Records of the Three Kingdoms

Chinese official history (c. 290 CE)

This article is about the official work of history. For other works, see Records of the Three Kingdoms (disambiguation).

Records of the Three Kingdoms

A fragment of the biography of Bu Zhi from the Records of the Three Kingdoms, part of the Dunhuang manuscripts

Author| Chen Shou
Original title| 三國志
Language| Classical Chinese

Publication date

| 280s or 290s
Publication place| China
Records of the Three Kingdoms

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese| 三國志
Simplified Chinese| 三国志
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Sānguó zhì
Bopomofo| ㄙㄢ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄓˋ
Wade–Giles| San1-kuo2 Chih4
IPA| [sán kwǒ ʈʂɨ̂]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Sāam gwok ji
Jyutping| Saam1 gwok3 zi3
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Sam-kok-chì
Tâi-lô| Sam-kok-tsì
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese| Tam quốc chí
Hán-Nôm| 三國志
Korean name
Hangul| 삼국지
Hanja| 三國志
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| Samgukji
Japanese name
Kyūjitai| 三國志
Shinjitai| 三国志
| Transcriptions

Romanization| Sangokushi

The Records of the Three Kingdoms is a Chinese official history written by Chen Shou in the late 3rd century CE, covering the end of the Han dynasty (c. 184 - 220 CE) and the subsequent Three Kingdoms period (220–280 CE). It is regarded as to be the authoritative source text for these periods. Compiled following the reunification of China under the Jin dynasty (266–420), the work chronicles the political, social, and military events within rival states Cao Wei, Shu Han and Eastern Wu into a single text organized by individual biography.

The Records are the primary source of information for the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, considered to be one of the four classic novels emblematic of written vernacular Chinese.

While large subsections of the work have been selected and translated into English, the entire corpus has yet to receive an unabridged English translation.

## Origin and structure

[edit]

The Book of Han and Records of the Three Kingdoms join the original Han-era universal history Records of the Grand Historian to constitute the first three entries in the Twenty-Four Histories canon, with each work cementing the new genre's literary and historiographical qualities as established by Sima Qian. The Records of the Three Kingdoms consist of 65 fascicles divided into three books—one per eponymous kingdom—totaling around 360,000 Chinese characters in length. The Book of Wei, Book of Shu, and Book of Wu receive 30 fascicles, 15 fascicles, and 20 fascicles respectively. Each fascicle is organised in the form of one or more biographies.

The author Chen Shou was born in present-day Nanchong, Sichuan, then in the state of Shu Han. After the Conquest of Shu by Wei in 263, he became an official historian under the government of the Jin dynasty, and created a history of the Three Kingdoms period. After the Conquest of Wu by Jin in 280, his work received the acclaim of senior minister Zhang Hua.

Prior to the Jin dynasty, both the states of Cao Wei and Wu has already composed their own official histories: the Book of Wei by Wang Chen, Xun Yi, and Ruan Ji; and the Book of Wu by Wei Zhao, Hua He, Xue Ying, Zhou Zhao (周昭), and Liang Guang (梁廣). Additionally, Yu Huan had completed his privately compiled history of Wei, the Weilüe. Chen Shou used these texts as the foundation of the Records of the Three Kingdoms. However, since the state of Shu lacked an official history bureau, the Book of Shu in the Records was composed by Chen Shou himself based on his earlier personal notes about events in Shu and other primary sources he collected, such as his previously compiled writings of Zhuge Liang.[1]

The Records of the Three Kingdoms used the year 220 CE—when the last emperor of the Han dynasty was forced to abdicate to Cao Pi—as the year in which the Wei dynasty was established. The Records refer to the rulers of Wei as 'Emperors' and those of Shu and Wu as 'Lords' or by their personal names.

## Dates

[edit]

Due to the biographical rather than primarily annalistic arrangement of the work, assigning dates to the historical content is both imprecise and non-trivial. Certain fascicles contain background information about their subjects' forebears which date back centuries before the main record. For example, the biography of Liu Yan begins with discussing his ancestor Liu Yu's enfeoffment at Jingling (present-day Tianmen, Hubei) in around 85 CE.[2] The first event to receive detailed description throughout the work is the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184. Many biographies make passing mention of the event, but more concrete information such as correspondence and troop movements during the uprising can be found in fragmentary form in at least four fascicles: the biographies of Cheng Yu,[3] Yu Jin,[4] Liu Bei,[5] and Sun Jian.[6]

The three books in the Records of the Three Kingdoms end at different dates, with the main section of the Book of Wei ending with the abdication of Cao Huan in February 266, the Book of Shu ending with the death of Liu Shan in 271, and the Book of Wu ending with the death of Sun Hao in 284.[7]

One abstract regarding the chronology is translated as follows:

> In the 24th year (of Jian'an), the Former Lord became the King of Hanzhong, and he appointed (Guan) Yu as the General of the Vanguard. In the same year, (Guan) Yu led his men to attack Cao Ren at Fan. Lord Cao sent Yu Jin to aid (Cao) Ren. In autumn, great rains caused the Han River to flood. (Yu) Jin and all seven armies he oversaw were inundated.[8]

## Contents

[edit]

### Book of Wei (魏書)

[edit]

# | Title | Translation | Notes

|
|
|

Fascicle 1 | 武帝紀 | Annals of Emperor Wu | Cao Cao
Fascicle 2 | 文帝紀 | Annals of Emperor Wen | Cao Pi
Fascicle 3 | 明帝紀 | Annals of Emperor Ming | Cao Rui
Fascicle 4 | 三少帝紀 | Annals of the three young emperors | Cao Fang, Cao Mao, Cao Huan
Fascicle 5 | 后妃傳 | Biographies of empresses and concubines | Lady Bian, Lady Zhen, Guo Nüwang, Empress Mao, Empress Guo
Fascicle 6 | 董二袁劉傳 | Biographies of Dong, the two Yuans, and Liu | Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Liu Biao
Fascicle 7 | 呂布臧洪傳 | Biographies of Lü Bu and Zang Hong | Zhang Miao, Chen Deng
Fascicle 8 | 二公孫陶四張傳 | Biographies of the two Gongsuns, Tao, and the four Zhangs | Gongsun Zan, Tao Qian, Zhang Yang, Gongsun Du, Zhang Yan, Zhang Xiu, Zhang Lu
Fascicle 9 | 諸夏侯曹傳 | Biographies of the Xiahous and Caos | Xiahou Dun, Han Hao, Xiahou Yuan, Cao Ren, Cao Chun, Cao Hong, Cao Xiu, Cao Zhen, Cao Shuang, Xiahou Shang, Xiahou Xuan
Fascicle 10 | 荀彧荀攸賈詡傳 | Biographies of Xun Yu, Xun You, and Jia Xu |
Fascicle 11 | 袁張涼國田王邴管傳 | Biographies of Yuan, Zhang, Liang, Guo, Tian, Wang, Bing, and Guan | Yuan Huan, Zhang Fan, Zhang Cheng, Liang Mao, Guo Yuan, Tian Chou, Wang Xiu, Bing Yuan, Guan Ning
Fascicle 12 | 崔毛徐何邢司馬傳 | Biographies of Cui, Mao, Xu, He, Xing, and Sima | Cui Yan, Mao Jie, Xu Yi, He Kui, Xing Yong, Bao Xun, Sima Zhi
Fascicle 13 | 鍾繇華歆王朗傳 | Biographies of Zhong Yao, Hua Xin, and Wang Lang | Zhong Yu, Wang Su
Fascicle 14 | 程郭董劉蔣劉傳 | Biographies of Cheng, Dong, Guo, Liu, Jiang, and Liu | Cheng Yu, Cheng Xiao, Guo Jia, Dong Zhao, Liu Ye, Jiang Ji, Liu Fang
Fascicle 15 | 劉司馬梁張溫賈傳 | Biographies of Liu, Sima, Liang, Zhang, Wen, and Jia | Liu Fu, Liu Jing, Sima Lang, Liang Xi, Zhang Ji (Derong), Zhang Ji (Jingzhong), Wen Hui, Jia Kui
Fascicle 16 | 任蘇杜鄭倉傳 | Biographies of Ren, Su, Du, Zheng, and Cang | Ren Jun, Su Ze, Du Ji, Zheng Hun, Cang Ci
Fascicle 17 | 張樂于張徐傳 | Biographies of Zhang, Yue, Yu, Zhang, and Xu | Zhang Liao, Yue Jin, Yu Jin, Zhang He, Xu Huang
Fascicle 18 | 二李臧文呂許典二龐閻傳 | Biographies of the two Lis, Zang, Wen, Lü, Xu, Dian, the two Pangs, and Yan | Li Dian, Li Tong, Zang Ba, Wen Ping, Lü Qian, Xu Chu, Dian Wei, Pang De, Pang Yu, Yan Wen
Fascicle 19 | 任城陳蕭王傳 | Biographies of the princes of Rencheng, Chen, and Xiao | Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi, Cao Xiong
Fascicle 20 | 武文世王公傳 | Biographies of nobles in Emperors Wu and Wen's time | Cao Ang, Cao Shuo, Cao Chong, Cao Ju (Prince of Pengcheng), Cao Yu, Cao Lin (Prince of Pei), Cao Gun, Cao Xuan, Cao Jun (Prince of Chenliu), Cao Ju (Prince of Fanyang), Cao Gan, Cao Zishang, Cao Biao, Cao Ziqin, Cao Zicheng, Cao Zizheng, Cao Zijing, Cao Jun (Duke of Fan), Cao Ziji, Cao Hui, Cao Mao (Prince of Laoling), Cao Xie, Cao Rui (Prince of Beihai), Cao Jian, Cao Lin (Prince of Donghai), Cao Li, Cao Yong, Cao Gong, Cao Yan
Fascicle 21 | 王衛二劉傳 | Biographies of Wang, Wei, and the two Lius | Wang Can, Wei Ji, Liu Yi, Liu Shao, Fu Gu
Fascicle 22 | 桓二陳徐衛盧傳 | Biographies of Huan, the two Chens, Xu, Wei, and Lu | Huan Jie, Chen Qun, Chen Tai, Chen Jiao, Xu Xuan, Wei Zhen, Lu Yu
Fascicle 23 | 和常楊杜趙裴傳 | Biographies of He, Chang, Yang, Du, Zhao, and Pei | He Qia, Chang Lin, Yang Jun, Du Xi, Zhao Yan, Pei Qian
Fascicle 24 | 韓崔高孫王傳 | Biographies of Han, Cui, Gao, Sun, and Wang | Han Ji, Cui Lin, Gao Rou, Sun Li, Wang Guan
Fascicle 25 | 辛毗楊阜高堂隆傳 | Biographies of Xin Pi, Yang Fu, and Gaotang Long |
Fascicle 26 | 滿田牽郭傳 | Biographies of Man, Tian, Qian, and Guo | Man Chong, Tian Yu, Qian Zhao, Guo Huai
Fascicle 27 | 徐胡二王傳 | Biographies of Xu, Hu, and the two Wangs | Xu Miao, Hu Zhi, Wang Chang, Wang Ji
Fascicle 28 | 王毌丘諸葛鄧鍾傳 | Biographies of Wang, Guanqiu, Zhuge, Deng and Zhong | Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian, Zhuge Dan, Deng Ai, Zhong Hui
Fascicle 29 | 方技傳 | Biographies of fangshi and artisans | Hua Tuo, Du Kui, Zhu Jianping, Zhou Xuan, Guan Lu
Fascicle 30 | 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳 | Biographies of the Wuhuan, Xianbei, and Dongyi | Wuhuan, Xianbei, Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Yilou, Yemaek, Samhan, Wa (Wajinden); and a long footnote at the end containing the chapter on the Xirong, or 'Peoples of the West' from the Weilüe, or "Brief Account of the Wei Dynasty", composed by Yu Huan in the second third of the 3rd century CE.

### Book of Shu (蜀書)

[edit]

# | Title | Translation | Notes

|
|
|

Fascicle 31 | 劉二牧傳 | Biographies of the two Governor Lius | Liu Yan, Liu Zhang
Fascicle 32 | 先主傳 | Biography of the Former Lord | Liu Bei
Fascicle 33 | 後主傳 | Biography of the Later Lord | Liu Shan
Fascicle 34 | 二主妃子傳 | Biographies of concubines and sons of the two Lords | Lady Gan, Empress Wu, Empress Zhang (former), Empress Zhang (later), Liu Yong, Liu Li, Liu Xuan
Fascicle 35 | 諸葛亮傳 | Biography of Zhuge Liang | Zhuge Qiao, Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue
Fascicle 36 | 關張馬黃趙傳 | Biographies of Guan, Zhang, Ma, Huang, and Zhao | Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Huang Zhong, Zhao Yun
Fascicle 37 | 龐統法正傳 | Biographies of Pang Tong and Fa Zheng |
Fascicle 38 | 許麋孫簡伊秦傳 | Biographies of Xu, Mi, Sun, Jian, Yi, and Qin | Xu Jing, Mi Zhu, Mi Fang, Sun Qian, Jian Yong, Yi Ji, Qin Mi
Fascicle 39 | 董劉馬陳董呂傳 | Biographies of Dong, Liu, Ma, Chen, Dong, and Lü | Dong He, Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Ma Su, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, Chen Zhi, Huang Hao, Lü Yi
Fascicle 40 | 劉彭廖李劉魏楊傳 | Biographies of Liu, Peng, Liao, Li, Liu, Wei, and Yang | Liu Feng, Peng Yang, Liao Li, Li Yan, Liu Yan, Wei Yan, Yang Yi
Fascicle 41 | 霍王向張楊費傳 | Biographies of Huo, Wang, Xiang, Zhang, Yang, and Fei | Huo Jun, Huo Yi, Wang Lian, Xiang Lang, Xiang Chong, Zhang Yi, Yang Hong, Fei Shi
Fascicle 42 | 杜周杜許孟來尹李譙郤傳 | Biographies of Du, Zhou, Du, Xu, Meng, Lai, Yin, Li, Qiao, and Xi | Du Wei, Zhou Qun, Zhang Yu, Du Qiong, Xu Ci, Hu Qian, Meng Guang, Lai Min, Yin Mo, Li Zhuan, Qiao Zhou, Xi Zheng
Fascicle 43 | 黃李呂馬王張傳 | Biographies of Huang, Li, Lü, Ma, Wang, and Zhang | Huang Quan, Li Hui, Lü Kai, Ma Zhong, Wang Ping, Zhang Ni
Fascicle 44 | 蔣琬費禕姜維傳 | Biographies of Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, and Jiang Wei |
Fascicle 45 | 鄧張宗楊傳 | Biographies of Deng, Zhang, Zong, and Yang | Deng Zhi, Zhang Yi, Zong Yu, Liao Hua, Yang Xi

### Book of Wu (吳書)

[edit]

# | Title | Translation | Notes

|
|
|

Fascicle 46 | 孫破虜討逆傳 | Biographies of Sun Who Destroys Barbarians, and Sun Who Attacks Rebels | Sun Jian, Sun Ce
Fascicle 47 | 吳主傳 | Biography of the Lord of Wu | Sun Quan
Fascicle 48 | 三嗣主傳 | Biographies of the three heirs | Sun Liang, Sun Xiu, Sun Hao
Fascicle 49 | 劉繇太史慈士燮傳 | Biographies of Liu Yao, Taishi Ci, and Shi Xie | Ze Rong, Liu Ji
Fascicle 50 | 妃嬪傳 | Biographies of concubines and ladies | Lady Wu, Wu Jing, Lady Xie, Lady Xu, Bu Lianshi, Empress Dayi, Empress Jinghuai, Empress Pan, Quan Huijie, Empress Zhu, Empress Dowager He, Teng Fanglan
Fascicle 51 | 宗室傳 | Biographies of nobles | Sun Jing, Sun Yu, Sun Jiao, Sun Huan, Sun Ben, Sun Fu, Sun Yi, Sun Kuang, Sun Shao, Sun Huan
Fascicle 52 | 張顧諸葛步傳 | Biographies of Zhang, Gu, Zhuge, and Bu | Zhang Zhao, Zhang Cheng, Zhang Xiu, Gu Yong, Gu Shao, Gu Tan, Gu Cheng, Zhuge Jin, Bu Zhi
Fascicle 53 | 張嚴程闞薛傳 | Biographies of Zhang, Yan, Cheng, Kan, and Xue | Zhang Hong, Yan Jun, Cheng Bing, Kan Ze, Xue Zong
Fascicle 54 | 周瑜魯肅呂蒙傳 | Biographies of Zhou Yu, Lu Su, and Lü Meng |
Fascicle 55 | 程黃韓蔣周陳董甘淩徐潘丁傳 | Biographies of Cheng, Huang, Han, Jiang, Zhou, Chen, Dong, Gan, Ling, Xu, Pan, and Ding | Cheng Pu, Huang Gai, Han Dang, Jiang Qin, Zhou Tai, Chen Wu, Dong Xi, Gan Ning, Ling Tong, Xu Sheng, Pan Zhang, Ding Feng
Fascicle 56 | 朱治朱然呂範朱桓傳 | Biographies of Zhu Zhi, Zhu Ran, Lü Fan, and Zhu Huan | Shi Ji, Zhu Yi
Fascicle 57 | 虞陸張駱陸吾朱傳 | Biographies of Yu, Lu, Zhang, Luo, Lu, Wu, and Zhu | Yu Fan, Lu Ji, Zhang Wen, Luo Tong, Lu Mao, Wu Can, Zhu Ju
Fascicle 58 | 陸遜傳 | Biography of Lu Xun | Lu Kang
Fascicle 59 | 吳主五子傳 | Biographies of the five sons of the Lord of Wu | Sun Deng, Sun Lü, Sun He, Sun Ba, Sun Fen
Fascicle 60 | 賀全呂周鍾離傳 | Biographies of He, Quan, Lü, Zhou, and Zhongli | He Qi, Quan Cong, Lü Dai, Zhou Fang, Zhongli Mu
Fascicle 61 | 潘濬陸凱傳 | Biographies of Pan Jun and Lu Kai |
Fascicle 62 | 是儀胡綜傳 | Biographies of Shi Yi and Hu Zong |
Fascicle 63 | 吳範劉惇趙達傳 | Biographies of Wu Fan, Liu Dun, and Zhao Da |
Fascicle 64 | 諸葛滕二孫濮陽傳 | Biographies of Zhuge, Teng, the two Suns, and Puyang | Zhuge Ke, Teng Yin, Sun Jun, Sun Chen, Puyang Xing
Fascicle 65 | 王樓賀韋華傳 | Biographies of Wang, Lou, He, Wei, and Hua | Wang Fan, Lou Xuan, He Shao, Wei Zhao, Hua He

## Annotations

[edit]

Main article: Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms

During the fifth century, the Liu Song dynasty historian Pei Songzhi (372–451) extensively annotated Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms using a variety of other sources, augmenting the text to twice the length of the original. This work, completed in 429, became one of the official histories of the Three Kingdoms period, under the title Sanguozhi zhu (三国志注 zhu meaning "notes"). Bibliographical records indicate that up until Pei's own Liu Song dynasty, Chen Shou's three books had circulated individually rather than as a single work.[9]

Pei collected other records to add information he felt should be added. He provided detailed explanations to some of the geography and other elements mentioned in the original. He also included multiple accounts of the same events. Sometimes, the accounts he added contradicted each other, but he included them anyway since he could not decide which version was the correct one. If Pei added something that sounded wrong, he would make a note or even offer a correction. In regard to historical events and figures, as well as Chen Shou's original text, he added his own commentary.[10] Crucially, he cited his sources in almost every case.

## Legacy

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The Records of the Three Kingdoms was the main source of inspiration for the 14th century Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the four great Classic Chinese Novels. As such the records is considered one of the most influential historical and cultural texts in Chinese history. In addition, the records provide one of the earliest accounts of Korea and Japan. Chen's Records set the standard for how Korea and Japan would write their official histories as well.[11]

### Influence on Asia

[edit]

Chen's Records is the chronologically final text of the "Four Histories" (四史), which together influenced and served as a model for Korean and Japanese official histories.[11]

The Records are important to the research of early Korean (삼국지 Samguk ji) and Japanese history (三国志 Sangokushi). It provides, among other things, the first detailed account of Korean and Japanese societies such as Goguryeo, Yemaek and Wa. The passages in Fascicle 30 about the Wa, where the Yamatai-koku and its ruler Queen Himiko are recorded, are referred to as the Wajinden in Japanese studies. The Japanese did not have their own records until more than three centuries later, with the earliest extant native record being the Kojiki of 712.[12]

### Romance of the Three Kingdoms

[edit]

The text forms the foundation on which the 14th-century novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong is based. In addition, Chen Shou's literary style and vivid portrayal of characters have been a source of influence for the novel.[11]

The Records include biographies of historical figures such as Cao Cao and Guan Yu who feature prominently in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, though the Romance also includes a number of characters and stories that are fictional. However, most of the historical facts were drawn from Chen's Records.[11]

## Translations

[edit]

The Records of the Three Kingdoms has not been fully translated into English. William Gordon Crowell alludes to a project to translate Chen Shou's work with Pei Songzhi's commentary in full, but it was apparently discontinued.[13] Parts of that project are published by Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell under the title Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary (University of Hawaii Press, 1999), which includes the translations for fascicles 5, 34, and 50.[14]

Other translations include Kenneth J. Dewoskin's Doctors Diviners and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang-Shih (Columbia University Press, 1983), which includes a full translation of fascicle 29. Rafe de Crespigny, in addition to his translation of Sun Jian's biography (Fascicle 46), also translated excerpts of the Records of the Three Kingdoms in his translation of the Zizhi Tongjian that deals with the last years of the Han dynasty, as does Achilles Fang, who translated the Zizhi Tongjian fascicles that deal with the Three Kingdoms period proper. The Zizhi Tongjian fascicles in question draw heavily from Records of the Three Kingdoms. Further excerpts of the Records can be found in various sourcebooks dealing with East Asian history.

Below is a table containing the known English translations of the Records of the Three Kingdoms that have been published in academia:[15]

Fascicle  | Title of translation  | Translator(s)  | Publish year  | URL/page numbers  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

5 (Wei 5)  | Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary | Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell  | 1999  | pp. 89–114  | Lady Bian, Lady Zhen, Guo Nüwang, Empress Mao, Empress Guo
8 (Wei 8)  | Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, 2nd Ed | Patricia Buckley Ebrey | 2009  | pp.84–5 | The section titled "Heterodox Bandits" is an unannotated translation of the Dianlüe footnote of the Zhang Lu chapter, about Zhang Xiu (張脩)
9 (Wei 9)  | Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook | Timothy M. Davis  | 2013  | pp. 135–46 | Translation of the correspondence between Xiahou Xuan and Sima Yi from the biography of Xiahou Xuan
29 (Wei 29)  | Doctors Diviners and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang-Shih | Kenneth J. Dewoskin  | 1983  |  | Hua Tuo, Du Kui, Zhu Jianping, Zhou Xuan, Guan Lu
"The Biography of Hua-t'o from the History of the Three Kingdoms" in The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature | Victor H. Mair | 1994  | pp. 688–696  | Hua Tuo
30 (Wei 30)  | Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century | Michael C. Rogers  | 1993  | pp.13–24 | Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo, Yemaek, Samhan (abridged, Yilou omitted)
"Chinese Accounts of Koguryŏ and its Neighbours" in The Review of Korean Studies, Volume 15 Number 2  | Kenneth H. J. Gardiner  | 2012  | pp. 91–113 | Buyeo, Goguryeo, Okjeo
"The Account of the Han in the Sanguozhi—An Annotated Translation" in Early Korea Vol. 2 (The Samhan Period in Korean History)  | Mark E. Byington  | 2009  | pp. 125–52  | Samhan
Japan in the Chinese dynastic histories: Later Han through Ming dynasties | Ryūsaku Tsunoda and Luther Carrington Goodrich | 1951  | pp. 8–16  | Wa (Japan) only
Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology | J. Edward Kidder  | 2007  | pp. 12–18
Treatise on the People of Wa in the Chronicle of the Kingdom of Wei: The World's Earliest Written Text on Japan | Arikiyo Saeki and Joshua A. Fogel | 2018  |
The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. | John E. Hill  | 2004  | [1] | Translation of the long Xirong footnote from the Weilüe, includes descriptions of the Western Regions including Rome
31 (Shu 1)  | Record of The Three Kingdoms: The History of Shu – Fascicle One: "The Two Shepherds Liu" | William Gordon Crowell  | 2005  | [2] | Liu Yan, Liu Zhang
32 (Shu 2)  | Record of The Three Kingdoms: The History of Shu – Fascicle Two: "The Former Lord" | William Gordon Crowell  | 2006  | [3] | Liu Bei
34 (Shu 4)  | Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary | Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell  | 1999  | pp. 115–21  | Lady Gan, Empress Wu, Empress Zhang (former), Empress Zhang (later), Liu Yong, Liu Li, Liu Xuan
35 (Shu 5)  | Zhuge Liang: Strategy, Achievements, and Writings | Ralph D. Sawyer  | 2014  |  | Zhuge Liang (partial translation)
39 (Shu 9)  | Record of The Three Kingdoms: The History of Shu – Fascicle Nine: Biographies of Dong He, Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, and Lü Yi | William Gordon Crowell  | 2006  | [4] | Dong He, Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Ma Su, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, Chen Zhi, Lü Yi
42 (Shu 12)  | Sanguo Zhi Fascicle 42: The Biography of Qiao Zhou | J. Michael Farmer  | 2017  | [5] | Qiao Zhou only
46 (Wu 1)  | The Biography of Sun Chien: Being an Annotated Translation of Pages 1 to 8a of Chüan 46 of the San-kuo Chih of Ch'en Shou in the Po-na Edition | Rafe de Crespigny | 1966  |  | Sun Jian only
49 (Wu 4)  | Men of Hu, Men of Han, Men of the hundred man: the biography of Sī Nhiêp and the conceptualization of early Vietnamese society | Stephen O'Harrow  | 1986  | pp. 259–65 | Shi Xie only
50 (Wu 5)  | Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary | Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell  | 1999  | pp. 122–36  | Lady Wu, Wu Jing, Lady Xie, Lady Xu, Bu Lianshi, Empress Dayi, Empress Jinghuai, Empress Pan, Quan Huijie, Empress Zhu, Empress Dowager He, Teng Fanglan

## See also

[edit]

* Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
* Timeline of the Three Kingdoms period
* Military history of the Three Kingdoms

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, pp. i–ii.
2. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 31.
3. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 14.
4. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 17.
5. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 32.
6. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 46.
7. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, vol. 28.
8. ^ (二十四年，先主為漢中王，拜羽為前將軍，假節鉞。是歲，羽率眾攻曹仁於樊。曹公遣于禁助仁。秋，大霖雨，漢水汎溢，禁所督七軍皆沒。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
9. ^ Records of the Three Kingdoms, p. ii.
10. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2004). "Chapter Nine: An Essay on the Sources for the History of Wu 170-230" (PDF). Generals of the South: The foundation and early history of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu (Internet ed.). Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. p. 2\. ISBN 978-0731509010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
11. ^ a b c d Durrant, Stephen (2017). "Chapter 13: Histories (Shi 史)". The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE) (e-book ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 195–196.史Category:Articles+containing+Chinese-language+text)&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Classical+Chinese+Literature+(1000+BCE-900CE)&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195-196&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Durrant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Records+of+the+Three+Kingdoms" class="Z3988">
12. ^ de Bary 2001, p. 3.
13. ^ Crowell, William (2005), Sanguo zhi 31 (Shu 1) Biographies of Liu Yan and Liu Zhang, archived from the original on 2023-09-29, retrieved 2018-05-22
14. ^ Chen, Shou; Pei, Songzhi; Cutter, Robert Joe; Crowell, William Gordon (1999). Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
15. ^ Note that Records of the Three Kingdoms in Plain Language is not a translation of Sanguozhi, but a translation of Sanguozhi Pinghua ("Pinghua" means "plain language"), a novel that served as the basis for the later and more famous Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

### Sources

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* Chen Shou (1977) [429]. Pei Songzhi (ed.). Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms 三國志注. Taipei: Dingwen Printing.
* de Bary, WM. Theodore (2001), Sources of Japanese Tradition, Columbia University Press
* Cutter, Robert Joe (2015). "San guo zhi" 三國志. In Chennault, Cynthia L.; Knapp, Keith N.; Berkowitz, Alan J.; Dien, Albert E. (eds.). Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 250–57\. ISBN 978-1-55729-109-7.
* Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. Translated by Roberts, Moss. University of California Press. 1991. ISBN 0-520-22503-1.
* Zhang, Xiuping; et al. (1993). 100 Books That Influenced China: Sanguo Zhi (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi People's Press. ISBN 9787219023396.

## External links

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Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Records of the Three Kingdoms (in Chinese)

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* (in Chinese) Records of the Three Kingdoms on the Chinese Text Project page
* (in Chinese) Records of the Three Kingdoms 《三國志》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary

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