Radiopharmaceutical

Pharmaceutical drug which emits radiation, used as a diagnostic or therapeutic agent

A carbon-11 labelled radiopharmaceuticalATC code V: Various

* V01 Allergens
* V03 All other therapeutic products
* V04 Diagnostic agents
* V06 General nutrients
* V07 All other non-therapeutic products
* V08 Contrast media
* V09 Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals
* V10 Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
* V20 Surgical dressings

Other ATC codes

* A
* B
* C
* D
* G
* H
* QI
* J
* L
* M
* N
* P
* R
* S
* V

Radiopharmaceuticals, or medicinal radiocompounds, are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. Radiopharmaceuticals can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves, which is different from contrast media which absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.

The main group of these compounds are the radiotracers used to diagnose dysfunction in body tissues. While not all medical isotopes are radioactive, radiopharmaceuticals are the oldest and remain the most common of such drugs.

## Drug nomenclature[edit]

Main article: Radiopharmacology § Drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals

As with other pharmaceutical drugs, there is standardization of the drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals, although various standards coexist. The International Nonproprietary Names (INNs), United States Pharmacopeia (USP) names, and IUPAC names for these agents are usually similar other than trivial style differences.[1] The details are explained at Radiopharmacology § Drug nomenclature for radiopharmaceuticals.

## Specific radiopharmaceuticals[edit]

A list of nuclear medicine radiopharmaceuticals follows. Some radioisotopes are used in ionic or inert form without attachment to a pharmaceutical; these are also included. There is a section for each radioisotope with a table of radiopharmaceuticals using that radioisotope. The sections are ordered alphabetically by the English name of the radioisotope. Sections for the same element are then ordered by atomic mass number.

### Calcium-47[edit]

47Ca is a beta and gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Ca-47-Ca2+ | Bone metabolism  | IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Carbon-11[edit]

11C is a positron emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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C11-L-methyl-methionine  | Brain tumour imaging

Parathyroid imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Carbon-14[edit]

14C is a beta emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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C14-Glycocholic acid | Breath test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth  | Oral  | In-vitro | Non-imaging
C14-PABA (para-amino benzoic acid)  | Pancreatic studies  | Oral  | In-vitro | Non-imaging
C14-Urea  | Breath test to detect Helicobacter pylori | Oral  | In-vitro | Non-imaging
C14-d-xylose  | Breath test for small intestine bacterial overgrowth  | Oral  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Chromium-51[edit]

51Cr is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Cr51-[heart scan/blood volume  | Red cell volume heart scan; sites of sequestration; gastrointestinal blood loss  | IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging
Cr51-Cr3+ | Gastrointestinal protein loss  | IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging
Cr51-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)  | Glomerular filtration rate measurement  | IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Cobalt-57[edit]

57Co is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Co57-Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)  | Gastrointestinal absorption  | Oral  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Cobalt-58[edit]

58Co is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Co58-Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)  | Gastrointestinal absorption  | Oral  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Erbium-169[edit]

169Er is a beta emitter.

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration

|
|

Er169-Colloid  | Arthritic conditions  | Intra-articular

### Fluorine-18[edit]

Further information: Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

18F is a positron emitter with a half-life of 109 minutes. It is produced in medical cyclotrons, usually from oxygen-18, and then chemically attached to a pharmaceutical formulation.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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F18-FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose)  | Tumor imaging

Myocardial imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
F18-Sodium Fluoride  | Bone imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
F18-Fluorocholine  | Prostate tumor imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
F18-Desmethoxyfallypride  | Dopamine receptor imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Gallium-67[edit]

Further information: Gallium scan

67Ga is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Ga67-Ga3+ | Tumor imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Ga67-Ga3+ | Infection/inflammation imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Gallium-68[edit]

68Ga is a positron emitter, with a 68-minute half-life, produced by elution from germanium-68 in a gallium-68 generator or by proton irradiation of zinc-68.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Ga68-Dotatoc or Dotatate  | Neuroendocrine tumor imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Ga68-PSMA  | Prostate cancer imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Hydrogen-3[edit]

3H or tritium is a beta emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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H3-water  | Total body water  | Oral or IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Indium-111[edit]

111In is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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In111-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)  | Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (LaVeen Shunt)  | intraperitoneal injection  | In-vivo | Imaging the radioactive substance
In111-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)  | Cisternography | Intra-cisternal  | In-vivo | Imaging
In111-Leukocytes | Infection/inflammation imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
In111-Platelets | Thrombus imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
In111-Pentetreotide  | Somatostatin receptor imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
In111-Octreotide  | Somatostatin receptor imaging (Octreoscan)  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Iodine-123[edit]

Iodine-123 (I-123) is a gamma emitter. It is used only diagnostically, as its radiation is penetrating and short-lived.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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I123-Iodide  | Thyroid uptake  | Oral or IV  | In-vivo | Non-imaging
I123-Iodide  | Thyroid imaging

Thyroid metastases imaging

| Oral or IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
I123-o-Iodohippurate  | Renal imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
I123-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine)  | Neuroectodermal tumour imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
I123-FP-CIT  | SPECT imaging of Parkinson's Disease  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Iodine-125[edit]

125I is a gamma emitter with a long half-life of 59.4 days (the longest of all radioiodines used in medicine). Iodine-123 is preferred for imaging, so I-125 is used diagnostically only when the test requires a longer period to prepare the radiopharmaceutical and trace it, such as a fibrinogen scan to diagnose clotting. I-125's gamma radiation is of medium penetration, making it more useful as a therapeutic isotope for brachytherapy implant of radioisotope capsules for local treatment of cancers.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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I125-fibrinogen  | Clot imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Iodine-131[edit]

131I is a beta and gamma emitter. It is used both to destroy thyroid and thyroid cancer tissues (via beta radiation, which is short-range), and also other neuroendocrine tissues when used in MIBG. It can also be seen by a gamma camera, and can serve as a diagnostic imaging tracer, when treatment is also being attempted at the same time. However iodine-123 is usually preferred when only imaging is desired.

#### Diagnostic[edit]

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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I131-Iodide  | Thyroid uptake  | Oral  | In-vivo | Non-imaging
I131-Iodide  | Thyroid metastases imaging  | Oral or IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
I131-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine)  | Neuroectodermal tumor imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

#### Therapeutic[edit]

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration

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I131-Iodide  | Thyrotoxicosis | IV or Oral
I131-Iodide  | Non-toxic goiter | IV or Oral
I131-Iodide  | Thyroid carcinoma | IV or Oral
I131-MIBG (m-iodobenzylguanidine)  | Malignant disease  | IV

### Iron-59[edit]

59Fe is a beta and gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Fe59-Fe2+ or Fe3+ | Iron metabolism  | IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Krypton-81m[edit]

81Krm is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging the radioactive substance

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Kr81m-Gas  | Lung ventilation imaging  | Inhalation  | In-vivo | Imaging
Kr-81m-Aqueous solution  | Lung perfusion imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Lutetium-177[edit]

177Lu is a beta emitter.

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo

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177Lu-DOTA-TATE | gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs)  | IV  | In-vivo

### Nitrogen-13[edit]

13N is a positron emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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N13-Ammonia | Myocardial blood flow imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Oxygen-15[edit]

15O is a positron emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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O15-Water  | Cerebral blood flow imaging

Myocardial blood flow imaging

| IV bolus  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Phosphorus-32[edit]

32P is a beta emitter.

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration

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P32-Phosphate  | Polycythemia and related disorders  | IV or Oral

### Radium-223[edit]

223Ra is an alpha emitter.

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration

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Ra223 cation (223RaCl2)  | metastatic cancer in bone | IV

### Rubidium-82[edit]

82Rb is a positron and gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation of  | Route of administration

|
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Rb-82 chloride | Myocardial Imaging  | IV

### Samarium-153[edit]

153Sm is a beta and gamma emitter.

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration

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Sm153-EDTMP (Ethylenediaminotetramethylenephosphoric acid)  | Bone metastases  | IV

### Selenium-75[edit]

75Se is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Se75-Selenorcholesterol  | Adrenal gland imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Se75-SeHCAT (23-Seleno-25-homo-tauro-cholate)  | Bile salt absorption  | Oral  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Sodium-22[edit]

22Na is a positron and gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Na22-Na+ | Electrolyte studies  | Oral or IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Sodium-24[edit]

24Na is a beta and gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Na24-Na+ | Electrolyte studies  | Oral or IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging

### Strontium-89[edit]

89Sr is a beta emitter.

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration

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Sr89-Chloride  | Bone metastases  | IV

### Technetium-99m[edit]

Technetium-99m is a gamma emitter. It is obtained on-site at the imaging center as the soluble pertechnetate which is eluted from a technetium-99m generator, and then either used directly as this soluble salt, or else used to synthesize a number of technetium-99m-based radiopharmaceuticals.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Tc99m-pertechnetate | Thyroid uptake and thyroid imaging

Stomach and salivary gland imaging
Meckel's diverticulum imaging
Brain imaging
Micturating cystogram
First pass blood flow imaging
First pass peripheral vascular imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-pertechnetate  | Lacrimal imaging  | Eye drops  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Human albumin | Cardiac blood pool imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Human albumin  | Peripheral vascular imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres  | Lung perfusion imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Human albumin macroaggregates or microspheres  | Lung perfusion imaging with venography  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Phosphonates and phosphates (MDP/HDP)  | Bone imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Phosphonates and phosphates  | Myocardial imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)  | Renal imaging
First pass blood flow studies
Brain imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid)  | Lung ventilation imaging  | Aerosol inhalation  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-DMSA(V) (dimercaptosuccinic acid)  | Tumor imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-DMSA(III) (dimercaptosuccinic acid)  | Renal imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Colloid  | Bone marrow imaging

GI Bleeding

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Colloid  | Lymph node imaging  | Interstitial  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Colloid  | Esophageal transit and reflux imaging

Gastric emptying imaging

| Oral  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Colloid  | Lacrimal imaging  | Eye drops  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-HIDA (Hepatic iminodiacetic acid)  | Functional biliary system imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Denatured (heat damaged) red blood cells  | Red cell volume

Spleen imaging

| IV  | In-vitro | Non-imaging
Tc99m-Whole red blood cells  | GI bleeding

Cardiac blood pool imaging
Peripheral vascular imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-MAG3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine)  | Renal imaging

First pass blood flow imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Exametazime (HMPAO)  | Cerebral blood flow imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Exametazime labelled leucocytes  | Infection/inflammation imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Sestamibi (MIBI - methoxy isobutyl isonitrile)  | Parathyroid imaging

Non-specific tumor imaging
Thyroid tumor imaging
Breast imaging
Myocardial imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Sulesomab (IMMU-MN3 murine Fab'-SH antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody fragments)  | Infection/inflammation imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Technegas  | Lung ventilation imaging  | Inhalation  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Human immunoglobulin  | Infection/inflammation imaging  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-Tetrofosmin  | Parathyroid imaging

Myocardial imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging
Tc99m-ECD (ethyl cysteinate dimer)  | Brain imaging
--  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Thallium-201[edit]

201Tl is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Tl201-Tl+ | Non-specific tumor imaging

Thyroid tumor imaging
Myocardial imaging
Parathyroid imaging

| IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Xenon-133[edit]

133Xe is a gamma emitter.

Name  | Investigation  | Route of administration  | In-vitro / in-vivo | Imaging / non-imaging

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Xe133-gas  | Lung ventilation studies  | Inhalation  | In-vivo | Imaging
Xe133 in isotonic sodium chloride solution  | Cerebral blood flow  | IV  | In-vivo | Imaging

### Yttrium-90[edit]

90Y is a beta emitter.

Name  | Treatment of  | Route of administration

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Y90-Silicate  | Arthritic conditions  | Intra-articular
Y90-Silicate  | Malignant disease  | Intracavitary

## See also[edit]

* Radiopharmacology
* PET radiotracer
* Radioligand
* Isotopes in medicine
* Radiocontrast agent

## References[edit]

1. ^ Iverson (2007), "15.9.2 Radiopharmaceuticals", in Cheryl; et al. (eds.), AMA Manual of Style (10th ed.), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517633-9.

## External links[edit]

* Medical radionuclides production simulator – IAEA

* v
* t
* e

Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals (V09)

Central nervous system|

* 99mTc (Exametazime, Pentetic acid)
* 123I (Ioflupane (123I)
* Iofetamine (123I)
* Iolopride (123I)
* Iomazenil)
* 18F (Florbetapir (18F), Flutemetamol (18F))

Skeletal system|

* 99mTc (Medronic acid)

Renal|

* 123I (Sodium iodohippurate)
* 64Cu
* ETS2
* 99mTc (Mertiatide, Pentetic acid)

Gastrointestinal/Hepatic|

* 75Se (SeHCAT)

Respiratory system|

* 133Xe
* 81mKr
* 99mTc (99mTc-MAA, Pentetic acid)

Cardiovascular system|

* 99mTc (Sestamibi
* Tetrofosmin)
* 111In (Imciromab)
* 82Rb (Rubidium chloride)
* 125I (Iodinated human albumin)

Inflammation/infection|

* 99mTc (Exametazime
* Sulesomab
* Tilmanocept)
* 111In
* 67Ga

Tumor|

* 99mTc
* Arcitumomab
* Votumumab
* Hynic-octreotide
* 111In
* Capromab pendetide
* Satumomab pendetide
* 125I (Minretumomab)
* 123I (Iobenguane (123I))
* 131I (Iobenguane (131I))
* 18F
* Fluciclovine
* Fluorodeoxyglucose
* Fluoroethyltyrosine
* Sodium fluoride
* 64Cu
* Dotatate
* Piflufolastat F-18

Adrenal cortex|

* 123I
* 125I / 131I (Iodocholesterol)

Radionuclides
(including tracers)|

| positron (PET list)|

* 11C ([11C]ME@HAPTHI)
* 25B-NBOMe (Cimbi-36)
* Acetate
* Choline
* Carfentanil
* DASB
* DTBZ
* Flumazenil
* Methionine
* N-Methylspiperone
* Pittsburgh compound B
* Raclopride
* Verapamil)
* 13N
* Ammonia
* 64Cu
* Desmethoxyfallypride
* Fallypride
* Florbetaben (18F)
* Florbetapir (18F)
* Flortaucipir (18F)
* Flotufolastat F-18
* Flubatine
* Fluciclovine
* Fludeoxyglucose (18F) (FDG)-glucose analogue
* Flumazenil
* 18F (Altanserin)
* Fluorocholine
* Fluorodeoxysorbitol (FDS)
* Fluorodopa
* Fluoroestradiol F-18
* Fluorothymidine F-18
* Fluspidine
* Flutemetamol
* FMISO
* Gallium (68Ga) gozetotide
* 68Ga
* Mefway
* MPPF
* N-Methylspiperone
* Nifene
* FET
* 15O (Water)
* Piflufolastat F-18
* 82Rb (Rubidium chloride)
* Setoperone)

|

gamma ray/photon (SPECT/scintigraphy)|

* 51Cr
* 57Co
* 67Ga
* 111In
* 123I
* 125I
* 131I
* 81mKr
* 153Sm
* 75Se
* 99mTc
* 201Tl
* 133Xe

Isotopes used:

* carbon-11
* chromium-51
* cobalt-57
* copper-64
* fluorine-18
* gallium-67
* gallium-68
* indium-111
* iodine-123
* iodine-125
* iodine-131
* krypton-81m
* nitrogen-13
* oxygen-15
* rubidium-82
* samarium-153
* selenium-75
* technetium-99m
* thallium-201
* xenon-133

See also: Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)

* v
* t
* e

Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)

Pain palliation|

* 153Sm
* Lexidronam
* 89Sr (Strontium chloride)

Adrenergic tumors|

* 131I
* Iobenguane

CD20 antibodies|

* 90Y
* Ibritumomab tiuxetan
* 131I
* Tositumomab

Radionuclides|

| alpha emitters|

* 223Ra (Radium chloride)
* 225Ac
* 213Bi

|

beta emitters|

* 32P
* 89Sr
* 90Y
* 131I
* 153Sm
* 165Dy
* 169Er
* 177Lu (Oxodotreotide)
* 186Re
* 198Au

Isotopes used:

* actinium-225
* bismuth-213
* dysprosium-165
* erbium-169
* gold-198
* iodine-131
* lutetium-177
* phosphorus-32
* radium-223
* rhenium-186
* samarium-153
* strontium-89
* yttrium-90

See also: Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals (V09)

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