of the country's history. Some demographers describe Colombia as one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the Western Hemisphere and in the World, with 900 different ethnic groups. Most Colombians identify themselves and others according to ancestry, physical appearance, and sociocultural status. Social relations reflect the importance attached to certain characteristics associated with a given racial group. Although these characteristics no longer accurately differentiate social categories, they still contribute to one's rank in the social hierarchy. A study from Rojas et al. involving 15 departments determined that the average Colombian (of all races) has a mixture of 47% Amerindian, 42% European, and 11% African.[2] These proportions also vary widely among ethnicities.

Genetic ancestry of Colombians according to a study published on the American Journal of Physical Anthropology:[2]

1. Amerindian (47.0%)
2. European (42.0%)
3. African (11.0%)

## Racial/ethnic groups and their frequency

[edit]

Ethnic groups of Colombia according to Latinobarómetro 2023:[3]

1. Mestizo (50.3%)
2. White (26.4%)
3. Amerindian (9.50%)
4. Black (9.00%)
5. Mulatto (4.40%)
6. Asian (0.40%)

Indigenous Koguis Shaman at Ciudad Perdida

See also: Mestizo Colombians, White Colombians, Afro-Colombians, Indigenous peoples in Colombia, and Arab Colombians

Colombia officially acknowledges three ethnic minority groups: the Afro-Colombian, indigenous, and Romani populations. The Afro-Colombian population consists mainly of the African diaspora, mulattoes, raizales, palenqueros, and zambos (a term used since colonial times for individuals of mixed Amerindian and African ancestry). A 1999 resolution of the Ministry of the Interior and Justice acknowledged the Romani population as a Colombian ethnic group, although Romani people were not recognized in the 1991 constitution (unlike the Afro-Colombian and indigenous populations). Estimates vary widely, but the 2018 census found that the ethnic minority populations had increased significantly since the 1993 census, possibly owing to the methodology used. Specifically, it reported that the Afro-Colombian population accounted for 6.68 percent of the national population; the Amerindian population, for 4.31 percent; and the others like Romani for 0.06 percent[4] The 2018 census reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting of whites and mestizos, constituted 87 percent of the national population.[5] A study by Latinobarómetro in 2023 estimates that 50.3% of the population are Mestizo or around 26 million people, 26.4% are White, 9.5% are Indigenous or around 5 million people, 9.0% are Black, 4.4% are Mulatto, and 0.4% are Asian, however estimates of each vary between sources. Therefore, it can be estimated that 26 million people are Mestizos (being the largest ethnic group in the country), 14 million people are White (includes castizos and euro-descendants), 5 million people are Indigenous, 5 million people are Black (excluding mulattos), 2 million people are Mulatto, and 200 thousand people are Asian, showcasing the diversity of Colombia as a nation.[6]

Rojas et al. (2010) measured the genetic mixture for fourteen Colombian departments:[2]

Department | Amerindian contribution | European contribution | African contribution

|
|
|

Antioquia | 26% | 63.5% | 10.3%
Antioquia (Peque)  | 62.2% | 31.1% | 5.8%
Bolívar | 32.9% | 23.3% | 43.8%
Caldas | 36.4% | 59.6% | 4.3%
Casanare | 74.7% | 24.5% | 0.8%
Cauca | 56.9% | 19.6% | 23.5%
Chocó (Afro Colombians)  | 10.8% | 21.1% | 68.1%
Chocó (Mestizos)  | 44.8% | 46.6% | 8.6%
Cundinamarca | 51.6% | 45.4% | 3%
Huila | 60.8% | 39.6% | 0%
Magdalena | 21.8% | 50% | 28.2%
Nariño | 65.2% | 32.1% | 2.7%
Norte de Santander | 53% | 42.2% | 4.7%
Quindío | 38.3% | 57.3% | 4.4%
Santander | 42.4% | 56.2% | 1.4%
Valle del Cauca | 39.3% | 39.2% | 21.5%
Colombia | 47%  | 42%  | 11%

## Distribution of racial/ethnic groups geographically

[edit]

The various groups exist in differing concentrations throughout the nation, in a pattern that to some extent goes back to colonial origins. The Whites tend to live mainly in the urban centers like Bogotá or Medellín. The populations of the major cities are primarily mestizo and white. The large Mestizo population includes most campesinos (people living in rural areas) of the Andean highlands, where some Spanish conquerors mixed with the women of Amerindian chiefdoms. Mestizos had always lived in the cities as well, as artisans and small tradesmen, and they have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades.[5] According to the 2005 census, the heaviest concentration of the indigenous population (22 to 61 percent) is located in the departments of Amazonas, La Guajira, Guainía, Vaupés, and Vichada. The secondary concentrations of 6 to 21 percent are located in the departments of Sucre, Córdoba, Chocó, Cauca and Nariño. Amerindian communities have legal autonomy to enforce their own traditional laws and customs. Despite being around 4-10% of the population, the indigenous population has managed to regain nearly a quarter of the country's land titles under the 1991 constitution.[7]

People with African ancestry in Colombia are concentrated mostly in coastal areas.

Amerindian population of Colombia by municipality in 2005

The 1991 National Constitution of Colombia defined Territorial Entities (Entidades Territoriales) as departments, districts, municipalities and indigenous territories. Within an Indigenous Territory Entity (ETI) the people have autonomy in managing their interests, and within the limits of the constitution have the right to manage resources and define taxes required to perform their duties. ETIs are to be defined by the government in conformance with the Organic Law on Land Management. However, this law has yet to be sanctioned so in practice the territories are unregulated.[8]

The Black, Zambo and Mulatto populations have largely remained in the lowland areas on the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, its islands, and along the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers. The Afro descendent Colombian population is concentrated primarily (21% to 80% of their departments) in the departments of Chocó, San Andrés, Bolívar and in the lowland parts of Cauca (communities such as Lopez de Micay, Guapi, and Timbiqui), and Valle del Cauca departments (in areas like the largest city on the Pacific coast, Buenaventura, and large concentration in Cali), with secondary concentrations (10 to 18 percent of the departments) in Atlántico, Córdoba, Magdalena, Nariño (communities like El Charco, Tumaco and Barbacoas), Antioquia (mostly in Uraba region), La Guajira, Cesar, and Sucre departments. Chocó is the department with the largest concentration of African-descendants in Colombia.[9]

The population of the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, which Colombia inherited from Spain after the Spanish had overcome an initial British settlement, is mostly Afro-Colombian, including several thousand raizal blacks. Despite the length of time during which Colombia has had jurisdiction over them, most raizales on these Caribbean islands have retained their Protestant religion, have continued to speak an English-based creole language as well as English, and have regarded themselves as a group distinct from mainland residents. A minute percentage of the insular population originated in Scotland and Syria.[10]

Ethnic groups according to self identification. Data from the 2018 Colombian Census.  Department  | Total population (2018)  | Indigenous[11] | %[11] | Afro-Colombian[12] | %[12] | Other (most being Mestizo or White) | %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Amazonas | 66,056  | 38,130  | 57.7  | 486  | 0.73  | 27,440  | 41.5
Antioquia | 5,974,788  | 37,628  | 0.60  | 312,112  | 5.22  | 5,625,048  | 94.1
Arauca | 239,503  | 6,573  | 2.70  | 10,058  | 4.19  | 222,872  | 93.0
Atlántico | 2,342,265  | 39,061  | 1.70  | 140,142  | 5.98  | 2,163,062  | 92.3
Bogotá | 7,181,469  | 19,063  | 0.30  | 66,934  | 0.93  | 7,095,472  | 98.8
Bolívar | 1,909,460  | 5,204  | 0.30  | 319,396  | 16.7  | 1,584,860  | 83.0
Boyacá | 1,135,698  | 7,151  | 0.60  | 4,247  | 0.37  | 1,124,300  | 98.9
Caldas | 923,472  | 55,801  | 6.00  | 14,716  | 1.59  | 852,955  | 92.3
Caquetá | 359,602  | 8,825  | 2.50  | 5,087  | 1.41  | 345,690  | 96.1
Casanare | 379,892  | 6,893  | 1.80  | 6,130  | 1.61  | 366,869  | 96.5
Cauca | 1,243,503  | 308,455  | 24.8  | 245,362  | 19.7  | 689,686  | 55.4
Cesar | 1,098,577  | 51,233  | 4.70  | 142,436  | 12.9  | 904,908  | 82.3
Chocó | 457,412  | 68,415  | 15.0  | 337,696  | 73.8  | 51,301  | 11.2
Córdoba | 1,555,596  | 202,621  | 13.0  | 102,495  | 6.58  | 1,250,480  | 80.4
Cundinamarca | 2,792,877  | 9,949  | 0.40  | 13,092  | 0.46  | 2,769,836  | 99.1
Guainía | 44,431  | 33,280  | 74.9  | 460  | 1.03  | 10,691  | 24.0
Guaviare | 73,081  | 6,856  | 9.40  | 2,991  | 4.09  | 63,234  | 86.5
Huila | 1,009,548  | 12,194  | 1.20  | 5,099  | 0.50  | 992,255  | 98.3
La Guajira | 825,365  | 394,683  | 47.8  | 60,475  | 7.32  | 370,207  | 44.8
Magdalena | 1,263,788  | 20,938  | 1.70  | 106,318  | 8.41  | 1,136,532  | 89.9
Meta | 919,129  | 20,528  | 2.20  | 8,836  | 0.96  | 889,765  | 96.8
Nariño | 1,335,521  | 206,455  | 15.5  | 233,062  | 17.45  | 896,004  | 67.1
Norte de Santander | 1,346,806  | 4,545  | 0.60  | 5,470  | 0.40  | 1,336,791  | 99.2
Putumayo | 283,197  | 50,694  | 17.9  | 10,262  | 3.62  | 222,241  | 78.4
Quindío | 509,640  | 2,883  | 0.60  | 6,060  | 1.18  | 500,697  | 98.2
Risaralda | 839,597  | 29,909  | 3.60  | 16,733  | 1.99  | 792,955  | 94.4
San Andrés y Providencia | 48,299  | 20  | 0.00  | 26,873  | 55.6  | 21,406  | 44.3
Santander | 2,008,841  | 1,262  | 0.10  | 22,759  | 1.13  | 1,984,820  | 98.8
Sucre | 864,036  | 104,890  | 12.1  | 102,836  | 11.9  | 656,310  | 75.9
Tolima | 1,228,763  | 45,269  | 3.70  | 5,207  | 0.42  | 1,178,287  | 95.8
Valle del Cauca | 3,789,874  | 30,844  | 0.80  | 647,526  | 17.0  | 3,111,504  | 82.1
Vaupés | 37,690  | 30,787  | 81.7  | 288  | 0.76  | 6,615  | 17.5
Vichada | 76,642  | 44,578  | 58.2  | 580  | 0.75  | 31,484  | 41.0

## Social status of racial/ethnic minorities

[edit]

Since independence both Amerindians and blacks have continued to reside on the outskirts of national life. As a group, however, blacks have become more integrated into the national society and have left a greater mark on it for several reasons. Moreover, the blacks came from different areas of Africa, often did not share the same language or culture, and were not grouped into organized social units on arrival in the New World. Despite slave revolts, no large community of escaped slaves survived in isolation to preserve its African heritage, as did the maroons in Jamaica,[13] except for the village of Palenque de San Basilio, located southeast of Cartagena, which was one of the walled communities called 'palenques', founded by escaped slaves as a refuge in the seventeenth century. Of the many palenques that existed in former times, only the one of San Basilio has survived until the present day and developed into a unique cultural space.[14]

Finally, despite their position on the bottom rung of the social ladder, black slaves often had close relations—as domestic servants—with Spaniards and British and were therefore exposed to Spanish culture much more than were the Amerindians. Thus, blacks became a part of Colombian society from the beginning, adopting the ways of the Spanish that were permitted them and learning their language. By the end of the colonial period, the blacks thought of themselves as Colombians and felt superior to the Amerindians, who officially occupied higher status, were nominally free, and were closer in skin color, facial features, and hair texture to the emerging mestizo mix.[15]

Many blacks left slave status early in Colombian history, becoming part of the free population. Their owners awarded freedom to some, others purchased their liberty, but probably the greatest number achieved freedom by escape. Many slaves were liberated as a result of revolts, particularly in the Cauca valley and along the Caribbean coast. The elimination of slavery began with a free-birth law in 1821, but total emancipation was enacted only in 1851, becoming effective on January 1, 1852.[15]

Those blacks who achieved freedom sometimes moved into Amerindian communities, but blacks and zambos remained at the bottom of the social scale and were important only as a source of labor. Others founded their own settlements, mainly in unsettled lands of the Pacific basin where they were called cimarrones (maroons). Those regions were very unhealthy, inhospitable, and dangerous. Several towns, such as San Basilio de Palenque in the present department of Bolívar, and San José de Uré in southern Córdoba, kept the history of revolt alive in their oral traditions. In the Chocó area, along the Pacific, many of the black communities remained relatively unmixed, probably because there were few whites in the area, and the Amerindians became increasingly resistant to assimilation.[15]

In other regions, such as San Andrés y Providencia, or the Magdalena valley, black communities had considerable white and/or Amerindian admixture. Descendants of slaves have preserved relatively little of their African heritage or identification. Some placenames are derived from African languages, and some traditional musical instruments brought into the country by slaves are used throughout the country. Religion in the black communities remains the most durable link with the African past. Wholly black communities have been disappearing, not only because their residents have been moving to the cities but also because the surrounding mestizo and white populations have been moving into black communities. Eventual absorption into the mixed milieu appears inevitable. Moreover, as blacks have moved into the mainstream of society from its peripheries, they have perceived the advantages of better education and jobs. Rather than forming organizations to promote their advancement as a group, blacks have for the most part concentrated on achieving mobility through individual effort and adaptation to the prevailing system.[16]

Afro-Colombians are entitled to all constitutional rights and protections, but they continue to face significant economic and social discrimination. According to the 2005 census, an estimated 74 percent of Afro-Colombians earned less than the minimum wage. Chocó, the department with the highest percentage of Afro-Colombian residents, had the lowest level of social investment per capita and ranked last in terms of education, health, and infrastructure. It also continued to experience some of the country's worst political violence, as paramilitaries and guerrillas struggled for control of the department's key drug- and weapons-smuggling corridors.[16]

### Media

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2022)

|

The television comedy Sábados Felices has been criticised for including a blackface character.[17][18]

## Immigrants in Colombia

[edit]

Colombia has received across its history different groups of immigrants.

White Colombians are mainly of Spanish descent, who arrived in the beginning of the 16th century when Colombia was part of the Spanish Empire. During the 19th and 20th centuries, other European[19][20] and Middle Eastern[21] peoples migrated to Colombia, notably Italian[22][23] and Lebanese[24] people but also Irish,[25] Germans,[26][27] French,[28] Palestinians,[29] Syrians[30] among others.

Colombia was one of early focus of Basque and Sephardi immigration.[31] Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9% of the residents of Colombia were of Basque origin. Basque priests introduced handball into Colombia.[32] Jewish converts to Christianity and some crypto-Jews also sailed with the early conquistadors.[33]

Many immigrant communities have settled on the Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from the Middle East. Barranquilla (the largest city of the Colombian Caribbean) and other Caribbean cities have the largest populations of Lebanese, Palestinian, and other Arabs.[34][35] In some sectors of society there is a considerable input of Italian and German ancestry.[36]

There are also important communities of Chinese, Japanese, Romanis and Jews.[37] British and Jamaicans migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia.[33]

Since 2010 there is a major migration trend of Venezuelans, due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela.[38]

## List of contemporary ethnic groups in Colombia

[edit]

Name  | Traditional Language  | Language Family  | Larger group  | Population (2018)[11]

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|
|
|

Costeño (Caribbean Colombian) | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Hispanic Colombian | 8,087,765
Cundiboyacense (including Bogotá) | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Hispanic Colombian | 8,009,509
Paisa | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Hispanic Colombian | 7,771,655
Santandereano | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Hispanic Colombian | 3,321,611
Opita (Huilense) | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Hispanic Colombian | 1,337,945
Chocoano | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Afro-Colombian | 1,230,584
Tolimense | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Hispanic Colombian | 1,178,287
Venezuelan | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Hispanic American | 1,048,714
Afro-Costeño (Caribbean Colombian) | Spanish | Indo-European (Romance) | Afro-Colombian | 974,098
Wayuu | Wayuunaiki | Arawakan | Indigenous | 380,460
Zenú | Zenú | Zenú | Indigenous | 307,091
Nasa | Nasa Yuwe | Paezan | Indigenous | 243,176
Pasto | Pasto | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 163,873
Emberá Chamí | Chamí | Chocoan | Indigenous | 77,714
Emberá | Cholo | Chocoan | Indigenous | 56,504
Sikuani | Sikuani | Guahiban | Indigenous | 52,361
Pijao | Pijao | Cariban | Indigenous | 51,635
Emberá Katío | Catío | Chocoan | Indigenous | 48,117
Awá | Awa Pit | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 44,516
Mokaná | Mocana | Malibu | Indigenous | 37,099
Yanacona | Yanacona | Quechuan | Indigenous | 34,897
Arhuaco | Ikʉ | Chibchan | Indigenous | 34,711
Raizal | Creole English | Indo-European (Germanic) | Afro-Colombian | 25,515[12]
Misak | Namtrik | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 21,713
American (United States) | English | Indo-European (Germanic) | Anglo American | 20,140
Inga | Inga Kichwa | Quechuan | Indigenous | 19,561
Wiwa | Wiwa | Chibchan | Indigenous | 18,202
Coconuco | Coconuco | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 18,135
Kankuamo | Kankui | Chibchan | Indigenous | 16,986
Kogui | Kogi | Chibchan | Indigenous | 15,820
Wounan | Wounan | Chocoan | Indigenous | 14,825
Piapoco | Piapoco | Arawakan | Indigenous | 14,661
Witoto | Witoto | Witotoan | Indigenous | 14,142
Cubeo | Cubeo | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 14,074
Ticuna | Ticuna | Ticuna-Yuri | Indigenous | 13,842
Muruí | Muruí | Witotoan | Indigenous | 12,029
Baniwa | Karu | Arawakan | Indigenous | 11,946
Muisca | Muysccubun | Chibchan | Indigenous | 11,265
U'wa | Uw Cuwa | Chibchan | Indigenous | 10,649
German | German | Indo-European (Germanic) | German Colombian | 9,668
Puinave | Puinave | Puinave | Indigenous | 8,984
Totoró | Totoró | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 8,916
Kamëntsá | Camsá | Camsá | Indigenous | 7,521
Quillacinga | Quillacinga | Quillacinga | Indigenous | 7,333
Eperara Siapidara | Eperara | Chocoan | Indigenous | 7,047
Palenquero | Palenquero | Indo-European (Romance) | Afro-Colombian | 6,637[12]
Sáliva | Sáliva | Piaroa–Saliban | Indigenous | 4,783
Emberá Dobidá | Dobidá | Chocoan | Indigenous | 4,233
Tukano | Tucano | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 4,075
Kizgó | Kizgó | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 3,974
Quechua | Kichwa | Quechuan | Indigenous | 3,688
Desano | Desano | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 3,641
Yukpa | Yukpa | Cariban | Indigenous | 3,610
Mennonites | Plautdietsch | Indo-European (Germanic) | German Colombian | 3,402
Wanano | Wanano | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 3,312
Ambaló | Namtrik | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 3,278
Coreguaje | Coreguaje | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 3,257
Cocama | Kokama | Tupian | Indigenous | 3,221
Bari | Bari | Chibchan | Indigenous | 3,018
Guayabero | Jiw | Guahiban | Indigenous | 2,960
Rrom | Romani | Indo-European (Indo-Aryan) | Romani | 2,649[39]
Guna Dule | Dulegaya | Chibchan | Indigenous | 2,610
Siona | Siona | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 2,599
Polindara | Polindara | Barbacoan | Indigenous | 2,499
Emberá Chamí (Cañamomo Lomaprieta) | Chamí | Chocoan | Indigenous | 2,225
Amorúa | Amorúa | Guahiban | Indigenous | 2,211
Muinane | Muinane | Bora–Witoto | Indigenous | 2,113
Makuna | Makuna | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 1,962
Kofán | Cofán | Cofán | Indigenous | 1,816
Macahuán | Macahuán | Guahiban | Indigenous | 1,764
Ette Ennaka | Ette taara | Chibchan | Indigenous | 1,701
Siriano | Siriano | Tupian | Indigenous | 1,658
Yukuna | Yukuna | Arawakan | Indigenous | 1,582
Tuyuca | Tuyuca | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 1,467
Piaroa | Piaroa | Piaroa–Saliban | Indigenous | 1,127
Piratapuyo | Wanano | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 1,106
Tatuyo | Tatuyo | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 1,091
Indigenous Ecuadorian (other than Otavaleño) | Kichwa | Quechuan | Indigenous | 1,088
Bora | Bora | Bora–Witoto | Indigenous | 1,047
Carapaná | Carapaná | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 1,040
Bara | Waimajã | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 1,004
Tanimuka | Tanimuka | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 991
Yagua | Yagua | Peba–Yaguan | Indigenous | 984
Achagua | Achawa | Arawakan | Indigenous | 980
Yurutí | Yurutí | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 969
Barasano | Barasana | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 905
Cuiba | Cuiba | Guahiban | Indigenous | 895
Andoke | Andoke | Bora–Witoto | Indigenous | 820
Kawiyarí | Kawiyarí | Arawakan | Indigenous | 809
Miraña | Miraña | Bora–Witoto | Indigenous | 759
Nukak | Nukak | Puinave-Maku | Indigenous | 744
Matapí | Yucuna | Arawakan | Indigenous | 618
Dujos | Tama | Tama | Indigenous | 611
Yeral (Tupi) | Nheengatu | Tupian | Indigenous | 565
Karijona | Karijona | Cariban | Indigenous | 525
Masiguare | Masiguare | Guahiban | Indigenous | 522
Hitnu | Hitnu | Guahiban | Indigenous | 513
Ocaína | Ocaína | Bora–Witoto | Indigenous | 412
Wipiwi | Cuiba | Guahiban | Indigenous | 299
Letuama | Letuama | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 285
Nonuya | Nonuya | Bora–Witoto | Indigenous | 258
Andaki | Andaki | Andaki | Indigenous | 248
Tariano | Tariana | Arawakan | Indigenous | 210
Otavaleño | Kichwa | Quechuan | Indigenous | 210
Guane | Guane | Chibchan | Indigenous | 200
Pisamira | Pisamira | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 196
Baniva | Karu | Arawakan | Indigenous | 187
Nutabe | Nutabe | Chibchan | Indigenous | 178
Indigenous Venezuelan | Wayuunaiki | Arawakan | Indigenous | 157
Kakua | Kakua | Kakua | Indigenous | 147
Tanigua | Tanigua | Tiniguan | Indigenous | 145
Yamalero | Yamalero | Guahiban | Indigenous | 142
Yaruro | Yaruro | Yaruro | Indigenous | 136
Betoye | Betoye | Betoye | Indigenous | 127
Taiwano | Taiwano | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 123
Yauna | Yauna | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 105
Mapayerri | Mapayerri | Mapayerri | Indigenous | 104
Calima | Calima | Calima | Indigenous | 102
Quimbaya | Quimbaya | Quimbaya | Indigenous | 94
Tsiripu | Tsiripu | Guahiban | Indigenous | 75
Mayan (Guatemalan) | Kʼicheʼ | Mayan | Indigenous | 65
Guariquema | Guariquema | Guariquema | Indigenous | 62
Panche | Panche | Cariban | Indigenous | 55
Makú | Cacua | Puinave-Maku | Indigenous | 50
Indigenous Peruvian | Quechua | Quechuan | Indigenous | 44
Tayrona | Tayrona | Chibchan | Indigenous | 43
Indigenous Brazilian | Nheengatu | Tupian | Indigenous | 36
Jupda | Hup | Nadahup | Indigenous | 33
Je'eruriwa | Yucuna | Arawakan | Indigenous | 29
Makaguaje | Makaguaje | Tucanoan | Indigenous | 24
Indigenous Bolivian | Aymara | Aymaran | Indigenous | 22
Chiricoa | Chiricoa | Guahiban | Indigenous | 19
Indigenous Panamanian | Ngäbere | Chibchan | Indigenous | 16
Guanaca | Guanaca | Guanaca | Indigenous | 14
Yarí | Yarí | Yarí | Indigenous | 14
Chitarero | Chitarero | Chitarero | Indigenous | 10
Indigenous Mexican | Nahuatl | Uto-Aztecan | Indigenous | 5
Juhup | Hup | Nadahup | Indigenous | 4
Hupdu | Hup | Nadahup | Indigenous | 1
Yuri-Carabayo | Carabayo | Ticuna-Yuri | Indigenous | No data

## See also

[edit]

* Demographics of Colombia
* Immigration to Colombia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos". Censo General 2018. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). Retrieved 10 February 2020.
2. ^ a b c Rojas, Winston; Parra, María Victoria; Campo, Omer; Caro, María Antonieta; Lopera, Juan Guillermo; Arias, William; Duque, Constanza; Naranjo, Andrés; García, Jharley; Vergara, Candelaria; Lopera, Jaime; Hernandez, Erick; Valencia, Ana; Caicedo, Yuri; Cuartas, Mauricio; Gutiérrez, Javier; López, Sergio; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel (September 2010). "Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (1): 13–20\. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. PMID 20734436. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
3. ^ "Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece". Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
4. ^ "Grupos étnicos - Información técnica". Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2021-10-24.
5. ^ a b "Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018". Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). Retrieved 2021-10-24.
6. ^ "Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece". Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
7. ^ "Censo general 2005". Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). Retrieved 2021-10-24.
8. ^ "Entidades Territoriales Indigenas", TIG: Territorio Indigena y Gobernanza (in Spanish), retrieved 2016-07-15
9. ^ "Afrocolombianos, población con huellas de africanía" (PDF). Comunidades Negras, Afrocolombianas, Raizales y Palenqueras (in Spanish). Mincultura Gobierno de Colombia. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
10. ^ Bushnell & Hudson, p. 88.
11. ^ a b c DANE (September 16, 2019). "Población Indígena de Colombia" (PDF). DANE.
12. ^ a b c d DANE. "Población negra, afrocolombiana, raizal y palenquera. Resultados del Censo Nacional de población y vivienda 2018" (PDF). DANE.
13. ^ Bushnell & Hudson, pp. 88–89.
14. ^ "The Cultural Space of Palenque de San Basilio". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
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17. ^ "Translation – I'm not your Joke". Radio Ambulante. 24 April 2018.
18. ^ "Twenty-First Century Blackface : Code Switch". NPR.
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20. ^ Semana (2019-06-07). "Europeos en Santander: una historia de migraciones". Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
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22. ^ Vidal Ortega, Antonino; D’Amato Castillo, Giuseppe (2015-12-01). "Los otros, sin patria: italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien (in French) (105): 153–175\. doi:10.4000/caravelle.1822. ISSN 1147-6753.
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27. ^ Lozano, Juan Jacobo. "El alemán que impulsó el comercio y el desarrollo en Santander en el siglo XIX". www.radionacional.co. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
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30. ^ Cruz Murillo, Marlon Alberto (2012). "INMIGRANTES SIRIOS Y LIBANESES EN COLOMBIA: Su integración social a través de las actividades económicas entre 1918 y 1950 en las ciudad de Cali" (PDF). Universidad del Valle. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
31. ^ "'Lost Jews' Of Colombia Say They've Found Their Roots". NPR.org. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
32. ^ Possible paradises: Basque emigration to Latin America by José Manuel Azcona Pastor, P.203
33. ^ a b Wabgou, M.; Vargas, D.; Carabalí, J. A. (2012). "Las migraciones internacionales en Colombia. Investigación & Desarrollo, 20(1) 142–167". uninorte.edu.co.
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### Works cited

[edit]

* Bushnell, David and Rex A. Hudson. "Racial distinctions". In Colombia: A Country Study (Rex A. Hudson, ed.). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (2010). Archived February 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia

Indigenous|

* Achagua
* Andaquí
* Andoque
* Arhuaco
* Awa-Kwaiker
* Baniwa
* Barasana
* Bora
* Barí
* Calima
* Cauca
* Carabayo
* Carijona
* Chimila
* Chitarero
* Cocamilla
* Cofán
* Cubeo
* Emberá
* Embera-Wounaan
* Guahibo
* Guambiano
* Guane
* Guna
* Hiwi
* Hupda
* Inga
* Kamëntšá
* Kankuamo
* Kogi
* Lache
* Macuna
* Mokaná
* Muisca
* Muzo
* Nukak
* Nutabe
* Paez
* Panche
* Patángoro
* Piaroa
* Pijao
* Pira-tapuya
* Quechua
* Quimbaya
* Siona
* Siriano
* Sutagao
* Tahamí
* Tairona
* Tariana
* Tegua
* Ticuna
* Tinigua
* Tucano
* U'wa
* Wayuu
* Witoto
* Wiwa
* Yagua
* Yarigui
* Yukpa
* Zenú

Mixed|

* Mestizo
* Zambo

Non-indigenous|

| Asian|

* Arab
* Lebanese
* Syrian
* Indian
* Japanese

|

European|

* French
* German
* Mennonite
* Italian
* Polish
* Spanish
* Basque

Others|

* African (Raizal)
* Jewish
* Romani
* White

See also
Lists of Colombians
Race and ethnicity in Colombia

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* Colombia

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