Race and ethnicity in New York City

Part of a series on

Race and ethnicity in New York City

Ethnicities

* African Americans
* Albanians
* Arabs
* Bangladeshis
* Belarusians
* Brazilians
* Caribbeans
* Chinese
* Fuzhounese
* Taiwanese
* Colombians
* Cubans
* Dominicans
* Dutch
* Ecuadorians
* Filipinos
* Germans
* Greeks
* Haitians
* Hispanics and Latinos
* Indians
* Irish
* Italians
* Jamaicans
* Japanese
* Jews
* Black Jews
* Koreans
* Lenape
* Mexicans
* Pakistanis
* Puerto Ricans
* Romani
* Romanians
* Russians
* Scandinavians
* Senegalese
* Spaniards
* Sri Lankans
* Syrians
* Ukrainians
* Uzbeks
* Vietnamese
* Yemenis

Neighborhoods

* Astoria
* Bed-Stuy
* Bensonhurst
* Borough Park
* Brighton Beach
* Chinatown, Brooklyn
* Chinatown, Flushing
* Chinatown, Manhattan
* Crown Heights
* Curry Hill
* Curry Row
* Elmhurst
* Flatbush
* Harlem
* Jackson Heights
* Jamaica
* Koreatown, Manhattan
* Koreatown, Queens
* Le Petit Senegal
* Little Australia
* Little Brazil
* Little Egypt
* Little Fuzhou
* Little Germany
* Little Guyana
* Little Italy
* Little Manila
* Little Pakistan
* Little Poland
* Little Saigon
* Little Spain
* Little Sri Lanka
* Little Syria
* Little Ukraine
* Loisaida
* Spanish Harlem
* Sunset Park
* Thirteenth Avenue
* Washington Heights

* Ethnic enclaves

* v
* t
* e

Race and ethnicity in New York City (2018 ACS)

|  |
White |

| 42.7%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) |

| 29.1%
Black or African American |

| 24.3%
Asian |

| 13.9%
Native American |

| 0.4%
Pacific Islander |

| 0.1%
Other races |

| 15.1%

As according to the New York City Department of City Planning, there were a total of 8,804,190 residents. There were almost equivalent populations of 2,719,856 White residents at 30.9% and 2,490,350 Hispanic residents at 28.3%, meanwhile there were 1,776,891 Black residents at 20.2% and 1,373,502 Asian residents at 15.6%. There were even much smaller numbers of 143,632 other race residents at 1.6% and 299,959 Two or More races residents at 3.4%.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The White population declined mainly in Queens, The Bronx, and then Staten Island, though the White population increased marginally in Brooklyn and then Manhattan. The Black population experienced declines by Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan, increasing marginally in the Bronx and Staten Island. The Hispanic population increased in the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island, but experienced decline in Manhattan. The Asian population increased in all five boroughs.[7]

According to the 2019-20 demographic data from Mayor's Office of Immigrant Affairs, there were 3,030,397 foreign born residents in the city. Each the foreign born White and Black populations made up 19% of the foreign born residents, Hispanics made up 31% of the foreign born residents, and the Asians made 28% of the foreign born residents. For a long time since the mid to late 20th century, the Hispanic residents made up the vast majority of the foreign born population in the city, but since the 2010s, the growing foreign born Asian residents have been catching up and now starting to challenge the Hispanic residents as the largest foreign born population.[8]

The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest Dominican population in the United States, and as of 2023 Dominicans are the largest Latino Group in New York City, and the largest ethnic group in Manhattan. New York City is also home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel.[9] It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's Indian Americans and 15% of all Korean Americans;[10][11] the largest African American community of any city in the country; and including 6 Chinatowns in the city proper,[12] comprised as of 2008 a population of 659,596 overseas Chinese,[13] the largest outside of Asia. New York City alone, according to the 2010 Census, has now become home to more than one million Asian Americans, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[14] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[15] 6.0% of New York City is of Chinese ethnicity, with about forty percent of them living in the borough of Queens alone. Koreans make up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese at 0.3%. Filipinos are the largest southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese who make up only 0.2% of New York City's population. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Pakistanis at 0.4% and Bangladeshis at 0.8%, respectively.[16]

The largest ethnic groups as of the 2021 American Community Survey estimates were African Americans, Dominicans, Puerto Ricans and Chinese.[17] The Puerto Rican population of New York City is the largest outside Puerto Rico.[18] The New York City metropolitan area is also home to the largest Italian population in North America and the third largest Italian population outside of Italy. Italians emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early 20th century, establishing several "Little Italies". The Irish also have a notable presence, along with Germans.

## Overview[edit]

Further information: Demographics of New York City and Demographic history of New York City

Historical demographics  | 2022[19] | 2020[20] | 2010[21] | 1990[22] | 1970[22] | 1940[22]

|
|
|
|
|
|

White (non-Hispanic)  | 31.2%  | 30.9%  | 33.3%  | 43.4%  | 64.0%  | 92.1%
Hispanic or Latino | 29.0%  | 28.3%  | 28.6%  | 23.7%  | 15.2%  | 1.6%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)  | 23.1%  | 20.2%  | 22.8%  | 28.8%  | 21.1%  | 6.1%
Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic)  | 14.5%  | 15.6%  | 12.6%  | 7.0%  | 1.2%  | 0.2%
Native American (non-Hispanic)  | 0.1%  | 0.2%  | 0.2%  | 0.4%  | 0.1%  | N/A
Two or more races (non-Hispanic)  | 8.9%  | 3.4%  | 1.8%  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Map of racial distribution in New York, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, or Other (yellow)

The city's population in 2020 was 30.9% White (non-Hispanic), 28.7% Hispanic or Latino, 20.2% Black or African American (non-Hispanic), 15.6% Asian, and 0.2% Native American (non-Hispanic).[23] A total of 3.4% of the non-Hispanic population identified with more than one race. Throughout its history, New York has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States. More than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954.[24] The term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans were the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians.[25] In 1940, Whites represented 92% of the city's population at 6.6 million.[22][26]

Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born, and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants as of 2013.[27][28] In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates.[27] The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011[update] were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago,[29] while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011.[30][31]

Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[32] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[33] The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Venezuelan, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically and linguistically diverse urban area in the world.[34] Over 100,000 Venezuelan asylum seekers have arrived in New York City since 2022.[35]

Chinatown, Manhattan

Little Italy, Manhattan

Koreatown, Manhattan

Little Manila, Queens

Little Russia, Brooklyn

Little India, Queens

New York has the largest Chinese population of any city outside Asia.[36] The Chinese population is the fastest-growing nationality in New York State. Multiple satellites of the original Manhattan's Chinatown—home to the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere,[37] as well as in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves—while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County[38] on Long Island,[39] as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas,[40][41][42][43][44][45] with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia,[30][46] including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015.[47] As of 2023, illegal Chinese immigration to New York City, especially to Queens and its Flushing Chinatown, has accelerated.[48]

In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn.[49] A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens.[50] Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.[51] Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, Filipinos, and Malaysians,[52][40] and other Southeast Asians.

New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic White population is larger than the non-Hispanic White populations of Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston combined.[53] The non-Hispanic White population has begun to increase since 2010.[54][needs update]

The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010,[55] and Belarusians numbered about 55,000 as of 2010.[56] Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, also known as Little Russia or Little Odesa, is the largest center of the Russian- and Ukrainian-American communities.[57]

People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 and 14,000.[58] Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City,[59] with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic White population, enumerating over 30,000, and including more than half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States,[60] most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx,[61] while Astoria, Queens is the epicenter of American Greek culture as well as the Cypriot community.[62][63]

New York is home to the highest Jewish population of any city in the world, numbering 1.6 million in 2022, more than Tel Aviv and Jerusalem combined.[64] In the borough of Brooklyn, an estimated 1 in 4 residents is Jewish.[65] The city's Jewish communities are derived from many diverse sects, predominantly from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and including a rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish population, the largest outside Israel.[50]

The metropolitan area is home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns;[66] the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,[41] Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American[41] and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million;[55] and includes multiple established Chinatowns within New York City alone.[67]

Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil, are the top source countries from South America for immigrants to the New York City region; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America.[68] Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.5 million in the metropolitan area as of 2016[update].[69]

Since 2010, Little Australia has emerged and is growing rapidly, representing the Australasian presence in Nolita, Manhattan.[70][71][72] In 2011, there were an estimated 20,000 Australian residents of New York City, nearly quadruple the 5,537 in 2005.[73][74] Qantas Airways of Australia and Air New Zealand have been planning for long-haul flights from New York to Sydney and Auckland, which would both rank among the longest non-stop flights in the world.[75] A Little Sri Lanka has developed in the Tompkinsville neighborhood of Staten Island.[76] Le Petit Sénégal, or Little Senegal, is based in Harlem. Richmond Hill, Queens is often thought of as "Little Guyana" for its large Guyanese community,[77] as well as Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ), or Little Punjab, for its high concentration of Punjabi people. Little Poland is located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn.

Many Romani people moved to New York City from other parts of the United States after relief programs were put into effect in the 1930s. Roma from Hungary went to New York after the revolution in 1956.[78]

## Minority ancestries[edit]

Ethnic origins in New York City

Immigrant Africans, Caribbeans, and African Americans make up 25.1% of New York City's population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 2,086,566 black people residing in New York City. Percentage wise, approximately two out of every five black residents of New York City resides in Brooklyn (primarily in the Central, Northern, and Eastern sections of the borough), one out of every five resides in Bronx (mainly in the borough's Northeastern, Southeastern and Southern sections) one out of every five resides in Queens (mainly in the borough's Southeastern area), with the remaining black residents residing in Manhattan (primarily in Harlem) and Staten Island (mainly the North Shore of the borough).

Native Americans make up 0.4% of New York City's population. According to the survey, there were 29,569 Native Americans residing in New York City. Of 29,569 Native Americans, 2,075 were of the Cherokee tribal grouping. In addition, 213 were of the Navajo tribal grouping. Also, 42 people identified themselves as Chippewa, and 47 people identified themselves as Sioux. There is a number of Mohawks indigenous to the New York city area and/or Upstate New York, and many Mohawks arrived in the 1930s to work in the skyscraper building construction industry.[79][unreliable source?] And a few Lenape Indians indigenous to the New York city area still remain in the city, migrated from other rural parts to Manhattan.[80]

Asian Americans make up 11.8% of New York City's population. According to the survey, there were 976,807 Asian Americans residing in New York City. Of 976,807 Asian Americans, 445,145 were of Chinese descent, representing 5.4% of the city's population. In addition, there were 226,888 Indian Americans residing in the city, representing 2.7% of the population. Approximately 103,660 people identified themselves as "Other Asian", a category that includes people of Cambodian, Laotian, Hmong, and Pakistani descent. Individuals in this category represent 1.2% of the city's population. There were 88,162 Korean Americans residing in the city, representing 1.1% of the population. Other Asian American groups include those of Filipino (68,826, 0.8%), Japanese (26,096, 0.3%), and Vietnamese (18,030, 0.2%) descent.

Pacific Islander Americans make up 0.1% of New York City's population. According to the survey, there were 4,941 Pacific Islander Americans residing in New York City. Of 4,941 Pacific Islander Americans, 1,992 were Native Hawaiian. Approximately 904 were of Samoan descent, and 504 were of Guamanian descent. In addition, 1,541 were of other Pacific Islander ancestries.

Multiracial Americans make up 2.1% of New York City's population. According to the survey, there were 177,643 multiracial Americans residing in New York City. People of black and white ancestry numbered at 37,124, making up 0.4% of the population. People of white and Asian ancestry numbered at 22,242, making up 0.3% of the population. People of white/Native American ancestry (10,762) and black/Native American ancestry (10,221) each made up 0.1% of the city's population. The term "Multiracial American", however, can be very misleading. For example, many people of Latin American background may have various racial ancestries. Furthermore, there are many Americans who have multiple racial ancestries who are not aware of it. Therefore, the actual numbers are likely much higher.[citation needed]

Hispanics and Latinos make up 27.5% of New York City's population. According to the American Community Survey, there were 2,287,905 Hispanic or Latino Americans residing in New York City. The Hispanic/Latino population is categorized with four groups, "Puerto Rican" (785,618 or 9.4%), "Mexican" (297,581 or 3.6%), "Cuban" (42,377 or 0.5%), and "Other Hispanic or Latino" (1,165,576 or 14.0%).[81] While most Hispanics in New York City do not select a race in addition to their ethnicity in the American Community Survey, among those foreign-born, 33% also self-identify as white, and 9% as black.[82]

According to the 2006-2007 Center for Latin American, Caribbean & Latino Studies:[83]

* Puerto Rican: (1,278,628)
* Dominican: (602,093)
* Mexican: (289,755)
* Ecuadorian: (201,708)
* Colombian: (113,469)
* Salvadoran:(100,396)
* Other Hispanic or Latino: (351,635)

Note: This source contains all of the numerical information in the data above.

### White ancestries[edit]

White Americans make up 44.6% of New York City's population. According to the survey, there were 3,704,243 White Americans residing in New York City. White Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 35.1% of the city's population. There are 2,918,976 non-Hispanic whites residing in the city. Much of New York City's European American population consists of individuals of Italian, Irish, German, Russian, Polish, English, and Greek ancestry.[84]

There is a considerable Bulgarian population in New York. Bulgarians migrated in New York in the 1900s.[85]

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the top ten White, European ancestries were the following:[86]

* Italian: 8.2% (684,230)
* Irish: 5.3% (443,364)
* German: 3.6% (296,901)
* Russian: 3.1% (260,821)
* Polish: 2.8% (237,919)
* English: 1.9% (160,472)
* Greek: 1.0% (83,575)
* French: 0.9% (73,587)
* Hungarian: 0.7% (59,225)
* Ukrainian: 0.6% (49,643)

Other smaller European ancestries include:

* Portuguese: 0.5% (46,384)
* Scottish: 0.5% (41,787)
* Scotch-Irish: 0.3% (28,770)
* Dutch: 0.3% (24,776)
* Norwegian: 0.3% (24,737)
* Swedish: 0.3% (22,206)[86]

### Diversity of New York City's boroughs[edit]

According to a 2001 study by Claritas, four of the city's five boroughs ranked among the nation's twenty most diverse counties. Queens ranked 1st, Brooklyn 3rd, Manhattan 7th, and The Bronx 17th. In addition, Hudson County and Essex County, New Jersey, both of which are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, ranked 6th and 15th, respectively.[87]

The city has several demographically unique characteristics. Queens is the only large county in the United States where the median income among black households, about $52,000 a year, has surpassed that of whites.[88]

The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outside Israel.[89] It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's Indian American population,[90] and the largest African American community of any city in the country. New York City, with about 800,000 Puerto Rican residents, has the largest Puerto Rican population outside of Puerto Rico. Another historically significant ethnic group are Italians, who emigrated to the city in large numbers during the late 19th century. New York City is home to the largest Italian American population in the United States. The Irish and Germans also have a notable presence.

% Foreign-born by borough 1970–2006  Borough |
1970  |
1980  |
1990  |
2000  |
2006

|
|
|
|
|

Brooklyn | 17.5 | 23.8 | 29.2 | 37.8 | 37.8
Queens | 21.0 | 28.6 | 36.2 | 46.1 | 48.5
Manhattan | 20.0 | 24.4 | 25.8 | 29.4 | 28.7
Bronx | 15.6 | 18.4 | 22.8 | 29.0 | 31.8
Staten Island | 9.0 | 9.8 | 11.8 | 16.4 | 20.9
Total | 18.2 | 23.6 | 28.4 | 35.9 | 37.0
Source: NYC.gov[91] Jurisdiction
| Population
2000
census
| %
white
| %
black

African
American
| %
Asian
| %
Other
| %
mixed
race
| %
Hispanic/
Latino
of any
race
|  | %
Catholic
| % not
affiliated
| %
Jewish
| %
Protestant
| Estimate
of % not
reporting

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Race | Ethnicity |  | Religious groups
Brooklyn | 2,465,326 | 41.2 | 36.4 | 7.5 | 10.6 | 4.3 | 19.8 |  | 37 | 4 | 15 | 8 | 33
Queens | 2,229,379 | 44.1 | 20.0 | 17.6 | 12.3 | 6.1 | 25.0 |  | 29 | 37 | 11 | 5 | 15
Manhattan | 1,537,195 | 54.4 | 17.4 | 9.4 | 14.7 | 4.1 | 27.2 |  | 37 | 11 | 20 | 9 | 19
Bronx | 1,332,650 | 29.9 | 35.6 | 3.0 | 25.7 | 5.8 | 48.4 |  | 44 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 29
Staten Island | 443,728 | 77.6 | 9.7 | 5.7 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 12.1 |  | 60 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 14
NYC Total | 8,008,278 | 44.7 | 26.6 | 9.8 | 14.0 | 4.9 | 27.0 |  | 37 | 17 | 13 | 6 | 24
NY State | 18,976,457 | 67.9 | 15.9 | 5.5 | 7.5 | 3.1 | 15.1 |  | 42 | 20 | 9 | 10 | 16
USA | 281,421,906 | 75.1 | 12.3 | 3.6 | 6.5 | 2.4 | 12.5 |  | 22 | 37 | 2 | 23 | 12
Source: 2000 Census[92]

American Indian, Native Alaskan, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander make up 2.9% of the population of NYC, and have been included with "Other".

Source for religious groups: ARDA[93]

## Historical population data[edit]

### Changes in population by race and ethnicity[edit]

Racial composition  | 2010[citation needed] | 1990[22] | 1970[22] | 1940[22]

|
|
|
|

White | 44.0%  | 52.3%  | 76.6%  | 93.6%
—Non-Hispanic | 33.3%  | 43.2%  | 62.9%[94] | 92.0%
Black or African American | 25.5%  | 28.7%  | 21.1%  | 6.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)  | 28.6%  | 24.4%  | 16.2%[94] | 1.6%
Asian | 12.7%  | 7.0%  | 1.2%  | –

### Changes in population by borough[edit]

Historical Population of the present area of New York City and its boroughs * [95][96][97][98][99] | Year | Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Bronx | Staten Is.' | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|

1698 | 4,937 | 2,017 | n/a | n/a | 727 | 7,681
1771 | 21,863 | 3,623 | n/a | n/a | 2,847 | 28,423
1790 | 33,131 | 4,549 | 6,159 | 1,781 | 3,827 | 49,447
1800 | 60,515 | 5,740 | 6,642 | 1,755 | 4,563 | 79,215
1810 | 96,373 | 8,303 | 7,444 | 2,267 | 5,347 | 119,734
1820 | 123,706 | 11,187 | 8,246 | 2,782 | 6,135 | 152,056
1830 | 202,589 | 20,535 | 9,049 | 3,023 | 7,082 | 242,278
1840 | 312,710 | 47,613 | 14,480 | 5,346 | 10,965 | 391,114
1850 | 515,547 | 138,882 | 18,593 | 8,032 | 15,061 | 696,115
1860 | 813,669 | 279,122 | 32,903 | 23,593 | 25,492 | 1,174,779
1870 | 942,292 | 419,921 | 45,468 | 37,393 | 33,029 | 1,478,103
1880 | 1,164,673 | 599,495 | 56,559 | 51,980 | 38,991 | 1,911,698
1890 | 1,441,216 | 838,547 | 87,050 | 88,908 | 51,693 | 2,507,414
†1900 | 1,850,093 | 1,166,582 | 152,999 | 200,507 | 67,021 | 3,437,202
1910 | 2,331,542 | 1,634,351 | 284,041 | 430,980 | 85,969 | 4,766,883
1920 | 2,284,103 | 2,018,356 | 469,042 | 732,016 | 116,531 | 5,620,048
1930 | 1,867,312 | 2,560,401 | 1,079,129 | 1,265,258 | 158,346 | 6,930,446
1940 | 1,889,924 | 2,698,285 | 1,297,634 | 1,394,711 | 174,441 | 7,454,995
1950 | 1,960,101 | 2,738,175 | 1,550,849 | 1,451,277 | 191,555 | 7,891,957
1960 | 1,698,281 | 2,627,319 | 1,809,578 | 1,424,815 | 221,991 | 7,781,984
1970 | 1,539,233 | 2,602,012 | 1,986,473 | 1,471,701 | 295,443 | 7,894,862
1980 | 1,428,285 | 2,230,936 | 1,891,325 | 1,168,972 | 352,121 | 7,071,639
1990 | 1,487,536 | 2,300,664 | 1,951,598 | 1,203,789 | 378,977 | 7,322,564
2000 | 1,537,195 | 2,465,326 | 2,229,379 | 1,332,650 | 443,728 | 8,008,278
2010 | 1,585,873 | 2,504,700 | 2,230,722 | 1,385,108 | 468,730 | 8,175,133
2020 | 1,694,251 | 2,736,074 | 2,405,464 | 1,472,654 | 495,747 | 8,804,190
Year | Manhattan | Brooklyn | Queens | Bronx | Staten Is. | Total
* All population figures are consistent with present-day boundaries.
† First census after the consolidation of the five boroughs

Click here [100] to view the density of New York City as an interactive map of the 1900 census, shortly after municipal consolidation of the five boroughs in 1898.

### Languages[edit]

In 1940, a little over half of all White New Yorker's spoke English, with large percentages speaking Yiddish, Italian, and German.

Languages spoken in NYC among White population (1940)[101]

English (53.77%)

Yiddish (13.05%)

Italian (12.83%)

German (6.14%)

Polish (2.34%)

Others (11.87%)

Language | Speakers[101] | Percent
(all) | Percent
(foreign-born)

|
|
|

English | 3,755,580 | 53.77% | 17.98%
Yiddish | 911,280 | 13.05% | 23.93%
Italian | 896,160 | 12.83% | 19.13%
German | 429,060 | 6.14% | 13.54%
Polish | 163,500 | 2.34% | 4.2%
Russian | 149,840 | 2.15% | 5.17%
Swedish | 38,240 | 0.55% | 1.35%
French | 37,860 | 0.54% | 1.25%
Norwegian | 35,620 | 0.51% | 1.28%
Czech | 28,700 | 0.36% | 0.6%
Finnish | 13,280 | 0.19% | 0.43%
Danish | 9,140 | 0.13% | 0.37%
Dutch | 6,440 | 0.09% | 0.25%
Slovenian | 4,260 | 0.06% | 0.12%
Others | 330,680 | 4.73% | 26.39%
Not reported | 175,080 | 2.51% | 1.99%
Total | 6,984,720 | 100% | 100%

## Ethnicities and enclaves[edit]

This section is an excerpt from New York City ethnic enclaves.[edit]

Brooklyn's Jewish community is the largest in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals.[102]

Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam, New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves, neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity.[103][104] Freed African American slaves also moved to New York City in the Great Migration and the later Second Great Migration and formed ethnic enclaves.[105] These neighborhoods are set apart from the main city by differences such as food, goods for sale, or even language. Ethnic enclaves provide inhabitants security in work and social opportunities,[103] but limit economic opportunities, do not encourage the development of English speaking, and keep immigrants in their own culture.[103]

As of 2019[update], there are 3.1 million immigrants in New York City. This accounts for 37% of the city population and 45% of its workforce.[106] Ethnic enclaves in New York include Caribbean, Asian, European, Latin American, Middle Eastern and Jewish groups, who immigrated from or whose ancestors immigrated from various countries. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York.[107][108][109]

## Ancestries[edit]

### Ancestries[edit]

Ancestry by origin[110] | Number | %

|
|

American  | 307,187  |
Arab  | 118,494  |
Czech  | 10,331  |
Danish  | 10,218  |
Dutch  | 19,867  |
English  | 173,530  |

## See also[edit]

* Race and ethnicity in the United States

## References[edit]

1. ^ "2020 CENSUS - RESULTS FOR NEW YORK CITY - KEY POPULATION & HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS" (PDF). Retrieved November 1, 2023.
2. ^ "NYC grows to 8.8 million people as census shows U.S. Diversifying, white population shrinking". August 12, 2021.
3. ^ "New York City's Population Booms — but Not for Everyone, Everywhere". August 12, 2021.
4. ^ "NYC's White population surges as Black residents exit". Fox Business. August 15, 2021.
5. ^ October 18, 2021October 29, 2021 (October 18, 2021). "Has NYC's Black Population Really Declined? Medgar Evers' Center for Law and Social Justice Says No". Bkreader.com. Retrieved 2022-03-23.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
6. ^ "Black population in NYC down 4.5% over the last decade, Census results show — Brooklyn sees sharp decline". New York Daily News. August 13, 2021.
7. ^ "2020 Census Results for New York City: Key Population & Housing Characteristics" (PDF). Population Division-NYC DCP. p. 15\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
8. ^ "A Demographic Snapshot: NYC's Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Immigrant Population" (PDF). NYC Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
9. ^ "World Jewish Population". SimpleToRemember.com. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
10. ^ "New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
11. ^ "United States ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
12. ^ Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
13. ^ "New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2008". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
14. ^ Kirk Semple (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2011. "Asians, a group more commonly associated with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city's kaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have topped one million — nearly 1 in 8 New Yorkers — which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined."
15. ^ "Asian American Statistics". Ameredia.com. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
16. ^ "Table SF1-P9 NYC: Total Asian Population by Selected Subgroups" (PDF). NYC.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
17. ^ "Population FactFinder - Demographic 2021". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved October 18, 2023. "American Community Survey data 2021"
18. ^ Archive of the Mayor's Press Office, Mayor Giuliani Proclaims Puerto Rican Week in New York City, Tuesday, June 9, 1998.
19. ^ "QuickFacts New York city, New York (PL 94-171)". US Census Bureau.
20. ^ "2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". US Census Bureau.
21. ^ "QuickFacts for New York City / New York State / United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
22. ^ a b c d e f g "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
23. ^ "2020 Decennial Census". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
24. ^ Jones, Charisse (September 24, 2008). "Ellis Island strives to tell more complete immigration story". USA Today. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
25. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "New York City#Population" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 617.
26. ^ "Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990". Population Division Working Paper. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
27. ^ a b Semple, Kirk (June 8, 2013). "City's Newest Immigrant Enclaves, From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
28. ^ The Newest New Yorkers: 2013, New York City Department of City Planning, December 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965, to 37 percent. With foreign-born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births, approximately 6-in-10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants."
29. ^ Semple, Kirk (December 18, 2013). "Immigration Remakes and Sustains City, a Report Concludes". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
30. ^ a b "More Foreign-Born Immigrants Live in NYC Than There Are People in Chicago". HuffPost. December 19, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
31. ^ Goldstein, Joseph (November 28, 2013). "Bangladeshis Build Careers in New York Traffic". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
32. ^ Semple, Kirk (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2011. "Asians, a group more commonly associated with the West Coast, are surging in New York, where they have long been eclipsed in the city's kaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix. For the first time, according to census figures released in the spring, their numbers have topped one million—nearly one in eight New Yorkers—which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined."
33. ^ "Asian American Statistics". Améredia Incorporated. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
34. ^ Lubin, Gus (February 15, 2017). "Queens Has More Languages Than Anywhere in the World – Here's Where They're Found". Business Insider. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
35. ^ Nicholas Fandos (September 21, 2023). "New York City's shelter system stressed by thousands of migrants". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
36. ^ Vivian Yee (February 22, 2015). "Indictment of New York Officer Divides Chinese-Americans". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2023. "Now they are reaching out to the Chinese-language press, contacting lawyers to advise Officer Liang and planning a protest march in New York, a city with the largest Chinese population outside of Asia."
37. ^ * "Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet" (PDF). www.explorechinatown.com. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
* Waxman, Sarah. "The History of New York's Chinatown". Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. Retrieved August 28, 2022. "Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side."
* Reimers, David M. (1992). Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231076814. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
* Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. "Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4" (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
* Reimers, David M. (1992). Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231076814. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
38. ^ "State & County QuickFacts Nassau County, New York QuickLinks". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
39. ^ Shao, Heng (April 10, 2014). "Join The Great Gatsby: Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out To Long Island's North Shore". Forbes. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
40. ^ a b "Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
41. ^ a b c "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
42. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
43. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 1". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
44. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
45. ^ Marzulli, John (May 9, 2011). "Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities". The New York Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
46. ^ "Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing". QueensBuzz.com. January 25, 2012. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013.
47. ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
48. ^ Eileen Sullivan (November 24, 2023). "Growing Numbers of Chinese Migrants Are Crossing the Southern Border". The New York Times. Retrieved November 24, 2023. "Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan..."New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community," said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood."
49. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
50. ^ a b "Most Significant Unreached People Group Communities in Metro NY". GLOBAL GATES. July 17, 2012. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
51. ^ Table SF1-P9 NYC: Total Asian Population by Selected Subgroups, New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
52. ^ "Queens County, New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2014.
53. ^ "American FactFinder—Results". U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
54. ^ Roberts, Sam (June 30, 2014). "Census Estimates Show Another Increase in New York City's Non-Hispanic White Population". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
55. ^ a b "Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
56. ^ "Belarusians in the New York Metro Area" (PDF). Unreachednewyork.com. January 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
57. ^ Brennan Ortiz (2014). "NYC's Micro Neighborhoods: Little Odesa in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn". Untapped Cities (online, January 23). Retrieved October 22, 2023.
58. ^ "American FactFinder—Results". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
59. ^ "A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City". Allied Media Corp. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
60. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
61. ^ Ragaru, Nadège; Dymi, Amilda. "The Albanian-American Community in the United States : A Diaspora Coming to Visibility" (PDF). HAL. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
62. ^ Richard F. Shepard (November 15, 1991). "Astoria, a Greek Isle in the New York City Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
63. ^ Kerry Kolasa-Sikiaridi (June 18, 2022). "Astoria: The Ever-Changing Greektown of New York". Greek Reporter. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
64. ^ "Transcript: Mayor Eric Adams Discusses Coordinated Efforts That Stopped Potential Attack on Jewish Community". www.nyc.gov. 21 November 2022.
65. ^ Danailova, Hilary (January 2018). "Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth". Hadassah Magazine.
66. ^ "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
67. ^ Semple, Kirk (June 23, 2011). "Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
68. ^ "Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2013". United States Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on July 12, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2015.
69. ^ "Selected Population Profile in the United States, 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
70. ^ McLogan, Elle (October 3, 2017). "Why Are There So Many Australians in New York?". CBS Television Stations. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
71. ^ Reynolds, Emma (July 30, 2018). "Australia's secret weapon is quietly changing New York". news.com.au. Retrieved June 4, 2019. "THERE'S a quiet revolution taking place across the Big Apple, and it all stems from Down Under."
72. ^ Gunner, Siobhan. "The Australian Cafés Taking Over The NYC Breakfast Scene". Just Opened New York. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
73. ^ Baird, Saxon (June 9, 2014). "What's The Deal With All These Australians In NYC?". Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
74. ^ Forster, Tim (September 17, 2018). "Why Are So Many Australians Working in American Coffee?". Eater. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
75. ^ Caswell, Mark (August 25, 2022). "Qantas to launch nonstop Auckland-JFK service". Business Traveller. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
76. ^ "Little Sri Lanka: An Island Nation Unites on Staten Island". Charter Communications. October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
77. ^ O'Grady, Jim (January 13, 2002). "Neighborhood Report: Richmond Hill; Making Guyana More Accessible, Two Sisters Start an Airline". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2007. "Many of them live in Richmond Hill. Just as Chinese-Americans energized downtown Flushing, the Guyanese have revived a once-moribund shopping strip on Liberty Avenue between the Van Wyck Expressway and Lefferts Boulevard, now known as Little Guyana."
78. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy (December 2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. Yale University Press. p. 563\. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
79. ^ "Yahoo". Voices.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-10. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
80. ^ "History of WaHI: Native American Life in Washington Heights and Inwood - Washington Heights & Inwood Online". Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
81. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
82. ^ "A Demographic Snapshot: NYC'S LATINX IMMIGRANT POPULATION" (PDF). NYC Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
83. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). web.gc.cuny.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
84. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2010.
85. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy (December 1, 2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300182576. Retrieved August 29, 2017 - via Google Books.
86. ^ a b Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 10, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
87. ^ "Claritas Study Ranks Racial/Ethnic Diversity in Counties Nationwide; Analysis Shows California Leads Nation In Diversity Among Counties Of 100,000-Plus Population". Business Wire. July 23, 2001.
88. ^ Roberts, Sam (January 10, 2006). "Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
89. ^ "Jewish Community Study of New York" (PDF). United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2007.
90. ^ Asian American Federation of New York (2004). "Census Profile:New York City's Indian American Population" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
91. ^ "The Newest New Yorkers: 2000" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
92. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Census 2000". Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
93. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), Year 2000 Report". 2000. Retrieved March 21, 2010. Churches were asked for their membership numbers. ARDA estimates that most of the churches not reporting were black Protestant congregations.
94. ^ a b From 15% sample
95. ^ "Table PL-P1 NYC: Total Population New York City and Boroughs, 2000 and 2010" (PDF). nyc.gov. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
96. ^ U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Table 5. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Minor Civil Divisions in New York, Listed Alphabetically Within County: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-05-36) Archived April 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine and Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009 (SUB-EST2009-01) Archived November 20, 2010, at WebCite, Release Date: June 2010, retrieved on July 31, 2010
97. ^ Forstall, Richard L., Population of States and Counties of the United States: 1790 to 1990 Archived July 16, 2012, at archive.today, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 1996 ISBN 0-934213-48-8, (Part III, Kentucky to Oklahoma) retrieved April 3, 2011; see also the author's introduction and general notes Archived July 12, 2012, at archive.today
98. ^ "Population", article by Jane Allen with tables by Nathan Kantrowitz in The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson, New-York Historical Society & Yale University Press, 1995, pages 910-914, ISBN 0-300-05536-6
99. ^ "Current Population Estimates: NYC". NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
100. ^ "1900 CENSUS of NYC - Google My Maps". Retrieved 2022-03-23.
101. ^ a b "1940 Census of Population: Mother Tongue, by Nativity, Parentage, Country of Origin, and Age, for States and Large Cities" (PDF). Census.gov. 1943. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
102. ^ Simone Weichselbaum (June 26, 2012). "Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
103. ^ a b c Lorren, Johns (December 14, 2006). "Ethnic enclaves: Lost in their own world?". writing.byu.edu. Brigham Young University. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
104. ^ "The New Netherland". U-S-History.com. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
105. ^ Mintz, S. (2007). "The Jazz Age: The American 1920s: The Great Migration". Digital History. University of English. Archived from the original on January 21, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
106. ^ "State of Our Immigrant City" (PDF). New York City Mayor's Office of Immigrant Affairs. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
107. ^ "Endangered Language Alliance". 2012. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
108. ^ "Linguistics- Say what?". The Economist. September 10, 2011. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
109. ^ N. R. Kleinfield (January 15, 2016). "New Yorkers, Self-Assured and Opinionated, Defend Their Values". The New York Times on MSN. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
110. ^ "Explore Census Data".

This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (November 2023)

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template