Real estate

Subset of land that has been legally defined and the improvements to it made by human efforts

For the legal concept, see Real property. For other uses, see Real Estate (disambiguation).

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Property law

Part of the common law series
Types

* Personal property
* Community property
* Real property
* Unowned property

Acquisition

* Gift
* Adverse possession
* Deed
* Conquest
* Discovery
* Accession
* Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property
* Treasure trove
* Bailment
* License
* Alienation

Estates in land

* Allodial title
* Fee simple
* Fee tail

Life estate
* Defeasible estate
* Future interest
* remainder
* Concurrent estate
* Leasehold estate
* Condominiums
* Real estate
* Land tenure

Conveyancing

* Bona fide purchaser
* Torrens title

Strata title
* Deeds registration
* Estoppel by deed
* Quitclaim deed
* Mortgage
* Equitable conversion
* Action to quiet title
* Escheat

Future use control

* Restraint on alienation
* Rule against perpetuities
* Rule in Shelley's Case
* Doctrine of worthier title

Nonpossessory interest

* Lien
* Easement
* Profit
* Usufruct
* Covenant
* Equitable servitude

Related topics

* Fixtures
* Waste
* Partition
* Practicing without a license

Property rights
* Mineral rights
* Water rights
* prior appropriation
* riparian
* Lateral and subjacent support
* Assignment
* Nemo dat
* Quicquid plantatur
* Conflict of property laws
* Blackacre
* Security deposit

Other common law areas

* Contract law
* Tort law
* Wills, trusts and estates
* Criminal law
* Evidence

* * *

Higher category: Law and Common law

* v
* t
* e

Real estate is a property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as growing crops (e.g. timber), minerals or water, and wild animals; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general.[1][2] In terms of law, real relates to land property and is different from personal property, while estate means the "interest" a person has in that land property.[3]

Real estate is different from personal property, which is not permanently attached to the land (or comes with the land), such as vehicles, boats, jewelry, furniture, tools, and the rolling stock of a farm and farm animals.

In the United States, the transfer, owning, or acquisition of real estate can be through business corporations, individuals, nonprofit corporations, fiduciaries, or any legal entity as seen within the law of each U.S. state.[3]

## History of real estate

[edit]

The natural right of a person to own property as a concept can be seen as having roots in Roman law as well as Greek philosophy.[4] The profession of appraisal can be seen as beginning in England during the 1500s, as agricultural needs required land clearing and land preparation. Textbooks on the subject of surveying began to be written and the term "surveying" was used in England, while the term "appraising" was more used in North America.[5] Natural law which can be seen as "universal law" was discussed among writers of the 15th and 16th century as it pertained to "property theory" and the inter-state relations dealing with foreign investments and the protection of citizens private property abroad. Natural law can be seen as having an influence in Emerich de Vattel's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations which conceptualized the idea of private property.[6]

One of the largest initial real estate deals in history known as the "Louisiana Purchase" happened in 1803 when the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed. This treaty paved the way for western expansion and made the U.S. the owners of the "Louisiana Territory" as the land was bought from France for fifteen million dollars, making each acre roughly 4 cents.[7] The oldest real estate brokerage firm was established in 1855 in Chicago, Illinois, and was initially known as "L. D. Olmsted & Co." but is now known as "Baird & Warner".[8] In 1908, the National Association of Realtors was founded in Chicago and in 1916, the name was changed to the National Association of Real Estate Boards and this was also when the term "realtor" was coined to identify real estate professionals.[9]

The stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression in the U.S. caused a major drop in real estate worth and prices and ultimately resulted in depreciation of 50% for the four years after 1929.[10] Housing financing in the U.S. was greatly affected by the Banking Act of 1933 and the National Housing Act in 1934 because it allowed for mortgage insurance for home buyers and this system was implemented by the Federal Deposit Insurance as well as the Federal Housing Administration.[11] In 1938, an amendment was made to the National Housing Act and Fannie Mae, a government agency, was established to serve as a secondary market for mortgages and to give lenders more money in order for new homes to be funded.[12]

Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act in the U.S., which is also known as the Fair Housing Act, was put into place in 1968 and dealt with the incorporation of African Americans into neighborhoods as the issues of discrimination were analyzed with the renting, buying, and financing of homes.[13] Internet real estate as a concept began with the first appearance of real estate platforms on the World Wide Web (www) and occurred in 1999.

## Residential real estate

[edit]

Residential real estate may contain either a single family or multifamily structure that is available for occupation or for non-business purposes.[14]

Residences can be classified by and how they are connected to neighbouring residences and land. Different types of housing tenure can be used for the same physical type. For example, connected residences might be owned by a single entity and leased out, or owned separately with an agreement covering the relationship between units and common areas and concerns.[15]

According to the Congressional Research Service, in 2021, 65% of homes in the U.S. are owned by the occupier.[16]

Single-family detached house in Essex, Connecticut, United States Townhouses in Victoria, Australia

Major categories

* Attached / multi-unit dwellings
* Apartment (American English) or Flat (British English) – An individual unit in a multi-unit building. The boundaries of the apartment are generally defined by a perimeter of locked or lockable doors. Often seen in multi-story apartment buildings.
* Multi-family house – Often seen in multi-story detached buildings, where each floor is a separate apartment or unit.
* Terraced house (a.k.a. townhouse or rowhouse) – A number of single or multi-unit buildings in a continuous row with shared walls and no intervening space.
* Condominium (American English) – A building or complex, similar to apartments, owned by individuals. Common grounds and common areas within the complex are owned and shared jointly. In North America, there are townhouse or rowhouse style condominiums as well. The British equivalent is a block of flats.
* Housing cooperative (a.k.a. co-op) – A type of multiple ownership in which the residents of a multi-unit housing complex own shares in the cooperative corporation that owns the property, giving each resident the right to occupy a specific apartment or unit. Majority of housing in Indian metro cities are of these types.
* Tenement – A type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access found in Britain.
* Semi-detached dwellings
* Duplex – Two units with one shared wall.
* Detached dwellings
* Bungalows
* Split-level home
* Mansions
* Villas
* Detached house or single-family detached house
* Cottages
* Portable dwellings
* Mobile homes, tiny homes, or residential caravans – A full-time residence that can be (although might not in practice be) movable on wheels.
* Houseboats – A floating home
* Tents – Usually temporary, with roof and walls consisting only of fabric-like material.

Other categories

* Chawls
* Havelis
* Igloos
* Huts

The size of havelis and chawls is measured in Gaz (square yards), Quila, Marla, Beegha, and acre.

See List of house types for a complete listing of housing types and layouts, real estate trends for shifts in the market, and house or home for more general information.

## Real estate and the environment

[edit]

Real estate can be valued or devalued based on the amount of environmental degradation that has occurred. Environmental degradation can cause extreme health and safety risks. There is a growing demand for the use of site assessments (ESAs) when valuing a property for both private and commercial real estate.[17]

Environmental surveying is made possible by environmental surveyors who examine the environmental factors present within the development of real estate as well as the impacts that development and real estate has on the environment.

Green development is a concept that has grown since the 1970s with the environmental movement and the World Commission on Environment and Development. Green development examines social and environmental impacts with real estate and building. There are 3 areas of focus, being the environmental responsiveness, resource efficiency, and the sensitivity of cultural and societal aspects. Examples of Green development are green infrastructure, LEED, conservation development, and sustainability developments.

Real estate in itself has been measured as a contributing factor to the rise in green house gases. According to the International Energy Agency, real estate in 2019 was responsible for 39 percent of total emissions worldwide and 11 percent of those emissions were due to the manufacturing of materials used in buildings.[18]

## Development

[edit]

Main article: Real estate development

Part of a series on

Housing

Types

* House (detached
* semi-detached
* terraced)
* Apartment
* Bungalow
* Cottage
* Ecohouse
* Executive
* Green home
* Human outpost
* I-house
* Ranch
* Tenement
* Luxury
* Mixed-use development
* Hotel
* Hostel
* Castle
* Flophouse
* Shack
* Slum
* Shanty town
* Villa

Ownership

* Community land trust
* Condominium
* Cooperative
* Informal
* Owner-occupancy
* Public housing
* Squat

Issues

* Environmental
* Design
* Planning
* Racism
* Security
* Healthiness
* Crisis
* Affordability
* By country
* Index
* Subsidized
* Home mortgage interest deduction
* Inequality
* Housing discrimination
* Redlining
* Development
* Building code
* Economics
* Permit
* Planning
* Participatory
* Conflict
* Impact fee
* NIMBY
* YIMBY
* Zoning
* Rent
* Control
* Regulation
* Strike
* Tenants union
* Investing
* Appraisal
* Bubble
* Price index
* Subprime lending
* Sustainable
* Architecture
* Development
* Living
* City

Homelessness

* Eviction
* Just cause
* Tenant right to counsel
* Housing First
* Stress
* Rapid Re-Housing
* Right to housing

Other

* 15-minute city
* Alternative lifestyle
* Assisted living
* Boomtown
* Cottage homes
* Eco-cities
* Ecovillage
* Foster care
* Green building
* Group home
* Halfway house
* Healthy community design
* Homeless shelter
* Hospital
* Local community
* Log house
* Natural building
* Nursing home
* Orphanage
* Prison
* Psychiatric hospital
* Residential care
* Residential treatment center
* Retirement community
* Retirement home
* Supportive housing
* Supported living

Housing portal

* v
* t
* e

* Property for sale in Victoria, Australia: sign. (left)

* The Property at the stage of being under contract

* The property in Victoria after it was sold as stated on sign

Real estate development involves planning and coordinating of housebuilding, real estate construction or renovation projects.[19] Real estate development can be less cyclical than real estate investing.[20]

## Investment

[edit]

Main article: Real estate investing

In markets where land and building prices are rising, real estate is often purchased as an investment, whether or not the owner intends to use the property. Often investment properties are rented out, but "flipping" involves quickly reselling a property, sometimes taking advantage of arbitrage or quickly rising value, and sometimes after repairs are made that substantially raise the value of the property. Luxury real estate is sometimes used as a way to store value, especially by wealthy foreigners, without any particular attempt to rent it out. Some luxury units in London and New York City have been used as a way for corrupt foreign government officials and business people from countries without strong rule of law to launder money or to protect it from seizure.[21] Investment in real estate can be categorized by financial risk into core, value-added, and opportunistic.[22]

## Professionals

[edit]

* Real estate agent – North America
* Estate agent – United Kingdom

## See also

[edit]

* Environmental Surveying
* Green Development – Real estate development conceptPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Phase I environmental site assessment – Contamination assessment for US real estate, known as 'ESA'
* Commercial real estate – Buildings or land intended to generate a profit, either from capital gain or rental incomePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Housing estate – Group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development
* Estate (land) – Comprises the buildings and supporting farmland and woods of a very large property
* Extraterrestrial real estate – Ownership claims of property on other planets, moons, or parts of outer space
* Fractional financing
* Land lot – Tract or parcel of land that is owned
* Real estate business – Profession of buying, leasing, managing, or selling real estate
* Real estate economics – Application of economic techniques to real estate markets
* Right to property – Human right to own property

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Real estate": Oxford English Dictionary online: Retrieved September 18, 2011
2. ^ James Chen (May 2, 2019). "What Is Real Estate?". investopedia.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
3. ^ a b Real Estate. Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 1. 2018.
4. ^ Alvik, Ivar (2018). "Protection of Private Property in the Early Law of Nations". Journal of the History of International Law. 20 (2): 220. doi:10.1163/15718050-19041026. S2CID 158672172.
5. ^ Klaasen, R. L. (1976). "Brief History of Real Estate Appraisal and Organizations". Appraisal Journal. 44 (3): 376–381.
6. ^ Alvik, Ivar (2018). "Protection of Private Property in the Early Law of Nations". Journal of the History of International Law. 20 (2): 218–227\. doi:10.1163/15718050-19041026. S2CID 158672172.
7. ^ "Louisiana Purchase: Primary Documents in American History". Library of Congress Research Guides. Archived from the original on 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
8. ^ Richardson, Patricia (June 2, 2003). "Father-son team scores big at home; Nearly 150 years old, family-owned Baird & Warner Inc. is a dominant force in the area's residential real estate industry, and shows no signs of slowing down or selling out". Crain's Chicago Business.
9. ^ "History of National Association of Realtors". National Association of Realtors. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
10. ^ Nicholas, T.; Scherbina, A. (2013). "Real Estate Prices During the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression" (PDF). Real Estate Economics. 41 (2): 280. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6229.2012.00346.x.
11. ^ Greer, J. L. (2014). "Historic Home Mortgage Redlining in Chicago". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 107 (2): 204–233\. doi:10.5406/jillistathistsoc.107.2.0204.
12. ^ "A Brief History of the Housing Government-Sponsored Enterprises" (PDF). Federal Housing Finance Agency – OIG. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
13. ^ Taylor, K. Y. (2018). "How Real Estate Segregated America". Dissent. 65 (4): 23–24\. doi:10.1353/dss.2018.0071. S2CID 149616841.
14. ^ "Title 16. Conservation; Chapter 1. National Parks, Military Parks, Monuments, and Seashores; Minute Man National Historical Park". US Legal. Archived from the original on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
15. ^ Kimberley Amadeo (March 28, 2019). "Real Estate, What It Is and How It Works". thebalance.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
16. ^ "Introduction to U.S. Economy: Housing Market" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-05-18.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
17. ^ Cutting, Robert H.; Calhoun, Lawrence B.; Hall, Jack C. (2012). "'Location, Location, Location' Should Be 'Environment, Environment, Environment': A Market-Based Tool to Simplify Environmental Considerations in Residential Real Estate". Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal. 6 (1) 7: 83-122.
18. ^ Global status report for buildings and construction. International Energy Agency. 2019. ISBN 978-92-807-3768-4.
19. ^ Frej, Anne B; Peiser, Richard B. (2003). Professional Real Estate Development: The ULI Guide to the Business (2 ed.). Urban Land Institute. p. 3. ISBN 0874208947. OCLC 778267123.
20. ^ Geltner, David; Kumar, Anil; Van De Minne, Alex M. (2020). "Riskiness of Real Estate Development: A Perspective from Urban Economics and Option Value Theory". Real Estate Economics. 48 (2): 406–445\. doi:10.1111/1540-6229.12258.
21. ^ "Why Manhattan's Skyscrapers Are Empty". The Atlantic. 16 Jan 2020. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
22. ^ Garay, Urbi (2016). "Investment Styles, Portfolio Allocation, and Real Estate Derivatives". In Kazemi, H.; Black, K.; D. Chambers (eds.). Alternative Investments: CAIA Level II. Wiley Finance (3rd ed.). pp. 401–421\. ISBN 9781119016397. SSRN 3628828.

## External links

[edit]

* The dictionary definition of real estate at Wiktionary
* Quotations related to Real estate at Wikiquote

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Real estate

* Property
* Tertiary sector

By location|

* Bangladesh
* Canada
* China
* Indonesia
* Italy
* Turkey
* Kenya
* Pakistan
* Panama
* Puerto Rico
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom

Types|

* Commercial property
* Commercial building
* Corporate Real Estate
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* International real estate
* Lease administration
* Niche real estate
* Garden real estate
* Healthcare real estate
* Vacation property
* Arable land
* Golf property
* Luxury real estate
* Off-plan property
* Private equity real estate
* Real estate owned
* Residential property

Sectors|

* Property management
* Real estate development
* Real estate investing
* Real estate flipping
* Relocation

Law and regulation|

* Adverse possession
* Chain of title
* Closing
* Concurrent estate
* Conditional sale
* Conveyancing
* Deed
* Eminent domain
* Encumbrance
* Foreclosure
* Just cause eviction
* Land law
* Land registration
* Leasehold estate
* Lease
* Property abstract
* Real estate transaction
* Real estate contract
* Real property
* Rent regulation
* Severance
* Torrens title
* Zoning

Economics, financing
and valuation|

* Asset-based lending
* Capitalization rate
* Cash out refinancing
* Effective gross income
* Gross rent multiplier
* Hard money loan
* Highest and best use
* Home equity
* Home equity investments
* Home equity loan
* Home equity line of credit
* Investment rating for real estate
* Mortgage insurance
* Mortgage loan
* Negative equity
* Real estate derivative
* Real estate economics
* Real estate bubble
* Real estate valuation
* Remortgage
* Rental value
* Reverse mortgage

Parties|

* Appraiser
* Buyer agent
* Buyer broker
* Chartered Surveyor
* Exclusive buyer agent
* Land banking
* Landlord
* Moving company
* Property manager
* Real estate broker
* Real estate investment club
* Real estate investment trust
* Real property administrator
* Tenant

Other|

* Companies
* Eviction
* Filtering
* Gentrification
* Graduate real estate education
* Green belt
* Indices
* Industry trade groups
* Investment firms
* Land banking
* People
* Property cycle
* Real estate trends
* Undergraduate real estate programs
* Urban decay
* Urban planning
* List of housing markets by real estate prices

* Category
* Commons
* List of topics

* v
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Property

By owner|

* Collective
* Common
* Communal
* Community
* Crown
* Customary
* Cooperative
* Private
* Public
* Self
* Social
* State
* Unowned

By nature|

* Croft
* Estate (landed)
* Intangible
* Intellectual
* indigenous
* Personal
* Tangible
* real

Commons|

* Common land
* Common-pool resource
* Digital
* Global
* Information
* Knowledge

Theory|

* Bundle of rights
* Commodity
* fictitious commodities
* Common good (economics)
* Excludability
* First possession
* appropriation
* homestead principle
* Free-rider problem
* Game theory
* Georgism
* Gift economy
* Labor theory of property
* Law of rent
* rent-seeking
* Legal plunder
* Natural rights
* Ownership
* Property rights
* primogeniture
* usufruct
* women's
* Right to property
* Rivalry
* Tragedy of the commons
* anticommons

Applications|

* Acequia (watercourse)
* Ejido (agrarian land)
* Estate
* legal
* literary
* real
* Forest types
* Huerta
* Inheritance
* executor
* Land tenure
* Property law
* alienation
* easement
* restraint on alienation
* real estate
* title

Rights|

* Air
* Fishing
* Forest-dwelling (India)
* Freedom to roam
* Grazing
* pannage
* Hunting
* Land
* aboriginal
* indigenous
* squatting
* Littoral
* Mineral
* Bergregal
* Right of way
* Water
* prior-appropriation
* riparian

Disposession/
redistribution|

* Bioprospecting
* biopiracy
* Collectivization
* Eminent domain
* Enclosure
* Eviction
* Expropriation
* Farhud
* Forced migration
* population transfer
* repatriation
* Illegal fishing
* Illegal logging
* Land Back
* Land reform
* Legal plunder
* Piracy
* Poaching
* Primitive accumulation
* Privatization
* Regulatory taking
* Slavery
* bride buying
* human trafficking
* spousal
* husband-selling
* wife selling
* wage
* Tax
* inheritance
* poll
* progressive
* property
* Theft

Scholars
(key work)|

* Frédéric Bastiat
* The Law
* Ronald Coase
* Friedrich Engels
* The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
* Henry George
* Progress and Poverty
* Garrett Hardin
* David Harvey
* John Locke
* Two Treatises of Government
* Karl Marx
* Das Kapital
* Marcel Mauss
* The Gift
* John Stuart Mill
* Elinor Ostrom
* Karl Polanyi
* The Great Transformation
* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
* What Is Property?
* David Ricardo
* Murray N. Rothbard
* The Ethics of Liberty
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* The Social Contract
* Adam Smith
* The Wealth of Nations

* Categories: Property
* Property law
* by country

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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